**3. Transplantation of large plants and plantation techniques**

Transplantation of large plants, especially trees, has been carried out with different methods until today. These plants have been moved as bare roots, in balloons completely leaving the roots out, within tied sacks, by wrapping the plant on a wire cage, wrapping it with a tie beam or with ratchet devices. The attention and care that we show during transplanting plants ensures the healthy continuity of its life. Pruning roots during 3 years before the transplantation, digging a wide root circle, careful wrapping and binding, carrying the plant

Private Plantation Techniques 325

*Juglans* sp. (Walnut), *Quercus* sp. (Oak), *Carya* sp. (American Walnut) *and Fagus* sp. (Beech Tree) are the plants that are known to be difficult to transplant. While there are different opinions on the transplantation of *Aesculus* sp. (Horse Chestnut) species, there has been some successful transplantation of medium-sized *Aesculus* sp. (Horse Chestnut) species

The species whose transplantation can be easily done are: *Malus* sp. (Apple Tree), *Fraxinus*  sp. (Ash Tree), *Ulmus* sp. (Elm), *Tilia* sp. (Lime Tree), *Platanus* sp. (Sycamore), *Populus* sp. (Poplar), *Salix* sp. (Willow) *and Celtis* sp. (Hackberry). Mild-climate plants are not included in this study. Some of the plants which are the most difficultly transferred are *Juglans* sp. (Walnut), and some *Pinus* sp. (Pine) species. Another important point that should be paid attention is that plants that have soft roots generally are not strong enough to be carried by

As a general rule, no matter how big their sizes are, bushes can be much easily and successfully transplanted than trees; and deciduous trees can much easily be transplanted than evergreen trees and coniferous trees. But the success of transplantation is also related

In order to successfully transplant the tall plants, necessary information about their root systems, root distribution depths, distribution styles, roots' activity times should be known. Plants' root systems are divided into 3 groups as taproot, heart root, shallow root (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Different root systems of plant species (a: taproot, b: heart root, c: shallow root).

Taproot System: *Juglans* sp. (Walnut), *Quercus* sp. (Oak), *Pinus* sp. (Mountain Pine), *Castanea*  sp. (Chesnut tree) *and Cedrus* sp. (Cedar). Heart root system: *Fagus* sp. (Beech Tree), *Acer* sp.

(Ürgenç, 1998).

frozen root skein too (Himelick, 1981).

with the health of the plant (Turhan, 1994).

with big and detailed devices, giving attention to the preparation and maintenance of plantation area leads the plant's adaptation to its new place and live healthy.

It is assessed that whether or not to be a successful transplant before transplanting a tree or shrub. Stresses in transplanting of trees and shrubs may cause plants to die or to become unattractive. Plants are already in advanced stages of decline, particularly likely to succumb to transplantation stress. Generally, if a young nursery-grown plant than older growth plant will provide more long-term benefits in the new planting area so younger plants better than older plants. Also shrubs have better transplant tolerance than trees, deciduous plants better than evergreens and shallow rooted species better than deep rooted species. When deciding whether or not to transplant a plant, consider the species transplant tolerance, transplanting season, new planting site conditions, the equipment and follow-up care (Anonymous, 2012 a).

### **3.1 Principals to consider during application**

Applied methods have both advantages and disadvantages. The success and failure of the transplantation depends on: species of the chosen plant, present conditions, and cultivation aspects of the natural place of the plant besides the aspects of the place it will be transferred. Besides the care and attention during in all these processes, the transplantation process itself is a crucial factor in success (Zion, 1968).

#### **3.1.1 Choosing plant**

Almost all kinds of plants can be transplanted. But every plant species have a different sensitivity level. Transplantation of plant species changes according to the aspects of plants during the time period necessary for plants' adaptation to the environment conditions. Transplantation of bushes is much easier than the tall trees. We can divide and analyze the criterion that should be taken into consideration while choosing plants during transplantation.

#### **3.1.1.1 Species and age**

Studies in the field showed that some plant species can be transplanted more successfully than others. Plants with roots closer to the stem, the one that are more fibrous can be generally transplanted more successfully than less fibrous and deep rooted plants. Besides, success in transplantation generally decreases from small bushes to tall trees.

