**10. References**


[13] Beadle, C., Long, G.W., Weiss W.R., McElroy , P.D., Maret S.M., Oloo A.J., Hoffman S.L. (1994).Diagnosis of Malaria by detection of Plasmodium falciparum HRP-2 antigen with a rapid dipstick antigen capture assay. Lancet, 343:564-568

**Section 3** 

**Dehydrogenases and Physiological Role** 


**Dehydrogenases and Physiological Role** 

180 Dehydrogenases

[13] Beadle, C., Long, G.W., Weiss W.R., McElroy , P.D., Maret S.M., Oloo A.J., Hoffman S.L. (1994).Diagnosis of Malaria by detection of Plasmodium falciparum HRP-2 antigen with

[14] Humar, A., Ohrt, C., Harrigto, M.A., Pillal, D., Kain, K.C., (1997). ParaSight® F test compared with the Polymerase chain reaction and microscopy for the diagnosis of

[17] Piola, P. Fogg C., Bajuninwe, F., Biraro, S., Grandesso, F., Ruzagira, E., Babigumira, J., Kigozi et al. (2005). Supervised versus Unsupervised intake of six-dose artemeterlumefantrine for treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in

[19] Wongarichanalai, C. Chuanak, N. Tulyayon S., Thanoos-ingha, N., Laoboonchai, A., Thimasarn, K., Brewer, T.G., Heppner, D.G. (1999). Comparison of a repid field immunochromatographic test to expert microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium

[20] Tjiltra E., Suprianto, S., Dyer, M., Currie, B.J., Anstey, N.M. (1999). Field evaluation of the ICT Malaria P.f/P.v immunochromatographic test for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in patients with presumptive clinical diagnosis of

[21] Mason D.P., Wogsrichanalai C., Lin, K., Miller, R.S., Kawamoto, F. (2000). The panmalarial antigen detected by the ICT Malaria P.f/P.v. Immunochromatograpic test is

[22] Gasser, R.A., Forney, J.R., Magili A.J., Sirichasinthop, J., Bautista C., Wongsrichanalai, C. (2000). Continuing progress in rapid diagnostic technology for malaria field trial performance of a revised immunochromatographic assay (OptiMAL®) detecting Plasmodium- specific lactate dehydrogenase. Malaria Diagnosis Symposium, xvth International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Cartagen, a, Columbia, 20-25

[23] Connor, D.H., Neafie RC, Hockmeyer, WT. (1976). MALARIA. Binford CH, Connor, DH, eds. Path ology of Tropical and Extraordinary Disease Washington, DC.Armed

[24] Pongponratn E, Turner GD, Day NP, Phu, NH.Simpson JA, Stepniewska K, Mai NT, Viriyavejakul P., Looareesuwa S, Hein TT, Ferguson DJ, White NJ (2003). An Ultrastructural study of the brain in fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am. J. Trop.

[25] Nakazawa S, Looareesuwan S, Fujioka H, Pongponratn E, Luc KD, Rabbege J. Aikawa M. (1995). A correlation between sequestered parasitized erythrocytes in subcutaneous

tissue and Cerebral malaria, American Journal TROP. Med.Hyg., 53:544-546

Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 56:44-48 [15] Pattaasin, S., Proux, S., Chompasuk, D., Luwiradaj, K., Jacquier P, Looareesuwan, S., Nosten, F. (2003). Evaluation of a new Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase assay (OptiMAL-IT®) for the detection of malaria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med Hyg., 97: 672-674 [16] WHO 2000b. Management of severe malaria, a Practical Handbook, second ed.World

a rapid dipstick antigen capture assay. Lancet, 343:564-568

Mbarara, Uganda: a randomized trial. Lancet 365, 1467-1473

[18] WHO 1991. Basic Malaria Microscopy, World Health Organization, Geneva.

falciparum asexual parasitemia in Thailand. Acta Trop., 73:263-273

malaria in Eastern Indonesia. Journal Clinical Microbiology, 37:2412-2417

expressed by Plasmodium malariae. Journal Clinical Microbiology, 39:2035.

Health Organization, Geneva.

August, 2000.

Med. Hyg.69:345-359

Forces Institute of Pathology, 273-283

**Chapter 8** 

© 2012 Wolińska and Stępniewska, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Dehydrogenase Activity in the Soil Environment** 

The main purpose of the chapter is clarify description of the role of intracellular enzymedehydrogenase in the soil environment, as well as presentation of soil factors, influencing an enzymatic activity, by either stimulation or inhibition effect on soil dehydrogenase

The most common laboratory procedure used for DHA determination is the method developed by Casida et al. (1964). According this method, specific dyes such as the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), that can specify the flow of electrons are useful indicators of electron transport system (ETS) activity. By the reduction of colorless, water soluble substrate (TTC) by dehydrogenases present in the soil environment, an insoluble product with red color (triphenylformazan-TPF) is formed. TPF can be easily quantified calorimetrically at the range of visible light (485 nm). This test however, reflected positive answer only at neutral range of pH and in presence of calcium carbonate for buffering soil system. Briefly, if the red colors of soil samples prepared for spectrophotometer analyses are more intensive, the measured level of DHA is higher. Consequently, soil samples without

red colors or those with light red colors are characterized by lower DHA values.

Determination of DHA in the soil samples gives us large amount of information about biological characteristic of the soil. It was confirmed that although oxygen and other electron acceptors can be utilized by dehydrogenases, most of the enzyme is produced by anaerobic microorganisms. In other words, soil DHA strongly increases under anaerobic

Several environmental factors, including soil moisture, oxygen availability, oxidationreduction potential, pH, organic matter content, depth of the soil profile, temperature, season of the year, heavy metal contamination and soil fertilization or pesticide use can affect significantly DHA in the soil environment. In the current chapter we would like to concentrate on precise description of mentioned factors effect on soil DHA level. Presented

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Agnieszka Wolińska and Zofia Stępniewska

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48294

**1. Introduction** 

activity (DHA).

conditions.

properly cited.
