**9. References**


<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author


378 Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications

heat capacity values.

**8. Conclusions** 

the bulk metallic glasses.

**Author details** 

E-Wen Huang\*

Yu-Chieh Lo

Junwei Qiao

*Taiwan (R. O. C. )* 

*Cambridge, MA, USA* 

**Acknowledgement** 

**9. References** 

Corresponding Author

 \*

Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51101110).

[3] Gramt, P. S., Prog. Mater. Sci., 1995. 39: p. 497.

Progress in Materials Science, 2007. 52(4): p. 540-596.

governed by the presence of free volume within the metallic glasses [135]. From the calculation of heat conduction theory and STZ modeling, Yang *et al*. [123] demonstrated that the temperature of shear bands at the fracture strength is strikingly similar to their glass transition temperature for a number of BMG systems. This offered a new guideline for the expansion of ultra-high strength bulk metallic glasses from their glass transition temperature, density, and

In summery, the fabrication techniques of the bulk metallic glasses are reviewed chronically. The fundamental concepts of the unique microstructures of the bulk metallic glasses according to different manufacturing are introduced. Moreover, the proposed, but still under debate, various deformation mechanisms are discussed. We wish to draw more attentions from the readers to explore the exciting potential and underneath mechanisms of

*Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli,* 

*Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology,* 

*College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China* 

EWH appreciates the support from National Science Council Programs 100-2221-E-008-041 and 99-3113-Y-042-001. JWQ would like to acknowledge the financial support of National

[1] Hansen, N., *New discoveries in deformed metals.* Metallurgical and Materials Transactions

[2] Wang, W. H., *Roles of minor additions in formation and properties of bulk metallic glasses.* 

a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, 2001. 32(12): p. 2917-2935.

[4] Li, B., N. Nordstrom, and E. J. Lavernia, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1997. 237: p. 207.

	- [27] Zhang, T., A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, *Amorphous Zr-Al-Tm (Tm = Co, Ni, Cu) Alloys with Significant Supercooled Liquid Region of over 100-K.* Materials Transactions, JIM, 1991. 32(11): p. 1005-1010.

Cooling – As a "Heat Treatment" for the Mechanical Behavior of the Bulk Metallic Glass Alloys 381

[48] Golovin, Y. I., et al., *Serrated plastic flow during nanoindentation of a bulk metallic glass.* 

[49] Murah, P. and U. Ramamurty, *Embrittlement of a bulk metallic glass due to sub-T-g* 

[50] Ramamurty, U., et al., *Hardness and plastic deformation in a bulk metallic glass.* Acta

[51] Zhang, G. P., et al., *On rate-dependent serrated flow behavior in amorphous metals during* 

[52] Liu, Y. H., et al., *Super plastic bulk metallic glasses at room temperature.* Science, 2007.

[53] Zhang, Y. and A. L. Greer, *Thickness of shear bands in metallic glasses.* Applied Physics

[54] Morris, J. R., et al., *Simulating the Effect of Poisson Ratio on Metallic Glass Properties.* 

[55] Nordlund, K. and R. S. Averback, *Atomic displacement processes in irradiated amorphous* 

[56] Robach, J. S., et al., *Dynamic observations and atomistic simulations of dislocation-defect interactions in rapidly quenched copper and gold.* Acta Materialia, 2006. 54(6): p. 1679-1690. [57] Van Swygenhoven, H., P. M. Derlet, and A. G. Froseth, *Nucleation and propagation of dislocations in nanocrystalline fcc metals.* Acta Materialia, 2006. 54(7): p. 1975-1983. [58] Van Swygenhoven, H., D. Farkas, and A. Caro, *Grain-boundary structures in polycrystalline metals at the nanoscale.* Physical Review B, 2000. 62(2): p. 831-838. [59] Wolf, D., et al., *Deformation of nanocrystalline materials by molecular-dynamics simulation:* 

[60] Zheng, G. P., Y. M. Wang, and M. Li, *Atomistic simulation studies on deformation mechanism of nanocrystalline cobalt.* Acta Materialia, 2005. 53(14): p. 3893-3901. [61] Millett, P. C., R. P. Selvam, and A. Saxena, *Molecular dynamics simulations of grain size stabilization in nanocrystalline materials by addition of dopants.* Acta Materialia, 2006. 54(2):

[62] Lo, Y. C., et al., *Structural relaxation and self-repair behavior in nano-scaled Zr-Cu metallic glass under cyclic loading: Molecular dynamics simulations.* Intermetallics, 2010. 18(5): p.

