**3.1. Execution of aikido techniques by people with a dysfunction of an upper limb**

The technique (Fig. 5) illustrates a defence against an attack made by hand in a circle throw at the head level. The defender steps out of the line of the attack, grasping the attacker's hand. The attacker works with force FA, the defender with force FB, their vector sum gives vector F (Fig. 5). In the next stage of the technique under analysis, the defender lowers his centre of mass. In this way he supplements the force configuration with force G that comes mainly from the weight of the defender (Fig. 6). This force is of a great importance in the dynamics of aikido techniques, provided it is transferred at the right moment of the technique [6].

**Figure 5.** Defence against an arm attack following a circle at the head level – analysis of forces in a horizontal plane (published in [14])

In the vertical plane, force F and the force G give a resultant FW. When executing a technique the defender does a turn around in order to shorten the radius followed by the attacker. The

attacker is acted on with the moment of force equal to the product of the *FW* resultant and the radius on which the attacker is moving.

42 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics

**limb** 

horizontal plane (published in [14])

force coming from the weight of the defender P=mg.

child's favourite toy out of his hands. This ability of relaxing or loosening referred to above, is related to the concept of "ki". The idea of "ki" has rather a wide meaning in the Japanese culture and it is difficult to translate it into a European meaning. Generally, it is understood as life energy possessed by every man. However, an explicit explanation of "ki" in terms of mechanics is at the current level of research limited and thus goes beyond the subject matter of this presentation. The breathing techniques generally applied in some aikido schools understood as developing "ki" make it possible to master the ability to relax/loosen when doing a throw. In terms of throw dynamics in aikido it gives a greater possibility to shift the

**3. Biomechanical analysis of aikido techniques executed by the disabled** 

It is obvious that in combat sports competition between a disabled person, for example, missing one limb, and a fit person is practically impossible. Lack of full power in one of the limbs gives a significantly smaller attack power and its potentials. In the case of a necessary self-defence, a disabled person, by using the power of the attacker, has a chance to execute some aikido techniques. Below, the author gives a mechanical analysis of some aikido techniques performed by disabled persons [14]. Together with the pictures you will find figures presenting force vectors in two planes. It would be more precise to show the vectors acting in a 3D plane, but this would not be readable in this paper. For convenience, Fig. 5 illustrates vectors in a horizontal plane and in Fig. 6 they are shown in a vertical plane.

**3.1. Execution of aikido techniques by people with a dysfunction of an upper** 

techniques, provided it is transferred at the right moment of the technique [6].

**Figure 5.** Defence against an arm attack following a circle at the head level – analysis of forces in a

In the vertical plane, force F and the force G give a resultant FW. When executing a technique the defender does a turn around in order to shorten the radius followed by the attacker. The

The technique (Fig. 5) illustrates a defence against an attack made by hand in a circle throw at the head level. The defender steps out of the line of the attack, grasping the attacker's hand. The attacker works with force FA, the defender with force FB, their vector sum gives vector F (Fig. 5). In the next stage of the technique under analysis, the defender lowers his centre of mass. In this way he supplements the force configuration with force G that comes mainly from the weight of the defender (Fig. 6). This force is of a great importance in the dynamics of aikido The moment of the force produced causes the attacker to lean forward and lose his balance.

**Figure 6.** Defence against an arm attack following a circle at the head level – analysis of forces in a vertical plane (published in [14])

The above-mentioned aikido technique can be performed by a disabled person using only one upper limb. Force G is the most important as far as the dynamics of this technique execution is concerned. For applying this force, only one upper limb is needed, because only one point of the force application is enough. The application point of force G is supposed to be like "the eye of a cyclone". It is a central place where movement is the smallest. Force Fb changes the direction of the attacker's move (its value does not have to be big). Only one hand is needed for this change of direction, whereas the other can, for example, shield the body. With adequate speed of the defender, this technique can be executed with one hand neglecting shielding of the body. As previously mentioned, the movement of the defender in aikido often resembles the motion of a spinning top [Fig. 3], which apart from rotating also executes an upward movement. At the end of the technique the arms are in most cases placed close to the axis of the body rotation.

