**Acknowledgement**

I wish to thank Andrzej Kacprzak for making most of the figures included in the paper.

### **6. References**

58 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics

his body and the axis of rotation. This is a good situation in which to explain to him the analogy of this movement to the aikido technique executed. Two people can practise on the rotating platform at the same time. With this device it is possible to determine the moment of inertia of the subjects if their centre of mass is located on the axis of rotation of the training simulator. For this purpose the rotating platform is driven with a falling weight. This method was already used by Griffiths et al. [32]. The initial results (Mroczkowski A., unpublished) show that the method of the experimental explanation of the principles of mechanics of the rotational movement facilitated their quicker understanding by the subjects participating in the experiment. At the same time, exercising on this device quickened the process of mastering the correct motor habits necessary for executing some

aikido, break dance, trampoline and sports gymnastics techniques.

**Figure 17.** An example of applying the rotating training simulator

the rules of their body functioning in terms of physics.

**Author details** 

Andrzej Mroczkowski

The analysis of the tests covered by the experiment raise a question: 'Isn't it worth applying biomechanics in teaching mechanics as part of the school curriculum in physics?" Biomechanics is for the author a form of so-called "live mechanics". It deals with a human being, his movements or his functioning in terms of mechanics. As the tests referred to in this paper show, this knowledge of mechanics provided in this form is well acquired by adolescents and children. It is advisable to consider whether it is possible to teach other parts of physics in this way. The author thinks that some parts of physics would prove to be useful here. For the majority of adolescents and children it would be interesting to explain

*Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland* 


[18] Mroczkowski A, (2009) The influence of the pelvis position on body posture changes. Polish Journal of Physiotherapy,. 9, 3 (4): 258—265. http://www.fizjoterapiapolska.pl/

**Section 2** 

**Musculoskeletal and Injury Biomechanics** 


**Musculoskeletal and Injury Biomechanics** 

60 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics

Wrocław.

http://www.archbudo.com

http://www.archbudo.com

[18] Mroczkowski A, (2009) The influence of the pelvis position on body posture changes. Polish Journal of Physiotherapy,. 9, 3 (4): 258—265. http://www.fizjoterapiapolska.pl/ [19] Rugloni G, (1997) Unification of Mind and Body and Ki Aikido. Ergaedizoni Genova. [20] Bober T, Zawadzki J, (2003) Biomechanics of human motor system [in Polish]. AWF,

[21] Mroczkowski A, (2007) Pedagogical aspects of practicing aikido by children [in Polish].

[23] Kalina RM, Kalina A, (2003) Theoretical and methodological aspects of teaching lower

[24] Kalina RM, Barczyński B, Jagiełło W, et al. (2008) Teaching of safe falling as the most effective element of personal injury prevention in people regardless of gender, age and type of body build – the use of advanced information technologies to monitor the

[29] Starosta W, Rynkiewicz T, (2008) Structure, conditions and shaping "opponent feeling"

[30] Shishida F, (2008) Counter techniques against Judo: the process of forming Aikido in

[31] Mroczkowski A, (2011), Rotating training simulator, Patent pending UP RP, P.395584. [32] Griffiths IW, Watkins J and Sharpe D, (2005) Measuring the moment of inertia of the human body by a rotating platform method, American Journal of Physics, 73 (1), 85-93

extremity amputees safe falling. Advances in Rehabilitation, XVII: 71–79.

effects of education. Archives of Budo, 4: 82–90. http://www.archbudo.com [25] Schmidt RA, (1988) Motor Control and Learning. Human Kinetics, Champaign. [26] Schmidt RA, (1991) Motor Learning and Performance. Human Kinetics, Champaign. [27] Harasymowicz J, Kalina RM, (2005) Training of psychomotor adaptation – a key factor in teaching self defence. Archives of Budo, 1(1): 19–26 http://www.archbudo.com [28] Harasymowicz J, (2007) Competences of combat sports and martial arts educators in light of the holistic fair self-defence model of training. Archives of Budo, 3: 7–14

Scientific Year's Issue Ido-Movement for Culture, 7, 103–107. [22] Kalina RM, (2000) Theory of combat sport. COS. Warszawa, [in Polish]

in opinion of combat sport athletes. Archives of Budo, 4: 12–21

1930s. Archives of Budo, 4:4-8. http://www.archbudo.com

**Chapter 4** 

© 2012 Moskalenko et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**The Role of Skull Mechanics** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

skull will be described in the chapter presented.

that skull plays protector function for brain, and it is well known.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50887

**1. Introduction** 

**in Mechanism of Cerebral Circulation** 

Yuri Moskalenko, Gustav Weinstein, Tamara Kravchenko, Peter Halvorson, Natalia Ryabchikova and Julia Andreeva

Skull as a complicated mechanical construction, consists from 28 different bones, connected by sutures of different structural kinds - from smooth (face cranium) to teeth-like hardness (brain cranium). Basically, skull can be selected as face skull and brain skull. The last is composed from 8 bones with complicated connections between them, and namely brain

Structure of "brain skull" (or simply – skull) is the most complicated, it is changeable and individual depending on age, sex and race. The most pronounced mechanical changes of skull properties are observed in babies and juniors which are connected with brain growing. Later, structural changes of the skull are concerned with structure of bone sutures, which tissues loss their elasticity with age. Volume of internal cavity of the skull of adult persons is balanced closely with volume of intracranial media so precisely, that the internal relief of skull bones reflects the structure of the brain and its vascular system. This confirms the idea,

However, this precisely high balance of internal skull volume and intracranial media volumes, due to natural variations of brain skull configuration, might be a reason of some diminishing of the skull internal volume to compare with intracranial media. Variations of the skull configuration, which actually diminish intracranial cavity, may be the most pronounced at middle ageing, when capabilities of the skull internal volume for adaptation also diminish due to decrease of the possibility of change of suture structure. Result of this may be some compressing of tissues, filled cranial cavity, first of all, liquid media blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which are responsible for circulatory-metabolic supply of brain functioning. As a consequence, some neurological symptoms may appear indicating that volume of intracranial cavity is really smaller, than optimal volume of intracranial media.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Chapter 4** 