[63] Ikeda, H., et al., *Strain rate induced amorphization in metallic nanowires.* Physical Review

[64] Schuh, C. A., A. C. Lund, and T. G. Nieh, *New regime of homogeneous flow in the deformation map of metallic glasses: elevated temperature nanoindentation experiments and* 

[67] Wang, R., *Short-Range Structure for Amorphous Intertransition Metal-Alloys.* Nature, 1979.

[68] Inoue, A., et al., *High packing density of Zr- and Pd-based bulk amorphous alloys.* Materials

[69] Wang, W. H., et al., *Microstructural transformation in a Zr41Ti14CU12. 5Ni10Be22. 5 bulk metallic glass under high pressure.* Physical Review B, 2000. 62(17): p. 11292-11295.

Scripta Materialia, 2001. 45(8): p. 947-952.

Materialia, 2005. 53(3): p. 705-717.

315(5817): p. 1385-1388.

Letters, 2006. 89(7).

p. 297-303.

954-960.

Letters, 1999. 82(14): p. 2900-2903.

[65] Bernal, J. D., Nature, 1959. 183: p. 141.

Transactions Jim, 1998. 39(2): p. 318-321.

278(5706): p. 700-704.

*annealing.* Acta Materialia, 2005. 53(5): p. 1467-1478.

*nanoindentation.* Scripta Materialia, 2005. 52(11): p. 1147-1151.

International Journal of Modern Physics B, 2009. 23: p. 1229-1234.

*relationship to experiments?* Acta Materialia, 2005. 53(1): p. 1-40.

*mechanistic modeling.* Acta Materialia, 2004. 52(20): p. 5879-5891.

[66] Cohen, M. H. and D. Turnbull, Nature 1964. 203: p. 964.

*and crystalline silicon.* Applied Physics Letters, 1997. 70(23): p. 3101-3103.


380 Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications

Transactions, JIM, 1995. 36(7): p. 866-875.

Engineering R-Reports, 2004. 44(2-3): p. 45-89.

32(11): p. 1005-1010.

JIM, 1997. 38(2): p. 179-183.

1999. 24(10): p. 42-56.

2004. 52(9): p. 2621-2624.

Letters, 2006. 96(25): p. 4.

408(6814): p. 781-782.

3396-3413.

666-667.

89(11).

*bulk.* Science, 1996. 271(5248): p. 484-487.

Nature, 2006. 439(7075): p. 419-425.

[27] Zhang, T., A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, *Amorphous Zr-Al-Tm (Tm = Co, Ni, Cu) Alloys with Significant Supercooled Liquid Region of over 100-K.* Materials Transactions, JIM, 1991.

[28] Inoue, A., et al., *Preparation of 16 Mm Diameter Rod of Amorphous Zr65al7. 5ni10cu17. 5* 

[29] Inoue, A., *High-Strength Bulk Amorphous-Alloys with Low Critical Cooling Rates.* Materials

[30] Inoue, A., N. Nishiyama, and H. Kimura, *Preparation and thermal stability of bulk amorphous Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 alloy cylinder of 72 mm in diameter.* Materials Transactions,

[31] Wang, W. H., C. Dong, and C. H. Shek, *Bulk metallic glasses.* Materials Science &

[32] Johnson, W. L., *Bulk glass-forming metallic alloys: Science and technology.* Mrs Bulletin,

[33] Inoue, A., *Bulk amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys with high functional properties.* 

[34] Leonhardt, M., W. Loser, and H. G. Lindenkreuz, *Solidification kinetics and phase formation of undercooled eutectic Ni-Nb melts.* Acta Materialia, 1999. 47(10): p. 2961-2968. [35] Guo, F. Q., S. J. Poon, and G. J. Shiflet, *CaAl-based bulk metallic glasses with high thermal* 

[36] Meng, W. J., et al., *Solid-State Interdiffusion Reactions in Ni/Ti and Ni/Zr Multilayered Thin-*

[37] Xu, D. H., et al., *Bulk metallic glass formation in binary Cu-rich alloy series - Cu100-xZrx (x=34, 36 38. 2, 40 at. %) and mechanical properties of bulk Cu64Zr36 glass.* Acta Materialia,

[38] Hattori, T., et al., *Does bulk metallic glass of elemental Zr and Ti exist?* Physical Review

[40] Doye, J. P. K. and D. J. Wales, *The structure and stability of atomic liquids: From clusters to* 

[41] Spaepen, F., *Condensed-matter science - Five-fold symmetry in liquids.* Nature, 2000.

