**3.6 Results**

Research is still on the process but partial results have been obtained as preliminary guidelines, taking as reference the Manual of Environmental Guidelines for the design of Infrastructural Projects in Bogotá D.C8.

The first result has been the construction of general criteria to facilitate the applicability of landscape concepts and assessment on the identified reality. These criteria intend to cover, in balance, the broad conceptual basis of landscape: natural, human perception, social function, and environment. As it may be identified in the following list, criteria from 1 to 3 correspond to natural basis, from 4 to 6 correspond to human perception, from 7 to 9 correspond to social function and the last one to environment.


10. Environmental sustainability

The second result is a set of guidelines for intervention in the landscape, feasible to be adopted in local politics and regulations that foster the streams as landscape structuring entities. Each one of the three tables produced addresses a feature of those present in the streams: one on the course, another on the waterside, and the last one on intersections with roads or other infrastructure items. Only the second one is presented ahead (Table 3).

The guidelines have been organized according to progressive stages of a project: planning, design and intervention. The first stage is addressed principally to public decision makers, the second to designers and the third to constructors. Crossing the mentioned criteria with these stages, a matrix was obtained to register, as guidelines, the ideas discussed and agreed

<sup>8</sup> Developed in 2003 and revised in 2006 by the author of this chapter, for Bogotá local planning and environmental authorities

In Figure 11, where middle distance scale is illustrated it is difficult to guess that a stream exists, because the scene is all starring by the buildings, road and bridge. An appropriated forestation of the waterside, completely missing, would help to identification and orientation of users and also to a harmonious equilibrium of the scene. The case illustrated in Figure 12 shows how sometimes public works go ahead of urban occupation against a

In the experiential scale (examples shown in Figures 13 and 14) landscape is perceived as more dynamic than the other two scales mentioned, because of the detail that could be experienced and because that the atmospheric phenomena could be felt more strongly. Hearing, smell and

Research is still on the process but partial results have been obtained as preliminary guidelines, taking as reference the Manual of Environmental Guidelines for the design of

The first result has been the construction of general criteria to facilitate the applicability of landscape concepts and assessment on the identified reality. These criteria intend to cover, in balance, the broad conceptual basis of landscape: natural, human perception, social function, and environment. As it may be identified in the following list, criteria from 1 to 3 correspond to natural basis, from 4 to 6 correspond to human perception, from 7 to 9

The second result is a set of guidelines for intervention in the landscape, feasible to be adopted in local politics and regulations that foster the streams as landscape structuring entities. Each one of the three tables produced addresses a feature of those present in the streams: one on the course, another on the waterside, and the last one on intersections with roads or other infrastructure items. Only the second one is presented ahead (Table 3).

The guidelines have been organized according to progressive stages of a project: planning, design and intervention. The first stage is addressed principally to public decision makers, the second to designers and the third to constructors. Crossing the mentioned criteria with these stages, a matrix was obtained to register, as guidelines, the ideas discussed and agreed

8 Developed in 2003 and revised in 2006 by the author of this chapter, for Bogotá local planning and

touch become more noticeable and discomfort could become exacerbated.

correspond to social function and the last one to environment.

beneficial use of natural features in the landscape.

Infrastructural Projects in Bogotá D.C8.

1. Hydrological functionality

7. Minimization of the risk 8. Recreational benefit 9. Educational benefit

environmental authorities

10. Environmental sustainability

3. Contribution to environmental conditions 4. Valuation of riparian landscape on hillside

6. Responsible appropriation of streams in hillside

5. Conscience of the historic present

2. Promotion of biota

**3.6 Results** 


Table 3. Example of the guidelines matrix set, applied to the streams waterside.

An Approach to Landscape Planning in Borders 105

Camargo, G. (2008). *Ciudad Ecosistema: Introducción a la ecología urbana.* ISBN 985-97488-7-2

City of Tucson, Department of Transportation, Stormwater Management Section. (2005).

EAFIT, Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Ambientales (2010). *Medellín medio - ambiente,* 

Galeano, E. (1994). *Úselo y tírelo: El mundo del fin del milenio, visto desde una ecología* 

IFLA. (2008). *Transforming with water.* ISBN 978-90-8594-021-0. The Netherlands: Blauwdruk

Jellicoe, S. G., & Jellicoe, S. (1982). *The Landscape of Man: Shaping the Environment from* 

LaGro, J. (2008). *Site Analysis: A Contextual Approach to Sustainable Land Planning and Site Design.* ISBN 978-0471797982. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Larsen, E., Girvetz, E., & Fremier, A. (2007). Landscape level planning in alluvial riparian

