**4.2 Minimization measures: Integration project and landscape treatment**

Two types were considered: measures applicable to infrastructures and measures applicable to landscapes:


#### **4.3 Enhancement measures: Intervention strategies for the benefit of the landscape and people, offered by the installation of infrastructures**

 Set 18 - Consider the improvement of areas surrounding infrastructures or 'right-ofway' areas for social and recreational uses or to nature enhancement (green corridors, urban agriculture, bike paths, habitat restoration programs, water retention basins, among others); consider poles with particular shapes, involving in its design artistic considerations – infrasculpture or camouflaged poles; consider distribution cabinets and transformer stations as urban equipment, namely through its conversion (camouflage, coverage…) into elements of great visual interest (fig.13).

(c) (d)

Two types were considered: measures applicable to infrastructures and measures applicable

 Set 16 - At the infrastructure level, minimization measures include actions such as the physical treatment of the infrastructure – poles and towers, substations, transformer stations, distribution cabinets – as far as form, scale, colour, texture, and pattern are concerned, taking into account the formal features of the landscape in which they are

 Set 17 – At the landscape level, minimization measures include landscape restoration treatment that mitigate the physical impact of the infrastructures in the landscape and actions that reduce the visual impact of the infrastructures themselves, namely: consolidation and planting of slopes, platforms and edges of new road access created by the installation of infrastructures; planting clumps along the 'right-of-way' areas to minimize its linear and disruptive effect; planting in the vicinity of the infrastructure in order to visually absorb it, on a scale of proximity, or next to the main points of

**4.3 Enhancement measures: Intervention strategies for the benefit of the landscape** 

 Set 18 - Consider the improvement of areas surrounding infrastructures or 'right-ofway' areas for social and recreational uses or to nature enhancement (green corridors, urban agriculture, bike paths, habitat restoration programs, water retention basins, among others); consider poles with particular shapes, involving in its design artistic considerations – infrasculpture or camouflaged poles; consider distribution cabinets and transformer stations as urban equipment, namely through its conversion

(camouflage, coverage…) into elements of great visual interest (fig.13).

Fig. 12. Landscape integration of transformer stations in relation to structures (a) transformer station built-in a wall; (b) transformer station attached to an existing construction; (c) and (d) transformer station built by extending an existing building.

**4.2 Minimization measures: Integration project and landscape treatment** 

visibility in order to frame the views to the infrastructure.

**and people, offered by the installation of infrastructures** 

to landscapes:

placed.

Fig. 13. Enhancement of a landscape, affected by the placement of electrical infrastructures, aiming to accommodate social and recreational functions - case study in Lisbon region.

#### **5. Conclusion**

As conclusion, it may be stated that this process - the design and development of the Manual and the interaction between landscape specialists and company technicians - was the beginning of a journey where issues concerning the value of the landscape played a major role, independently of the scale of intervention. Actually, this was the chief focus of this work – to convey the idea that landscape is a major asset that has to be respected and protected according to its quality, sensibility and character. As specialists in landscape, the authors consider that it is important not only to develop worthy landscape integration projects, but also to share the perception on landscape issues and principles with nonexperts who also act in the landscape. This view implied the formulation of guidelines that could be well understood and applied to the formulation of proposals by non-specialists. Some joint projects carried out, under this work, between the authors and technicians of the Electricity Company has evidenced that the proposed guidelines can not only help to design better layouts, as far as landscape is concerned, but also to provide comprehensive guidance, i.e., serve as a framework for well-balanced designs, in general terms and after

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**11** 

Canan Cengiz

*Turkey* 

**Ecological Landscape Planning,** 

**with a Focus on the Coastal Zone** 

*Bartn University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture* 

How people utilize the land and their socio-economic activity taking place are the principal causes of the changes occurring in land cover, and thus, affecting greatly environment at a global level. However, the land use and management decisions taken often fail to consider

Human activity reflected particularly in urban and agricultural land use alters the capacity of the Earth, through its impacts on the physical material and ecological systems. This in turn adversely influences the basic resources that humans need and together with the gradual population growth lead to significant changes in land use (Dale et al., 2001). Despite this significance, however, land use decisions often neglect these impacts. Land use and land management should seek to establish a balance between different and often-conflicting interests regarding the use of the land, such as resource extraction, agriculture, industry, urban development, and complex ecological systems (ESA Committee on Land Use, 2000). As some species and resources need structural and functional integrity of landscapes, landscape conservation approaches should be present in decision-making processes. Moreover, the multi-faceted characteristics of environmental problems necessitate the incorporation of ecological, socio-cultural and economic approaches in planning and the cooperation of individuals from different disciplines. Ecological landscape plans present a significant opportunity for implementing landscape conservation approaches and for contributing to the sustainability of landscapes. Ecological landscape planning has five stages: division into landscapes, inventory of nature conservation value and socio-cultural factors, landscape analysis, landscape plan, regeneration of biotopes (SCA Skog, 2011). The following section presents an overview of landscape ecology and details its principles and their use in landscape planning. The third section discusses the integration of ecological planning approaches in landscape planning, the fourth section coastal zone planning.

What landscape planning signifies today used to be considered within the concept land use planning until three decades ago. Landscape planning, as a concept, emerged due to the growing awareness and concerns about problems and the developments that took place in the society (Marsh, 2005). Although similar at first sight with land use planning, as both of

**2. Landscape ecology principles and landscape planning** 

**1. Introduction** 

this influence on ecology.

