**7. References**

	- [13] Voitovich VB, Laverenko VA (1991) Oxidation of Titanium Carbide of Differency Purity, Soviet metallurgy met ceram. 30 (11): 927-932

**Chapter 8** 

© 2012 Tatumi et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Tatumi et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Effects of Heat Treatments on** 

**Semi-Metal Chemical Element** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

first theoretical model [3] of thermoluminescent emission kinetics.

and Shiva do Valle Camargo

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51414

**1. Introduction** 

**the Thermoluminescence and Optically** 

**Aluminate Doped with Rare-Earth and** 

**Stimulated Luminescence of Nanostructured** 

Sonia Hatsue Tatumi, Alexandre Ventieri, José Francisco Sousa Bitencourt, Katia Alessandra Gonçalves, Juan Carlos Ramirez Mittani, René Rojas Rocca

Ionizing radiation dosimetry plays a very important role in several fields, useful in the ordinary life, such as radiotherapy, nuclear medicine diagnosis, nuclear medicine, radioisotope power systems, earth science, geological and archaeological dating methods, etc. The phenomenon of Thermoluminescence (TL) has been known since 1663, when Robert Boyle notified the "Royal Society" in London, which observed the emission of light by a diamond when it was heated in the dark [1]. Afterwards, a large number of scientists began to work with TL; as did Henri Becquerel, whose work described IR measurements spectra [2] and the effect of TL, too. Marie Curie, in 1904, noted that the TL properties of the crystals could be restored by exposing them to radiation from the radio element mentioned in her doctoral thesis. In the middle of the 1930's and 1940's, Urbach performed experimental and theoretical work with TL [1] and in 1945 Randall and Wilkins developed a

The use of thermoluminescence in dosimetry date from 1940, when the number of people working on places with radiation sources such as hospitals, nuclear reactors etc. exposed to ionizing radiations (γ-rays, X rays, α and β-particles, UVA and UVB) increased and efforts to develop new types of dosimeters began [4]. Among the pioneers of TLD we have Daniels,

