**Author details**

Mary E. Blackmore, Tarun Goswami\* and Carol Chancey *Spine Research Group, Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering Department, Wright State University, U.S.A.* 

<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

### **8. References**

130 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics

**Probability of Injury (%)**

**7. Conclusions** 

**Author details** 

Corresponding Author

 \*

Mary E. Blackmore, Tarun Goswami\*

*Wright State University, U.S.A.* 

**Figure 15.** Cadaver and Mannequin Data for Shear Loading

This research presents a summary of various conditions under which the cervical injury takes place. The automobile accidents proved the most frequent cause of cervical injury in both Canada and the United States. Data from these countries was analyzed and envelopes where injury takes place graphically presented. Five different body types were used to help illustrate what types of loading are most likely to cause injury when they are applied over varying amounts of time. In all cases, shear loading causes the most risk for injury at smaller loads when compared to tensile and compressive loads. Although injury curves establish a good starting point for identifying risks, more research is needed to fully understand to what degree someone can be injured when exposed to these types of loads. Monte Carlo Method was used to simulate the probability of someone being exposed to different magnitudes of forces and different types of loading and their representative AIS scores in terms of new mathematical equations. These models were then developed to relate applied force to probability of injury at differing levels on the AIS. For all body types, the shear force mechanism posed the highest probability of injury, needing far less force to generate the potential for serious damage. It was also determined that the comparison of mannequin and cadaveric data, that mannequin testing provides an accurate means for assessing a person's probability of injury for all body types.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

**Cadaver and Mannequin Data Prepared for Mid Size Adults under Shear**

> Dummy\_AIS2 Dummy\_AIS3 Dummy\_AIS4 Dummy\_AIS5 Cadaver\_AIS2 Cadaver\_AIS3 Cadaver\_AIS4 Cadaver\_AIS5

**Applied Force (N)**

and Carol Chancey

*Spine Research Group, Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering Department,* 


[20] Shield LK., F. B. (1978). Cervical Cord Injury in Sports. Physical Sports Medicine , 6, 321-326.

**Section 3** 

**Gait Behavior** 


**Section 3** 
