**3. Computational model validation**

Finite element modeling and simulation of the human head biomechanics remain scarce in the literature. Only models that exist in the literature were reported by Ruan [18], and Willinger [35] and validated with limited experimental data. As FEM of the head finds wider applications in a diversity of fields, experimental validation is a critical key element [3]. Therefore, one of the objectives of this paper was to construct a 3D model of the head from Magnetic Resonance Imaging and validate FE analysis with available experimental data on stress induced by frontal and lateral impacts. Two sets of experimental data were used, from Nahum [42] and [34].

Previous research used various computational software: ULP models, ScanFE/RP (Simpleware Ltd.), FEA packages MSC/PATRAN; MSC/DYTRAN; ABAQUS; LS-DYNA3D (LS-DYNA3D, LSTC), MADYMO (Mathematical Dynamic Models) - may combine both multibody and FEM techniques, Test dummy- human body models to reconstruct the accident especially vehicle/car crash, Vtk and SUDAAN (based on CT scan sets). Methodology used in this paper is discussed below.