Palmer, M.A., Bernhardt, E.S., et alt. (2005). Standards for ecologically successful river

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01004.x/full Pflüger, Y., Rackham, A., & Larned., S. (2010). The aesthetic value of river flows: An

Qviström, M., & Saltzman, K. (2007). *Ephemeral Landscapes at the Rural-Urban Fringe.* Lisbon:

Rogers, R. (2000). *Ciudades para un pequeño planeta.* ISBN 978-8425217647. Barcelona: Gustavo

Rozema, R. (2007). *Paramilitaresy violencia urbana en Medellín, Colombia.* ISSN 0185-013X. Foro

Spirn, A. W. (1 de marzo de 2006). *Ser uno con la naturaleza: paisaje, lenguaje, empatía e* 

Spirn, A. W. (1984). The Granite Garden: *Urban Nature and Human Design.* ISBN 0465026990.

The Landscape Partnership Ltd. (2007). *Peterborough Landscape Character Assessment -Urban Fringe Landscape Sensitivity Study.* Peterborough: Peterborough City Council.

*imaginación.* Retrieved junio de 2010 from Ciudades para un futuro más sostenible:

*City of Tucson Water Harvesting Guidance Manual.* Tucson, Arizona. Retrieved from http://dot.tucsonaz.gov/stormwater/downloads/2006WaterHarvesting.pdf Costa, L. M. (2006). *Rios e paisagens urbanas: Em cidades brasileiras.* ISBN 978-8588721388. Rio

*urbanismo y sociedad.* ISBN 978-9587200744. Medellin: Fondo editorial Universidad

*Latinoamericana.* ISBN 978-9507425424. Buenos Aires: Planeta Biblioteca de

*Prehistory to the Present Day.* ISBN 978-0500278192. GDR: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

floodplain ecosystems: Using geomorphic modeling to avoid conflicts between human infrastructure and habitat conservation. *Landscape and Urban Planning, 79*,

restoration. *Jurnal of Applied Ecology*, 42(2), 14 de Marzo, 208-217. Retrieved from

assessment of flow preferences for large and small rivers. *Landscape and Urban* 

Bogota D.C.: Universidad Piloto de Colombis

de Janeiro: Prourb-FAU-UFRJ.

EAFIT.

ecología.

Gili.

USA: BasicBooks.

and Techne Press.

Thames & Hudson.

338-346. Retrieved from

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*Planning, 95*, 68-78. Retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan

Edições Universitárias Lusófonas. Retrieved from http://tercud.ulusofona.pt/publicacoes/Book/12.pdf

Internacional, XLVII, 535-550. Mexico, Mexico.

http://habitat.aq.upm.es/boletin/n38/aaspi.html

by the research team, each one of the members' standard-bearer of her or his component of responsibility.

In synthesis, summarizing the three described tables there are around 200 ideas that could be taken into account when facing a project in borders, near a stream, for a better landscape in projects responsible and respectful of natural resources, people´s feelings, society needs, and environmental consciousness.

#### **4. Conclusions**

Borders have been always a special issue for settled communities. The landscape of borders on steep slopes is a very dynamic and complex fact that deserves, on one side a deep analysis and, on other, creative solutions to cope with preservation of natural resources, satisfaction of social needs and development of cultural identity.

Certain Rogers´ statements have been confirmed: Cities have become pests in the landscape, vast bodies that absorb energy from the planet for their maintenance: relentless consumers, relentless pollutants. (Rogers, 2000, pg. 27). Although many efforts have been carried out, the evidence shows that those are not enough to counteract the environmental damage. A healthy environment is the basis of a sound landscape so the two issues have to be attended together for both body and spirit heal.

There will be no sustainable cities up to the moment that urban ecology, economics, sociology be integrated into urban planning (Rogers, 2000, pg. 32). To complete this comprehensive statement it is also necessary to apply and benefit from the integrative function of the landscape approach and its perceptual issues, to accomplish, not just well constructed or equipped, but enjoyable cities that reach both mind and hearth of people.9

An intense responsible work has to be undertaken, at least in the developing world, to situate landscape matters in the authorities and managers' minds and hearts. This is part of the academy responsibility to develop a strategic way to evidence the significant importance of landscape matters and put them closer to public decision makers to position them on par with infrastructure, housing, mobility or industry in search of better cities for happier people.

#### **5. References**


Benevolo, L. (1977). *Diseño de la ciudad.* ISBN 84-252-1026-7. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.

