**5. References**


230 Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications

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Rabah Bensaha and Hanene Bensouyad

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**Author details** 

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TiO2.

the films annealed from 350 to 450◦C crystallizes in anatase and brookite structure. From the DSC analysis, we have demonstrated that an annealing temperature equal or higher than 340 °C for undoped and 260 ◦C for 5% ZrO2-doped would be sufficient to form titanium oxide. The addition of 5% of zirconium oxide led to a shift of exothermic peak phase towards lower temperatures, due to the speeding up of the crystallization of titanium oxide

Analysis of UV-VIS transmission spectra shows that the 5% ZrO2-doped TiO2 thin films are transparent in the visible range and opaque in the UV region, whatever the annealing temperature and the number of dipping. Refractive index of the thin films of titanium oxide increases with increasing annealing temperature and number of dipping, but the porosity decreases, due to phase transition (anatase, anatase–brookite), which increases grain sizes and/or density of layers. Energy band gap of 5% ZrO2-doped TiO2 lms decrease owing to an increase in annealing temperatures, also we find that doping with ZrO2 causes an increase in the band gap by contrast to that of undoped

The optical properties of the films are found to be closely related to the microstructure and crystallographic structure which depend on the annealing temperature. In summary, In this study, we successfully fabricated ZrO2-doped TiO2 thin films, with desired structural and optical properties by sol–gel dip coating using the titanium alkoxide (tetrabutyl-


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**Chapter 11** 

), and

© 2012 Nguyen Viet Long et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Nguyen Viet Long et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Novel Pt and Pd Based Core-Shell Catalysts with** 

**Critical New Issues of Heat Treatment, Stability** 

**and Durability for Proton Exchange Membrane** 

Nguyen Viet Long, Cao Minh Thi, Masayuki Nogami and Michitaka Ohtaki

Traditionally, Pt and Pd based catalysts are widely studied in the continuous developments of next fuel cells (FCs) with the critical issues of energy and environment technologies. So far, Pt and Pd based catalysts have been mainly used in the anodes and the cathodes in FCs by a electrode-membrane technology. In spite of the large advantages of Pt based catalysts in electro-catalysis for FCs, many problems of high cost remain. In addition, so far Pt and Pd catalysts have still exhibited very good catalytic activity and selectivity of hydrogen and oxygen adsorption as well as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) for the dissociation of hydrogen into protons (H+) and electrons (e-

oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). At present, FC technologies and applications are polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) or also known as proton exchange membrane FC (PEMFC), phosphoric acid FC (PAFC), alkaline FC (AFC), molten carbonate FC (MCFC), solid oxide FC (SOFC). The typical features include operating temperature (°C) for low-temperature PEMFC and DMFC of about 50-80 °C, power density ~350 Mw/cm2, fuel efficiency ~40-65%, lifetime >40,000 hr, capital cost >200\$/kW [5,49,52,173], and other practical applications. According to hydrogen and oxygen reaction, electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) is intensively studied in low temperature FCs. In DMFCs, methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in catalytic activity of Pt catalyst is very crucial to improve the whole performance. Therefore, scientists have considerably focused on the various ways of improving HOR, ORR, and MOR in the catalyst layers of various FCs, PEMFCs, and DMFCs [1-3]. So far, ORR has become an important mechanism investigated in PEMFCs and DMFCs for their large-scale commercialization. Recently, U.S. Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies

**Fuel Cells and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51090

**1. Introduction** 

