**6. References**


<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author


248 Dielectric Material

**Author details** 

Salvador Dueñas\*

**6. References** 

**Acknowledgement** 

http://public.itrs.net.

Phys. Lett.. 85: 1286.

1885.

84: 4839.

Corresponding Author

 \*

*Spain* 

provide high resolution in two dimensions: defect energy (E) and depth relative to the interface (z). In the future, we want to combine these techniques with scanning probe

The study here presented has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and

[1] The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, edition 2009,

[5] Houssa M, Pantisano L, Ragnarsson L-A, Degraeve R, Schram T, Pourtois G, De Gendt

[7] Kim Y-B , Kang M-S, Lee T, Ahn J, and Choi D-K (2003), J. Vac. Sci.Technol. B, 21:2029. [8] Rhee S J, Kang C Y, Kang C S, Choi R, Choi C H, Akbar M S, and Lee J C (2004) Appl.

[10] Houssa M, Afanas'ev V V, Stesmans A, and Heyns M M (2000) Appl. Phys.Lett., 77:

[12] Choi R, Kang C S, Cho H-J, Kim Y-H, Akbar M S, and Lee J C (2004) Appl. Phys. Lett.,

[13] Zhao C Z, Zhang J F, Chang M H, Peaker A R, Hall S, Groeseneken G, Pantisano L, De

[15] Johnson R S, Hong J G, Hinkle C, and Lucovsky G (2002) J. Vac. Sci.Technol. B, 20:1126.

[9] Lee B H, Kang L, Nieh R, Qi W-J, and Lee J C (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett., 76: 1926.

[14] Kukli K, Ihanus J, Ritala M, and Leskela M (1996) Appl. Phys. Lett., 68: 3737.

[18] Nicollian E H and A. Goetzberger A (1967) *Bell Syst. Tech. J,* 46: 1055–1133.

microscopy in order to obtain high resolution in lateral dimensions (x,y) as well.

, Helena Castán, Héctor García and Luis Bailón *Dept. Electricidad y Electrónica, ETSI Telecomunicación, Campus "Miguel Delibes", Valladolid,* 

Competitiveness through Grants TEC2008-06698-C02 and TEC2011-27292-C02.

[3] Wilk G D, Wallace R M, and Anthony J M (2001) J. Appl. Phys., 89: 5243

S, Groeseneken G, and Heyns M M (2006) Mater. Sci. Eng. R., 51: 37 [6] Johnson R S, Lucovsky G, and Baum I (2001) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 19: 1353

[11] Wilk G D et al. (2002) Dig. Tech. Pap. - Symp. VLSI Technol. 2002: 88.

[16] Lee J-H et al. (2002), Dig. Tech. Pap. - Symp. VLSI Technol. 2002: 84.

Gent S, and Heyns M (2008) J. Appl. Phys., 103: 014507.

[17] Castgné R, Vapaille A (1971) Surface Science, 28: 157-193.

[2] Wong H and Iwai H (2006) Microelectron. Eng., 83: 1867

[4] Robertson J (2006) Rep. Prog. Phys, 69: 327


**Chapter 11** 

© 2012 Mladenovic and Weindl, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Empiric Approach for Criteria** 

**Estimation of MV PILC Cables<sup>1</sup>**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

I. Mladenovic and Ch. Weindl

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51490

**1. Introduction** 

investments.

based on PD and tanδ Diagnosticis," Mladenovic, 2012

**Determination of Remaining Lifetime** 

Underground cables represent one of the biggest assets and investment demands of power utilities. In the same time they are the major source of faults and outages in medium voltage (MV) power networks. The oldest cable type, still present in a high percentage in today's MV power networks, is the paper insulated lead covered (PILC) cable. It was mainly laid in the period from 1920 to 1980, (Tellier, 1983), hereafter it has been systematically replaced by most distribution companies with thermoplastic polyethylene (PE) and finally cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable types. Nevertheless, almost 95% of the MV power cable networks of "NUON Infra Noord-Holland" are made up of PILC cables, (E. F. Steennis, R. Ross, N. van Schaik, W. Boone & D.M. van Aartrijk, 2001), 65% of the network of one of the biggest energy supplier in Belgium, 56% in the urban areas in Bavaria (Germany), and ca. 50% of entire MV cable network of Germany. At the end of 20th century in Germany, as reported in (FGH - Forschungsgemeinschaft für Elektrische Anlagen und Stromwirtschaft e. V., 2006), there were more than 30% of cables over 30 years in service, and more than 15% over 45 years in field operation – almost all are PILC cables. Furthermore, this all corresponds to an cable network length of 110.000 km that consist only of cables which already have or soon will exceed the expected cable service life time of 40 years, and nearly 3,2 billion Euro of

Within the years of service operation and especially when the predicted service lifetime is exceeded, the failure rate is expected to increase significantly. Sudden and unexpected cable failures mostly cause many incidental issues, additional costs and penalty payments. In order to optimize costs and to keep up or improve the reliability of the power system, more

The1presented chapter is further discussed in Ph.D. thesis "Determination of the Remaining Lifetime of PILC Cables

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**Chapter 11** 