 9 According to Spirn quotation in page 14 of this chapter

by the research team, each one of the members' standard-bearer of her or his component of

In synthesis, summarizing the three described tables there are around 200 ideas that could be taken into account when facing a project in borders, near a stream, for a better landscape in projects responsible and respectful of natural resources, people´s feelings, society needs,

Borders have been always a special issue for settled communities. The landscape of borders on steep slopes is a very dynamic and complex fact that deserves, on one side a deep analysis and, on other, creative solutions to cope with preservation of natural resources,

Certain Rogers´ statements have been confirmed: Cities have become pests in the landscape, vast bodies that absorb energy from the planet for their maintenance: relentless consumers, relentless pollutants. (Rogers, 2000, pg. 27). Although many efforts have been carried out, the evidence shows that those are not enough to counteract the environmental damage. A healthy environment is the basis of a sound landscape so the two issues have to be attended

There will be no sustainable cities up to the moment that urban ecology, economics, sociology be integrated into urban planning (Rogers, 2000, pg. 32). To complete this comprehensive statement it is also necessary to apply and benefit from the integrative function of the landscape approach and its perceptual issues, to accomplish, not just well constructed or equipped, but enjoyable cities that reach both mind and hearth of people.9

An intense responsible work has to be undertaken, at least in the developing world, to situate landscape matters in the authorities and managers' minds and hearts. This is part of the academy responsibility to develop a strategic way to evidence the significant importance of landscape matters and put them closer to public decision makers to position them on par with infrastructure, housing, mobility or industry in search of better cities for happier

Alcaldía Mayor de Bogota D.C. (2003). *Guia de Lineamientos Ambientales: Para el diseño de* 

Alcaldía Mayor de Bogota D.C. (2007). Revisión *Guia de Lineamientos Ambientales: Para el* 

Arias, P. (2003). *Periferias y nueva ciudad: el problema del paisaje en los procesos de dispersión* 

*urbana.* ISBN 84-472-0805-2. España Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla. Benevolo, L. (1977). *Diseño de la ciudad.* ISBN 84-252-1026-7. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.

*proyectos de infraestructura en Bogota* D.C. Bogota D.C.: Alcaldía Mayor de Bogota

*diseño de proyectos de infraestructura en Bogota D.C.* Bogota D.C.: Alcaldía Mayor de

satisfaction of social needs and development of cultural identity.

responsibility.

**4. Conclusions** 

people.

**5. References** 

D.C.

Bogota D.C.

9 According to Spirn quotation in page 14 of this chapter

and environmental consciousness.

together for both body and spirit heal.


http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8rs5v2kp


**1. Introduction** 

systems has become a necessity in today.

systems were reviewed in this section.

**2. What is urban green space?** 

**5** 

*Turkey* 

**Urban Green Space System Planning** 

Today's changing world, values and standards of human were changed with urbanization. In this change people was differentiated existing uses and created new areas. These changes are different from country to country to the extent of economic, cultural and geographical reasons. In addition, these areas were determined to same principles basis for human uses. Life style was changed with urbanization. In this process rural areas were transformed to urban areas. These areas are dominated by mass of concrete. In these areas there are small green areas at a micro level. In the process of rapid urbanization was created an unnatural environment. In the developed countries, urban areas were effected physical and mental development of people. This effect was adversely. With this change in urban areas, people entered into a yearning for natural areas. At beginning, green areas have been established to resolve natural longing of people. Urban green spaces have become the indispensable elements of ecological, aesthetic and recreational value. Establish of urban green space

Urban green areas were not established for recreational needs. At the same time urban green spaces are ecological based requirement (Bilgili, 2009). Urban green space and green space

Urban green spaces are urban areas which were occurred that, natural or semi natural ecosystems were converted urban spaces by human influence. Urban green spaces provide the connection between urban and nature. In this context, green areas are reflection in the urban spaces of natural or near natural areas surrounding the cities. The green fields are continuation of mostly landscapes around the city. Besides, urban green areas provide lots

The increase of spare time of urban resident's and pressure of work and study enhances their demand of green space. Generally, the determining of necessary work time and to have more time make the leisure activities, which help people engage in self-creation activity and relaxation of body and soul, possible. This special time pay attention to two kinds of activities: people deal with nature; the other that between people. People's desire for fresh air, natural views and natural attractions, which reflects people's natural perception; the

of ecological benefits which were established especially needs of urban people.

Bayram Cemil Bilgili and Ercan Gökyer

*1Çankr Karatekin University, Çankr 2Bartn University, Bart<sup>n</sup>*

Wang, H., Gu, Y., & Li, H. (2007). *Landscape Ecological Planning of the Urban Fringe.* China: Hebei Agricultural University. Retrieved from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.seiofbluem ountain.com/upload/product/201004/2010lyhy04a7.pdf.
