**Author details**

Roman Rogoziński *Optoelectronics Department, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland* 

## **Acknowledgement**

This paper was financed from the funds of the National Science Centre, awarded on the basis of the decision DEC-2011/01/B/ST7/06525.

## **8. References**


[13] Araujo R.J., Likitvanichkul S., Thibault Y., Allan D.C., *Ion exchange equilibria between glass and molten salt,* Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2003, Vol.318, 262-267.

186 Ion Exchange Technologies

technological tool.

**Author details** 

Roman Rogoziński

**8. References** 

231.

**Acknowledgement** 

basis of the decision DEC-2011/01/B/ST7/06525.

IEEE, 1966, Vol.113, No.7, 1151-1158.

1964, Vol.68, No.8, 2212-2218.

Vol.24, No.2, 244-250.

Vol.18, 217-264.

Marcel Dekker, 1969, Vol.2, 1-42.

Ceramics Bulletin, 1970, Vol.49, No.11, p.474.

Having regard to those facts, it can be stated that the ion exchange method remains as an attractive technological tool for both: technical and economical reasons. Therefore a further research related to its use for producing the gradient structures in the glass is very useful. Ensuring a high repeatability of processes, guaranteeing the established tolerance of the optical properties of produced structures, is a task that has made this method an effective

This paper was financed from the funds of the National Science Centre, awarded on the

[1] Kao K.C., Hockman G.A., *Dielectric fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies*, Proc.

[2] Doremus, R.H., *Exchange and Diffusion of Ions in Glass*, The Journal of Physical Chemistry,

[3] Doremus, R.H., *Ion Exchange in Glass*, in Ion-Exchange, Marinsky, J.A., Ed., New York:

[4] Kahnt H., *Ionic transport in glasses*, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1996, Vol.203, 225-

[5] French W.G., Pearson A.D., *Refractive index changes produced in glass by ion-exchange*,

[6] Giallorenzi T.G., West E.J., Kirk R., Ginter R., Andrews R.A., *Optical waveguides formed by* 

[7] Izawa T., Nagakome H., *Optical Waveguide Formed by Electrically Induced Migration of Ions* 

[8] Findakly T., *Glass Waveguides by Ion Exchange: A Review*, Optical Engineering, 1985,

[10] Ramaswamy, R.V., Srivastava, R., *Ion-Exchange Glass Waveguides: A Review*, Journal of

[11] Terai R, Hayami R., *Ionic Diffusion in Glasses*, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1975,

[12] Garfinkel H. M., *Ion-exchange equilibria between glass and molten salts*, The Journal of

*thermal migration in glass*, Applied Optics, 1973, Vol.12, No.6, 1281-1285.

[9] Najafi S.I., *Introduction to Glass Integrated Optics,* Ed., Boston: Artech House 1992.

*in Glass Plates*, Applied Physics Letters*,* 1972, Vol.21, 584-586.

Lightwave Technology, 1988, Vol.6, No.6, 984-1002.

Physical Chemistry, 1968, Vol.72, No.12, 4175-4181.

*Optoelectronics Department, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland* 


[49] Batchelor S., Oven R., Ashworth D.G., *Reconstruction of refractive index profiles from multiple wavelength mode indices*, Optics Communications, 1996, Vol.131, 31-36.

188 Ion Exchange Technologies

[32] Bogomolova L.D., Ganshin V.V., Jachkin V.A., Kubrinskaya M.E., Petrova V.Z., *EPR and Optical Study of Copper Diffusion Layers Produced by Ion Exchange in Oxide Glasses*, Journal

[33] Gevorgyan S.S., *Single-step buried waveguides in glass by field-assisted copper ion-exchange*,

[34] Gallagher J.G., de La Rue R.M., *Single-Mode Stripe Optical Waveguides Formed by Silver* 

[35] Gato L., Srivastava R., *Time Dependent Surface Index Change in Ion Exchanged Waveguides*,

[36] Ghatak A.K., Khular E., Thyagarajan K., *Modes in Optical Waveguides Formed by Silver Sodium Ion Exchange*, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electron*.,* 1978, Vol.14, No.6, 389-391. [37] Gonella F., *Stress-induced optical effect in Ag+-Na+ion-exchanged glass waveguides*, Optics

[38] Martin M., Videau J.J., Canioni L., Adamietez F., Sarger L., Le Flem G., *Planar waveguides formed by Ag+-Na+ ion exchange in nonlinear optical glasses: diffusion and optical* 

[39] Millar C.A., Hutchins R.H., *Manufacturing tolerances for silver-sodium ion-exchanged planar optical waveguides*, Journal Physics D; Applied Physics, 1978, Vol.11, 1567-1576. [40] Najafi S.I., Srivastava R., Ramaswamy R.V., *Wavelength-Dependent Propagation Characteristics of Ag+-Na+ Exchanged Planar Glass Waveguides*, Applied Optics*,* 1986,

[41] Ramaswamy R.V., Cheng H.C., Shirastava R., *Process optimization of buried Ag+-Na+ ionexchanged waveguides: theory and experiment,* Applied Optics, 1988, Vol*.*27, No.9, 1814-

[42] Stewart G., Laybourn P.J.R., *Fabrication of Ion-Exchanged Optical Waveguides From Dilute Silver Nitrate Melts*, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics*,* 1978, Vol.14, No.12, 930-934. [43] Stewart G., Millar C.A., Layboum P.J.R., Wilkinson C.D.W., De la Rue R.M., *Planar optical waveguides formed by silver-ion migration in glass*, IEEE Journal of Quantum

[44] Camy P., Roman J.E., Willems F.W., Hempstead M., van der Plaats J.C., Pfel C., Beguin A., Koonen A.MJ., Wilkinson J.S., Lerminiaux C., *Ion-Exchanged Planar Lossless Splitter at* 

[45] Bach H., Neuroth N., *The Properties of Optical Glass*, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

[46] Jackel J.L, *Glass waveguides made using low melting point nitrate mixtures*, Applied Optics,

[47] Rogoziński R., *Refractive index profiles of planar waveguides produced in electrodiffusion* 

[48] White J.M., Heidrich P.F., *Optical waveguide refractive index profiles from measurement of* 

*mode indices: A simple analysis, A*pplied Optics, 1976, Vol.15, No.1, 151-155.

of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1981, Vol.45, 249-255.

*Ion Exchange*, Electronics Letters*,* 1976, Vol.12, No.16, 397-398.

Optics Communications*,* 1996, Vol.123, No.4-6, 483-486.

*properties*, Applied Optics*,* 2000, Vol.39, No.3, 435-440.

Electronics Letters, 1990, Vol.26, No.1, 38-39.

Letters, 1992, Vol.17, No.23, 1667-1669.

Electronics*,* 1977, Vol.13,No.4, 192-200.

1988, Vol.27, No.3, 472-475.

*m*, Electronics Letters, 1996, Vol.32, 321-323.

*processes*, Optica Applicata, 2004,Vol.34, No.4, 489-505.

Vol.25, No.11, 1840-1843.

1819.

*1.5* 

1995.


[67] Karasiński P., *Sol-gel derived sensitive films for evanescent wave ammonia sensors*, Optica Applicata, 2003,Vol.33, No.2-3, 477-487.

**Applications of Ion Exchangers** 

190 Ion Exchange Technologies

Applicata, 2003,Vol.33, No.2-3, 477-487.

[67] Karasiński P., *Sol-gel derived sensitive films for evanescent wave ammonia sensors*, Optica