[42] Sheng, H. W., et al., *Atomic packing and short-to-medium-range order in metallic glasses.* 

[43] Tanaka, H., *Two-order-parameter model of the liquid-glass transition. III. Universal patterns of relaxations in glass-forming liquids.* Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2005. 351(43-45): p.

[44] Hufnagel, T. C., *Amorphous materials: Finding order in disorder.* Nat Mater, 2004. 3(10): p.

[45] Fan, C., et al., *Structural model for bulk amorphous alloys.* Applied Physics Letters, 2006.

[46] Fan, C., et al., *Atomic migration and bonding characteristics during a glass transition investigated using as-cast Zr-Cu-Al.* Physical Review B, 2011. 83(19): p. 195207. [47] Fan, C., et al., *Quenched-in quasicrystal medium-range order and pair distribution function* 

*study on Zr55Cu35Al10 bulk metallic.* Intermetallics, 2006. 14(8-9): p. 888-892.

*Alloy.* Materials Transactions, JIM, 1993. 34(12): p. 1234-1237.

Materials Science and Engineering A 2001. 304-306: p. 1-10.

*stability.* Applied Physics Letters, 2004. 84(1): p. 37-39.

*Films.* Applied Physics Letters, 1987. 51(9): p. 661-663.

[39] Greer, A. L., *Metallic Glasses.* Science, 1995. 267(5206): p. 1947-1953.

	- [70] Wang, W. H., et al., *Microstructure studies of Zr41Ti14Cu12. 5Ni10Be22. 5 bulk amorphous alloy by electron diffraction intensity analysis.* Applied Physics Letters, 1997. 71(8): p. 1053- 1055.

Cooling – As a "Heat Treatment" for the Mechanical Behavior of the Bulk Metallic Glass Alloys 383

[92] Loffler, J. F., et al., *Crystallization of bulk amorphous Zr--Ti(Nb)--Cu--Ni--Al.* Applied

[93] Wang, X. L., et al., *In situ Synchrotron Study of Phase Transformation Behaviors in Bulk Metallic Glass by Simultaneous Diffraction and Small Angle Scattering.* Physical Review

[94] Huang, E. W., et al., *Study of nanoprecipitates in a nickel-based superalloy using small-angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy.* Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 93(16). [95] Takeuchi, A. and A. Inoue, *Size dependence of soft to hard magnetic transition in (Nd, Pr)-Fe-Al bulk amorphous alloys.* Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials

[96] Flores, K. M. and R. H. Dauskardt, *Mean stress effects on flow localization and failure in a* 

[97] Flores, K. M. and R. H. Dauskardt, *Local heating associated with crack tip plasticity in Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk amorphous metals.* Journal of Materials Research, 1999. 14(3): p. 638-643. [98] Inoue, A. and A. Takeuchi, *Recent progress in bulk glassy alloys.* Materials Transactions,

[99] Johnson, W. L., *Bulk amorphous metal - An emerging engineering material.* Jom-Journal of

[100] Hays, C. C., C. P. Kim, and W. L. Johnson, *Microstructure controlled shear band pattern formation and enhanced plasticity of bulk metallic glasses containing in situ formed ductile* 

[101] Schroers, J. and W. L. Johnson, *Ductile bulk metallic glass.* Physical Review Letters, 2004.

[102] Cohen, M. H. and D. Turnbull, *Molecular Transport in Liquids and Glasses.* Journal of

[103] Spaepen, F., *Microscopic Mechanism for Steady-State Inhomogeneous Flow in Metallic* 

[104] Argon, A. S., *Plastic-Deformation in Metallic Glasses.* Acta Metallurgica, 1979. 27(1): p.

