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**Chapter 9** 

© 2012 Kregiel, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Succinate Dehydrogenase of** *Saccharomyces* 

**Current Knowledge and New Perspectives** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Dorota Kregiel

**1. Introduction** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48413

*cerevisiae* **– The Unique Enzyme of TCA Cycle –** 

Glycolysis is an anabolic pathway common in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Sugars and polysaccharides have to be transformed into glucose or one of its phosphorylated derivatives before being processed any further. In the course of degradation, ATP is produced. Pyruvate may be regarded as the preliminary final product of the degradation in a strictly formal sense - because it is here that the pathway ramifies: pyruvate is hydrated under anaerobic conditions resulting in either lactate (in lactic-acid bacteria) or ethanol (in yeast). If glycolysis results in these final products, it is spoken of fermentation. In the presence of oxygen pyruvate is converted to acetyl-coenzyme A and oxidized to CO2 in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Figure 1). In yeasts, as well in most non-photosynthetic cells, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the main process of ATP synthesis in aerobic conditions. Aerobic pathways permit the production of 30 to 38 molecules of ATP per one molecule of glucose. Although two molecules of ATP come from glycolysis and two more

directly out of the TCA cycle, most of the ATP arises from oxidative phosphorylation.

The main catalytic function of the TCA cycle is to provide reducing equivalents to the respiratory chain through the oxidative decarboxylation of acetyl–CoA (8), but every TCA cycle intermediate is commonly used by other metabolic reactions. The eight enzymes from the TCA cycle are encoded by 15 nuclear genes in *S. cerevisiae* [1]. The first reaction of TCA is catalyzed by citrate synthase (1) and it is the condensation of acetyl–CoA and oxaloacetate resulting in the formation of citrate. The second reaction of the TCA is catalyzed by aconitase (2), leading to the conversion of citrate into isocitrate. Aconitase is located both in mitochondria and in cytosol. The next step of the TCA is the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to -ketoglutarate (3). There are three known isoenzymes of isocitrate

