**Meet the editor**

Dr Pardhi is currently working in the School of Metallurgy and Materials at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. He has expertise in materials characterisation, process development and mechanical property characterisation of high performance materials. Dr. Pardhi has done undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering at the Nagpur University, India. He fin-

ished his Master of Technology in Industrial Metallurgy from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. During his masters degree he was awarded the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) fellowship for duration of 1 year to carry out his dissertation at the Technical University of Munich, Germany. He went on to do his PhD in Metallurgy and Materials, at the University of Birmingham. He was awarded the prestigious ORSAS-2006 fellowship by Universities UK during his doctoral research.

Contents

**Preface VII** 

Hiroto Kitaguchi

Chapter 1 **Heat Treatment of Dental Alloys: A Review 1**  William A. Brantley and Satish B. Alapati

**in Advanced Ni-Based Superalloys 19** 

Chapter 3 **Gold Nanostructures Prepared on Solid Surface 43**  Jakub Siegel, Ondřej Kvítek, Zdeňka Kolská,

Chapter 4 **Low Temperature Wafer-Level Metal Thermo-Compression Bonding Technology for 3D Integration 71** 

**the Failure of Heat Resistant Steel Castings 95** 

**Probability Distribution Functions Used to Estimate** 

**of Temperature in the Metal Cutting Process 153** 

**the Measurement Uncertainties of Metallurgical Tests 117** 

Chapter 2 **Microstructure-Property Relationship** 

Petr Slepička and Václav Švorčík

Chapter 5 **Homogenization Heat Treatment to Reduce** 

Chapter 6 **Multiconvolutional Approach to Treat the Main** 

Chapter 7 **Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Modelling** 

Dejan Tanikić and Vladimir Despotović

Ji Fan and Chuan Seng Tan

Mohammad Hosein Bina

Ion Pencea

## Contents

### **Preface XI**



Preface

end.

In recent decades scientists and engineers around the globe have been responding to the requirement of high performance materials through innovative material research and engineering. The ever increasing demand on quality and reliability has resulted in some dazzling technological achievements in the area of advanced materials and manufacturing. A number of new tools and techniques have been developed along

The purpose of this book is to bring together significant findings of leading experts, in developing and improving the technology that supports advanced materials and process development. The contributions made by researchers in these fields are immensely valuable. From gold nano-structures to advanced superalloys, this book covers investigations involving modern computer based approaches as well as traditional experimental techniques. Some of the techniques described in this book include, artificial intelligence based approaches to metal cutting, multi-conventional mathematical model based technique to the measure uncertainties in metallurgical tests and low temperature bonding technology for 3D integration. Selected articles include research output on advances made in materials that are used not only in complex structures such as aeroplanes but also in clinical treatments. There are chapters that present research on Ni based superalloys, gold nanostructures, heat resistance steels and advanced dental alloys. Individual texts include introduction to the topics presented, illustrative procedures used in the investigations, results of study undertaken and qualitative discussion, based on the findings, with a summary at the

This book is formulated with chapters which describe the most recent work in materials and process development at the time of publication. It is envisaged that it will promote knowledge transfer across the materials society including university students, engineers and scientists to built further understanding of the subject. It is assumed that the reader has elementary knowledge of the materials and processes described in this book. In cases where details are required, appropriate references will assist the further understanding. It is hoped that, the reader will find the work presented exciting, challenging and valuable as the original investigators intended.

with extending current capabilities from performance perspective.

## Preface

In recent decades scientists and engineers around the globe have been responding to the requirement of high performance materials through innovative material research and engineering. The ever increasing demand on quality and reliability has resulted in some dazzling technological achievements in the area of advanced materials and manufacturing. A number of new tools and techniques have been developed along with extending current capabilities from performance perspective.

The purpose of this book is to bring together significant findings of leading experts, in developing and improving the technology that supports advanced materials and process development. The contributions made by researchers in these fields are immensely valuable. From gold nano-structures to advanced superalloys, this book covers investigations involving modern computer based approaches as well as traditional experimental techniques. Some of the techniques described in this book include, artificial intelligence based approaches to metal cutting, multi-conventional mathematical model based technique to the measure uncertainties in metallurgical tests and low temperature bonding technology for 3D integration. Selected articles include research output on advances made in materials that are used not only in complex structures such as aeroplanes but also in clinical treatments. There are chapters that present research on Ni based superalloys, gold nanostructures, heat resistance steels and advanced dental alloys. Individual texts include introduction to the topics presented, illustrative procedures used in the investigations, results of study undertaken and qualitative discussion, based on the findings, with a summary at the end.

This book is formulated with chapters which describe the most recent work in materials and process development at the time of publication. It is envisaged that it will promote knowledge transfer across the materials society including university students, engineers and scientists to built further understanding of the subject. It is assumed that the reader has elementary knowledge of the materials and processes described in this book. In cases where details are required, appropriate references will assist the further understanding. It is hoped that, the reader will find the work presented exciting, challenging and valuable as the original investigators intended.

#### VIII Preface

The editor would like to thank all contributing authors for their hard work and patience throughout the publication process. Acknowledgement is also due to InTech open science and the publication process manager for their excellent cooperation during review and editing stages.

> **Dr. Yogiraj Pardhi** School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom

VIII Preface

during review and editing stages.

The editor would like to thank all contributing authors for their hard work and patience throughout the publication process. Acknowledgement is also due to InTech open science and the publication process manager for their excellent cooperation

School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham,

**Dr. Yogiraj Pardhi**

United Kingdom

**Chapter 1** 

© 2012 Brantley and Alapati, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Brantley and Alapati, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Heat Treatment of Dental Alloys: A Review** 

Metallic materials have widespread use in dentistry for clinical treatment and restoration of teeth. Major areas of usage are: (1) restorative dentistry and prosthodontics (dental amalgam and gold alloy restorations for single teeth, metallic restorations for multiple teeth, including metal-ceramic restorations, removable partial denture frameworks, and dental implants), (2) orthodontics (wires which provide the biomechanical force for tooth movement), and (3) endodontics (rotary and hand instruments for treatment of root canals). Heat treatment of the metal can be performed by the manufacturer, dental laboratory, or dentist to alter properties intentionally and improve clinical performance. Heat treatment of the metal also occurs during the normal sequence of preparing a metal-ceramic restoration, when dental porcelain is bonded to the underlying alloy substrate. Moreover, intraoral heat treatment of some metallic restorations occurs over long periods of time. There is an enormous scientific literature on the heat treatment of metals for dentistry. A search of the biomedical literature in May 2012, using PubMed [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/] revealed nearly 450 articles on heat treatment of dental alloys. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the heat treatment of metallic dental materials in the foregoing important areas, describing the important property changes, with a focus on the underlying metallurgical

Dental amalgams are prepared in the dental office by mixing particles of a silver-tin-copper alloy for dental amalgam that may contain other trace metals with liquid mercury. The initially mixed (termed triturated) material is in a moldable condition and is placed (termed condensed) directly by the dentist into the prepared tooth cavity, where it undergoes a setting process that produces multiple phases and can require up to one day for near

William A. Brantley and Satish B. Alapati

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52398

**1. Introduction** 

principles.

**2.1. Dental amalgams** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**2. Restorative dentistry and prosthodontics** 