**Figure 7.** A form of a defence - grasping the attacker's arm with both hands (published in [14])

Aikido comprises many techniques using a movement of only one upper limb. These techniques are executed following the same principles of mechanics as shown in Figures 5 and 6. There are many possibilities of mechanical motion versions, thus, their description can be too much expanded upon. Figure 7 presents an example of a more complex technique. The attacker grasps the defender's hand with his both hands. As a result of stepping out of the line of the attack and shifting the body mass down along with the movement of the arm, the first resultant force Fw1 is obtained. This force, as in Figure 7, is a result of forces F and G1 coming from the mass of the defender. In terms of the technique, force Fw1 is used mainly for a correct leaning of the attacker and for giving speed. Then, after moving the centre of mass up and down again, along with the movement of the hand, force G2 is produced that comes mainly from the mass of the defender. Roughly speaking, the composition of the forces G2 and Fw1 gives a resultant Fw2 causing the attacker's fall. It is quite easy to select from the aikido repertoire the techniques for which only one upper limb is used. Thus, these techniques can be used by disabled persons who have only one efficient arm.

Using the Knowledge of Biomechanics in Teaching Aikido 45

**Figure 8.** Defence in the *hanmi handachi* position against an open hand attack in a vertical plane

The possibility of making a quick move when sitting in a wheelchair is limited. As far as aikido techniques are concerned, such people can only do a leverage. This mainly means locking wrist joints. An example of this technique is shown in Figure 9. The defender is trying to grasp the hand of the attacker, then he performs a *kote gaeshi* leverage which means wrist twisting. The possibilities of using aikido exercises for the disabled have been

The experiment started in September 2000 and involved 200 pupils (15-16 year olds) attending six secondary school first classes (secondary grammar school and secondary technical school) from a city in Poland [1,2]. The classes were randomly chosen. Mechanics is a part of the first physics class in the course. Physics was taught in four classes (one in the

**3.3. Execution of aikido techniques by people in a wheelchair** 

**Figure 9.** Defence against a fist attack by doing *kote gaeshi* (published in [14])

**4. Materials, methods and experiment results** 

(published in [14])

confirmed by Rugloni [19].

**4.1. Experiment I** 

*4.1.1. Materials and methods* 

### **3.2. Aikido techniques for people with a dysfunction of a lower limb**

Some aikido techniques involve the *hanmi handachi waza* position for their execution, with the attacker in a standing position and the defender in a kneeling position. This practice dates back to ancient Japanese rituals, where people used to have meals and relax in kneeling positions [5]. A samurai in this position was prepared to defend himself against a sudden attack of his opponent by means of certain defence techniques that he had mastered. Many aikido masters have claimed that executing aikido techniques in a kneeling position particularly influenced their execution in a standing position. Aikido techniques performed in a kneeling position can be executed by people with certain dysfunctions in lower limbs, for example, as a result of limb amputation below the knee. It is crucial that the defender maintains the point of support on his knees. Figure 8 illustrates an example of a technique executed by a kneeling defender. The technique presented is a defence against the *shomen uchi* attack with an open hand strike downward in a vertical plane. The biomechanical analysis is based on the same rules of mechanics as the techniques referred to above. Figure 8 shows the forces of F and G1. Similarly to the situation in Figure 7, stepping out of the line of the attack produces the centrifugal force F, whereas his correct hand movement (ended downward) adds force G1. As a result force Fw1 is generated. The defender, by grasping the attacker from behind with his second hand, causes that the second resultant force is produced (as in the situation illustrated in Figure 7), Fw2. Unfortunately, it was not possible to mark this force in Figure 8. In kneeling positions stepping out of the line of the attack is rather limited due to a smaller speed of movement in comparison with the movements of standing practitioners. Some of the techniques executed in this position require mastering a special method of moving around, namely *shikko*. This method of moving around can be adequately adapted depending on the degree of motor dysfunction of a disabled person. It has been shown that using this method of moving around along with the selected aikido exercises can have a beneficial effect on the health of children with pelvis placement disorders in frontal plane, as well as with a lower degree scoliosis [15-18].

Using the Knowledge of Biomechanics in Teaching Aikido 45

**Figure 8.** Defence in the *hanmi handachi* position against an open hand attack in a vertical plane (published in [14])
