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**Chapter 11** 

© 2012 Kotula-Balak et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases – Localization,** 

Differentiation of the male phenotype including the outward development of secondary sex characteristics as well as the initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis is stimulated by androgens (O'Shaughnessy et al., 2009; Verhoeven et al., 2010). There are two major androgens secreted by the testes: testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Weaker androgens: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione are secreted in smaller amounts and converted metabolically to T and other androgens. Testosterone is the most

As the result of intensive research over the last 20 years it has been confirmed that estrogens, produced by androgen aromatization, are also important in the regulation of male reproductive function (Carreau et al., 2003). In mice deficient for the estrogen receptor α gene (αERKO) infertility, increased steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 17βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) mRNA levels together with elevated T level have

Specific receptors for androgens and estrogens have been found in both somatic and germ cells of the testis (Bilinska et al., 2000; Bilinska & Schmalz-Fraczek, 1999; Sierens et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2009). It has been confirmed that these receptors act as transcription factors regulating steroidogenesis at the transcription level. Furthermore, steroidogenesis requires the coordinated expression of related proteins and steroidogenic enzymes in response to hormonal stimulation. In Leydig cells luteinising hormone (LH) induce steroidogenesis by elaborating accumulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and expression of StAR resulting in subsequent T biosynthesis and secretion. Intratesticular T is maintained at constantly high levels. In the rat, endogenous T concentrations are the highest at stage VIII of the spermatogenic cycle (Parvinen, 1982). In addition, this stage together with stage VII have been found to be

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Function and Regulation in the Testis** 

Małgorzata Kotula-Balak, Anna Hejmej and Barbara Bilińska

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

abundant androgen. However, DHT is the most potent one.

been found (Akingbemi et al., 2003; Eddy et al., 1996).

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47740

**1. Introduction** 

