**5. Conclusion**

110 Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics

frontal impact

**Figure 17.** Frontal pressure- time curve and history output of whole strain model after applying 16kN

**Figure 18.** Comparison of pressure-time curves at coup and countercoup sides between lateral and

The paper reviewed the head injury mechanisms and criteria. A computational framework was developed to biomechanical parameters to assess the injury, and validate the finite element models of the human head. The comparison of the stress/pressure incurred by lateral and frontal impacts in the coup and countercoup side of the head was presented. The model has been validated against the two sets of experimental results: one obtained in frontal impact and the other using head tolerance/skull fracture data.

Although the results obtained from the study involved a degree of inaccurateness (i.e., model had around 6500 distorted elements, 3 layers of skull was assigned as a one layer having the mechanical property (young's modulus, poison's ratio and density) as an average of those 3 layers), they do nonetheless confirm that through proper sets of MRI data, analytical modeling is applicable in injury biomechanics.

It is concluded that the lateral impacts are more severe than the frontal impacts. Therefore, it is imperative that victims of lateral impacts are at more risk for TBI than the frontal impacts. This information may be useful in injury assessment and developing sensors to alleviate lateral impacts to prevent traumatic brain injuries.
