**Author details**

#### A.G. Belous

142 Dielectric Material

During the last decade, MW dielectrics with increased permittivity (ε ≥ 10) contribute, to a larger measure than other factors, to considerable miniaturization and reduction in the price of modern communication systems. It should be noted that there is still a great potential for further microminiaturization and reduction of prices of modern communication systems

Depending on the frequency range of modern communication systems, MW dielectrics with different properties are needed. In the decimeter wave band, high permittivity values (ε ≥ 100) are required along with the high thermostability of electrophysical properties and high Q, which enables effective solution of microminiaturization problems. At the present time, solid solutions based on barium-lanthanide titanates (Ba6-xLn8+2x/3Ti18O54 (Ln = La-Gd)), which have a potassium-tungsten bronze structure and ε ≈ 80-100, meet best these requirements. However, the nature of the thermostability of the electrophysical properties of these solid solutions has not been elucidated definitively; there are only qualitative explanations, which greatly restrains the search for new promising MW dielectrics with high permittivity (ε ≥ 100). The presence of spontaneous polarization in dielectrics causes, along with increase in ε, a considerable increase in dielectric loss (the Q value decreases), which impairs greatly the technical characteristics of communication system elements based on them. Therefore, the acquirement of fundamental knowledge, which is required for obtaining thermostable high-Q materials with ε ≥ 150-200, is the most important problem in

In the centimeter and millimeter wave bands, where the electromagnetic wavelength is much smaller as compared with the decimeter wave band, thermostable MW dielectrics with extremely high Q values are required. In this case, permittivity values may be relatively low (ε = 15-30). To date, tantalum-containing perovskites possess the highest Q values. However, the difficulty of their preparation and the high price call for search for new promising compounds, and it is going on in several directions. In particular, research is now under way to develop niobium-containing perovskites and to create multiphase systems, in which volume temperature compensation effect is realized. It is these directions that will probably be major directions in the next few years in developing high-Q centimeter and millimeter wave band MW dielectrics, though the search for new promising compounds will always be vital. Quite a number of problems pertaining to solid-state physics and chemistry will have to be solved. For instance, it is necessary to investigate the nature of extrinsic loss, which is coupled with various structural defects, as well as with the presence of grain boundaries, ordering of crystal sublattices and domain nanostructure. Research aimed at developing thermostable dielectrics, which will be used as millimeter wave band dielectric resonators using whispering gallery modes, will be of special scientific and practical interest. This requires considerable increase of the chemical and structural

An important problem is the creation of retunable resonant elements. To this end, multilayer bulk and film materials, which will contain a thermostable dielectric phase and a nonlinear

magnetic or electrical phase at the same time, will probably have to be developed.

thanks to the use of components made on the basis of MW dielectrics.

developing modern decimeter wave band communication systems.

homogeneity of dielectrics.

*V.I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Ukrainian NAS, Kyiv, Ukraine* 

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**Section 3** 

**Natural Lighting Systems** 

**Natural Lighting Systems** 

152 Dielectric Material

Zhurn. 61: 73-77.

[151] Belous A.G., Ovchar O.V. (1995) The origin of the temperature stabilization of dielectric permittivity in the system x(Sm1/2Li1/2TiO3) -(1-x)(Sm1/2Na1/2TiO3) Ukr. Khim.

**Chapter 7** 

© 2012 Fernández-Balbuena et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

properly cited.

**Natural Lighting Systems** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

facts that improve environments and thus, productivity.

and Berta García-Fernández

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50352

as important as its geometry study.

**1. Introduction** 

**Based on Dielectric Prismatic Film** 

Daniel Vázquez-Moliní, Antonio Álvarez Fernández-Balbuena

Daylight provides high quality lighting, reduces energy use and has numerous beneficial physical and psychological effects on people. Furthermore, natural lighting has many benefits in creating indoor spaces, such as energy saving and better quality of vision; two

The light pipe is a device that can transfer natural light from a building´s roof into the depths of the building, this straight construction consist of a reflective closed walled structure (P.D. Swift & G.B. Smith, 1995). Daylight guidance has been one of the mayor areas of innovation in interior lighting in recent years, with the development of light pipes daylight and electric light are simultaneously delivered into a building where they are combined and distributed via luminaries. As a result, the overall wattage of artificial light is reduced and the consumption of electricity decreases (Mayhoub, et al., 2010). The commonest light pipes are reflective mirror guides which use high reflectance aluminium, also fiber optic guides are widely used for illumination purposes. Optical design with new materials like dielectric ones, with regard to their reflection, transmission and absorption is

In recent works, Vazquez-Moliní et al. introduced an illumination system called ADASY® integrated into a building's façade that consists of a horizontal light guide inside the building. ADASY® comprises a collection system, a light guide, and daylight luminaries (Vazquez-Moliní et al, 2009). Prior developments in solar lighting systems based on micro-replicated light film had been studied showing that prism light guides performance varies with the length of the guide, maintenance conditions, the collecting system, the luminaries, and the direction from which light is directed (Whitehead, L. A., 1982). The objective of previous investigations of the group had been the study and development of

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Chapter 7** 