[105] Michael Miller, P. L., *Bulk Metallic Glasses: An Overview*. Hardcover ed. 2007: Springer [106] Vandenbeukel, A. and J. Sietsma, *The Glass-Transition as a Free-Volume Related Kinetic* 

[107] Yang, B., et al., *Dynamic evolution of nanoscale shear bands in a bulk-metallic glass.* Applied

[108] Albano, F. and M. L. Falk, *Shear softening and structure in a simulated three-dimensional* 

[109] Li, Q. K. and M. Li, *Atomic scale characterization of shear bands in an amorphous metal.* 

[110] Li, Q. K. and M. Li, *Atomistic simulations of correlations between volumetric change and* 

[111] Chen, M. W., *Mechanical behavior of metallic glasses: Microscopic understanding of strength* 

[112] Argon, A. S., *Plastic deformation in metallic glasses.* Acta Metallurgica, 1979. 27(1): p. 47-58. [113] Schuh, C. A., T. C. Hufnagel, and U. Ramamurty, *Overview No. 144 - Mechanical* 

*Phenomenon.* Acta Metallurgica Et Materialia, 1990. 38(3): p. 383-389.

*shear softening in amorphous metals.* Physical Review B, 2007. 75(9): p. 5.

*and ductility.* Annual Review of Materials Research, 2008. 38: p. 445-469.

*behavior of amorphous alloys.* Acta Materialia, 2007. 55(12): p. 4067-4109.

*binary glass.* Journal of Chemical Physics, 2005. 122(15): p. 8.

*phase dendrite dispersions.* Physical Review Letters, 2000. 84(13): p. 2901-2904.

Properties Microstructure and Processing 2004. 375: p. 1140-1144.

*bulk metallic glass.* Acta Materialia, 2001. 49(13): p. 2527-2537.

the Minerals Metals & Materials Society, 2002. 54(3): p. 40-43.

Physics Letters, 2000. 77(4): p. 525-527.

Letters, 2003. 91(26): p. 265501.

2002. 43(8): p. 1892-1906.

Chemical Physics, 1959. 31: p. 1164-1169.

Physics Letters, 2005. 86(14): p. 141904.

Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 88(24): p. 3.

*Glasses.* Acta Metallurgica, 1977. 25(4): p. 407-415.

93(25): p. 4.

47-58.


[92] Loffler, J. F., et al., *Crystallization of bulk amorphous Zr--Ti(Nb)--Cu--Ni--Al.* Applied Physics Letters, 2000. 77(4): p. 525-527.

382 Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications

Letters, 2001. 86(13): p. 2826-2829.

Letters, 2004. 92(14): p. 4.

408(6814): p. 839-841.

42: p. 1.

1055.

[70] Wang, W. H., et al., *Microstructure studies of Zr41Ti14Cu12. 5Ni10Be22. 5 bulk amorphous alloy by electron diffraction intensity analysis.* Applied Physics Letters, 1997. 71(8): p. 1053-

[72] Honeycutt, J. D. and H. C. Andersen, *Molecular-Dynamics Study of Melting and Freezing of Small Lennard-Jones Clusters.* Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1987. 91(19): p. 4950-4963. [73] Jonsson, H. and H. C. Andersen, *Icosahedral Ordering in the Lennard-Jones Liquid and* 

[74] He, J. H. and E. Ma, *Nanoscale phase separation and local icosahedral order in amorphous* 

[75] He, J. H., et al., *Amorphous structures in the immiscible Ag-Ni system.* Physical Review

[76] Luo, W. K., et al., *Icosahedral short-range order in amorphous alloys.* Physical Review

[77] Li, C. F., et al., *Precipitation of icosahedral quasicrystalline phase in Hf65Al7. 5Ni10Cu12.* 

[78] Reichert, H., et al., *Observation of five-fold local symmetry in liquid lead.* Nature, 2000.

[79] Spaepen, D. R. N. a. F., *Polytetrahedral order in condensed matter.* Solid State Physics, 1989.