The most easily transplanted plant species are: *Acer* sp. (Maple), *Alnus* sp. (Mountain Alder), *Castanea* sp. (Chesnut), *Celtis* sp. (Hackberry), *Fraxinus* sp. (Ash Tree), *Malus* sp. (Apple Tree), *Ulmus* sp. (Elm), *Paulownia* sp., *Platanus* sp*.* (Sycamore), *Populus* sp. (Poplar), *Robinia* sp. (Locust), *Salix* sp. (Willow), *Tilia* sp. (Lime Tree); and plants known as summergrowing plants which are: *Phoenix canariensis (Palm), Washingtonia filifera* (Desert Palm), *Washingtonia robusta* (Mexican Palm), *Chamaerops excelsa* (China Palm) *and Olea sp.* (Olive Tree). Besides these, some other easily transplanted plants are: *Gleditsia* sp. (Honey Locust), *Abies* sp. (Fir), *Juniperus* sp. (Juniper), *Picea* sp. (Spruce), *Pinus* sp. (Pine), *Betula* sp. (Birch), *Cornus* sp. (Cornelian Cherry), *Eleagnus* sp. (Elaeagnus), *Ginkgo biloba (China Gingko Biloba), Quercus palustris* (Swamp oak) *and Pyrus* sp. (Pear) (Turhan, 1994).

with big and detailed devices, giving attention to the preparation and maintenance of

It is assessed that whether or not to be a successful transplant before transplanting a tree or shrub. Stresses in transplanting of trees and shrubs may cause plants to die or to become unattractive. Plants are already in advanced stages of decline, particularly likely to succumb to transplantation stress. Generally, if a young nursery-grown plant than older growth plant will provide more long-term benefits in the new planting area so younger plants better than older plants. Also shrubs have better transplant tolerance than trees, deciduous plants better than evergreens and shallow rooted species better than deep rooted species. When deciding whether or not to transplant a plant, consider the species transplant tolerance, transplanting season, new planting site conditions, the equipment and follow-up care (Anonymous, 2012

Applied methods have both advantages and disadvantages. The success and failure of the transplantation depends on: species of the chosen plant, present conditions, and cultivation aspects of the natural place of the plant besides the aspects of the place it will be transferred. Besides the care and attention during in all these processes, the transplantation process itself

Almost all kinds of plants can be transplanted. But every plant species have a different sensitivity level. Transplantation of plant species changes according to the aspects of plants during the time period necessary for plants' adaptation to the environment conditions. Transplantation of bushes is much easier than the tall trees. We can divide and analyze the criterion that should be taken into consideration while choosing plants during

Studies in the field showed that some plant species can be transplanted more successfully than others. Plants with roots closer to the stem, the one that are more fibrous can be generally transplanted more successfully than less fibrous and deep rooted plants. Besides,

The most easily transplanted plant species are: *Acer* sp. (Maple), *Alnus* sp. (Mountain Alder), *Castanea* sp. (Chesnut), *Celtis* sp. (Hackberry), *Fraxinus* sp. (Ash Tree), *Malus* sp. (Apple Tree), *Ulmus* sp. (Elm), *Paulownia* sp., *Platanus* sp*.* (Sycamore), *Populus* sp. (Poplar), *Robinia* sp. (Locust), *Salix* sp. (Willow), *Tilia* sp. (Lime Tree); and plants known as summergrowing plants which are: *Phoenix canariensis (Palm), Washingtonia filifera* (Desert Palm), *Washingtonia robusta* (Mexican Palm), *Chamaerops excelsa* (China Palm) *and Olea sp.* (Olive Tree). Besides these, some other easily transplanted plants are: *Gleditsia* sp. (Honey Locust), *Abies* sp. (Fir), *Juniperus* sp. (Juniper), *Picea* sp. (Spruce), *Pinus* sp. (Pine), *Betula* sp. (Birch), *Cornus* sp. (Cornelian Cherry), *Eleagnus* sp. (Elaeagnus), *Ginkgo biloba (China Gingko Biloba),* 

success in transplantation generally decreases from small bushes to tall trees.

*Quercus palustris* (Swamp oak) *and Pyrus* sp. (Pear) (Turhan, 1994).

plantation area leads the plant's adaptation to its new place and live healthy.