[80] Saida, J., M. Matsushita, and A. Inoue, *Direct observation of icosahedral cluster in Zr70Pd30* 

[81] Wang, W. H., et al., *Phase transformation in a Zr41Ti14Cu12. 5Ni10Be22. 5 bulk amorphous* 

[82] Waniuk, T., J. Schroers, and W. L. Johnson, *Timescales of crystallization and viscous flow of the bulk glass-forming Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be alloys.* Physical Review B, 2003. 67(18): p. 9. [83] Cowley, J. M., *Electron nanodiffraction methods for measuring medium-range order.* 

[84] Mattern, N., et al., *Short-range order of Zr62-xTixAl10Cu20Ni8 bulk metallic glasses.* Acta

[85] Hufnagel, T. C., *Amorphous materials - Finding order in disorder.* Nature Materials, 2004.

[86] Miracle, D. B., *A structural model for metallic glasses.* Nature Materials, 2004. 3(10): p. 697-

[87] Chen, G. L., et al., *Molecular dynamic simulations and atomic structures of amorphous* 

[88] Fan, C., et al., *Structures and mechanical behaviors of Zr55Cu35Al10 bulk amorphous alloys at* 

[89] Fan, C., et al., *Structural model for bulk amorphous alloys.* Applied Physics Letters, 2006.

[90] Qiao, J. W., et al., *Resolving ensembled microstructural information of bulk-metallic-glassmatrix composites using synchrotron x-ray diffraction.* Applied Physics Letters, 2010. 97(17). [91] Ott, R. T., et al., *Micromechanics of deformation of metallic-glass-matrix composites from in situ synchrotron strain measurements and finite element modeling.* Acta Materialia, 2005.

*ambient and cryogenic temperatures.* Physical Review B, 2006. 74(1): p. 6.

[71] Inoue, A., *Bulk Amorphous Alloys*. 1998: Trans Tech Publications.

*Glass.* Physical Review Letters, 1988. 60(22): p. 2295-2298.

*alloys of immiscible elements.* Physical Review B, 2001. 64(14): p. 12.

*5Pd5 metallic glass.* Applied Physics Letters, 2000. 77(4): p. 528-530.

*binary glassy alloy.* Applied Physics Letters, 2001. 79(3): p. 412-414.

*alloy upon crystallization.* Physical Review B, 2002. 66(10): p. 5.

Ultramicroscopy, 2002. 90(2-3): p. 197-206.

*materials.* Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 88(20): p. 3.

Materialia, 2002. 50(2): p. 305-314.

3(10): p. 666-667.

702.

89(11): p. 3.

53(7): p. 1883-1893.


[114] Schuh, C. A. and A. C. Lund, *Atomistic basis for the plastic yield criterion of metallic glass.*  Nature Materials, 2003. 2(7): p. 449-452.

**Chapter 16** 

© 2012 Sajedi, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Sajedi, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

It is well known that a lot of ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbfs) is produced in the steel-iron industry every year throughout the world. By utilizing this by-product it would help reduce the environmental problems and also provide significant economic benefits. The results of several researches have also shown that the use of replacement materials in mortars and concretes improves durability, which is crucial for structures built in aggressive environments, e.g. in marine structures and structures such as large tunnels and bridges with long life spans. For every ton of Portland cement manufactured, approximately one ton of CO2, in addition to greenhouse gases, is released into the atmosphere. Therefore, if the part of the Portland cement can be replaced by waste materials, e.g., slag, then the amount of cement needed and hence, the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere can be reduced (Lodeiro, Macphee, et al., 2009). Consequently, ggbfs is being widely used as a cement replacement in Portland cement

The use of ggbfs has certain advantages because of its excellent cementitious properties over OPC and it is sometimes used due to the technological, economic and environmental benefits. However, the use of slag has been limited because of the disadvantage of its low early strength (Bougara, Lynsdale, et al., 2009). The major factors affecting the early age

• Mortar mixture proportions including water-binder and sand-binder ratios and the use

Concretes made with ggbfs have many advantages including improved durability,

mortar and concrete for improving mechanical and durability properties.

strength development of mortars and concrete are as follows:

of supplementary cementing materials such as ggbfs, • Kind of formwork and size of structural elements, and • Environmental conditions (Barnett, Soutsos, et al., 2006).

workability and economic benefits.

**Using "Heat Treatment" Method** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Fathollah Sajedi

**1. Introduction** 

**1.1. General** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51084

**for Activation of OPC-Slag Mortars** 