**3.1 Principals to consider during application** 

is a crucial factor in success (Zion, 1968).

**3.1.1 Choosing plant** 

transplantation.

**3.1.1.1 Species and age** 

a).

*Juglans* sp. (Walnut), *Quercus* sp. (Oak), *Carya* sp. (American Walnut) *and Fagus* sp. (Beech Tree) are the plants that are known to be difficult to transplant. While there are different opinions on the transplantation of *Aesculus* sp. (Horse Chestnut) species, there has been some successful transplantation of medium-sized *Aesculus* sp. (Horse Chestnut) species (Ürgenç, 1998).

The species whose transplantation can be easily done are: *Malus* sp. (Apple Tree), *Fraxinus*  sp. (Ash Tree), *Ulmus* sp. (Elm), *Tilia* sp. (Lime Tree), *Platanus* sp. (Sycamore), *Populus* sp. (Poplar), *Salix* sp. (Willow) *and Celtis* sp. (Hackberry). Mild-climate plants are not included in this study. Some of the plants which are the most difficultly transferred are *Juglans* sp. (Walnut), and some *Pinus* sp. (Pine) species. Another important point that should be paid attention is that plants that have soft roots generally are not strong enough to be carried by frozen root skein too (Himelick, 1981).

As a general rule, no matter how big their sizes are, bushes can be much easily and successfully transplanted than trees; and deciduous trees can much easily be transplanted than evergreen trees and coniferous trees. But the success of transplantation is also related with the health of the plant (Turhan, 1994).

In order to successfully transplant the tall plants, necessary information about their root systems, root distribution depths, distribution styles, roots' activity times should be known. Plants' root systems are divided into 3 groups as taproot, heart root, shallow root (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Different root systems of plant species (a: taproot, b: heart root, c: shallow root).

Taproot System: *Juglans* sp. (Walnut), *Quercus* sp. (Oak), *Pinus* sp. (Mountain Pine), *Castanea*  sp. (Chesnut tree) *and Cedrus* sp. (Cedar). Heart root system: *Fagus* sp. (Beech Tree), *Acer* sp.

Private Plantation Techniques 327

Most of the planting spaces in cities are rather harmful for newly transplanted big plants. Paved roads, structuring cause increase in air temperature and radiation density. Buildings can cause wind tunnels and airflow corridors. These circumstances can make it difficult for newly transplanted plants to get enough water. Regular irrigation and proper weeding can

Different root characters occur according to soil structure. Root enlarges, spreads and grows with its small roots and enlarges and deepens in well aired and sandy soil. Shallow and distributed root bodies are formed in silty, clayey or drained sub soil. Roots of some plants' same species have different characteristics in different soil structure. It is difficult to transplant plants in an areas furnished with solid construction material or densely vegetated

Appropriateness of soil aspects from which the plant is removed is as important as the plant species. Some soils can be as effective as the plant species in growing a root system which is compact and rich in terms of hairy root. As plants that grow in sandy soil forms deep and complicated root systems, they are more risky in transplantation when compared to the plants removed form clayey soil. But as there is not enough oxygen in clayey soil, capillary roots that are very important in new root formation don't grow enough. Because of this, ventilation of soil with different methods increases the level of success. Deep soil without

Some definite periods of a year are much better for transplantation of plants. But this situation doesn't mean that plants can only be transplanted in these periods. Successful plantation can be made with a more careful digging, planting and after care processes if the

It is very important to determine the weather conditions that will affect the placement stage of plant's plantation and transfer period. This important factor increases the level of success in transplantation of special plant species. In addition to this, in order to make a good development during transplantation, preparations should be completed before planting, landscaping programs and lists should be made and reviewed. Spring season is preferred more in regions that have cold climate. A plant that is transplanted in early spring regains some of its sections that it lost before the weather becomes warmer and it renews itself although partially. A plant that is transplanted in autumn has to be very strong and endure the winter season before completely recover from the shock of transplantation. August is generally preferred for planting evergreen plants in cold climate regions. Transplantation of *Betula sp.* (Birch) species is preferred to be made in early spring. As roots of *Magnolia sp.*  (Magnolia Tree) are damaged during transplantation, they are exposed to fungus disease. This is why transplantation process should be carried out in spring when the plants are awake and their physiological activities are more alive; thus they are more resistant to these diseases. In such cases, the best thing to do is to take professional opinions into

any rocks, logs etc. are better in removing big plants (Ürgenç, 1998).

transplantation isn't made in these definite periods.

be useful for these kinds of plants (Harris, 1983).

**3.1.3 Soil characteristics** 

with plants (Kim, 1988).

**3.1.4 Transplantation time** 

consideration (Harris, 1983).

(Maple), *Tilia* sp. (Lime Tree), *Magnolia* sp. (Magnolia), *Liriedendron* sp. (Tulip Tree), *Robinia*  sp. (Locust), *Quercus coccifera* (Red Oak), *Pinus strobus* (Vermouth Pine). Shallow Root System: *Betula* sp. (Birch), *Abies* sp. (Fir), *Picea*. (Spruce), *Acer saccarinum* (Sugar Maple) *and Salix* sp. (Willow). But besides the differences between the species in the same system (for instance *Abies* sp. (Fir), species belong to shallow root system while their roots aren't as shallow as *Picea*. (Spruce) species) there are some differences in the same species. For example although natural *Quercus* sp. (Oak) species have deep and taproot system, *Quercus rubra* (Red Oak) have the heart root and *Quercus palustris* (Swamp Oak) have the shallow root system. Surely the environment they grow has a big impact on this situation. *Quercus palustris* (Swamp Oak) grows in humid climate and has shallow root in order to ease the oxygen intake. All these factors should be taken into consideration while determining the plantation field. Especially roots' growth periods should be known in order to know if the plantation time is appropriate or not. So, these growth periods should be evaluated in terms of the region's aspects and years (Ürgenç, 1998).

Almost all plants can be transplanted, but some requires more time and attention. In addition, it should be kept in mind that young plants' transplantations are more successfully made when compared to older ones.

#### **3.1.1.2 Plant characteristics**

Generally, small sized plant species can be transplanted much easier than bigger sized plant species. Besides this, plants that are not very old and whose height are 1-2 m. can generally be transplanted successfully as their root systems don't grow very much. The taller the plant is, the more difficult it becomes to carry; and it has less chance to adapt to its new place. As plants that grow in nursery are taken care more than the other ones, their roots are more fibrous and together. They have more attractive upper parts when compared to the ones that aren't grown like them. Big plants are transplanted when the soil changes, during road construction and extension and when they are too big for the place to live in. Although it is very difficult to remove the plants that are squashed because of their structures, transplanting them to better places is important for their health and life (Harris, 1983).

## **3.1.2 Characteristics of site condition and transplantation field**

Root systems of plants in fertile and well aired soil are thicker and fibrous when compared to sandy, barren or slimy and clayey soil whose underneath is watery. Roots of the plants that grow in sandy, slimy and clayey soil have a few twigs on sideways or as have a small root close to the stem. While in sandy soils, roots have the tendency to be close to the deep, they are closer to surface and broader in clayey and slimy soil. Trees growing in soil which don't have any stone or other obstructive substances can be more easily transferred. It is very difficult to transfer trees from wet and slant soil to empty fields vertically (Harris, 1983). There may be some difficulties in removing plants from slant soils to smooth fields. In these cases, one part of the soil is higher than the other part which obstructs the adaptation of plant to smooth soil. The field of transplantation shouldn't be too slimy or dry in order to use the transplantation devices properly and make a successful transplantation. Sidewalks, cables, wires, pipes and natural gas piping systems cause difficulties in removing and planting the plants. In such cases, helicopters are used for plantation and removing processes.

(Maple), *Tilia* sp. (Lime Tree), *Magnolia* sp. (Magnolia), *Liriedendron* sp. (Tulip Tree), *Robinia*  sp. (Locust), *Quercus coccifera* (Red Oak), *Pinus strobus* (Vermouth Pine). Shallow Root System: *Betula* sp. (Birch), *Abies* sp. (Fir), *Picea*. (Spruce), *Acer saccarinum* (Sugar Maple) *and Salix* sp. (Willow). But besides the differences between the species in the same system (for instance *Abies* sp. (Fir), species belong to shallow root system while their roots aren't as shallow as *Picea*. (Spruce) species) there are some differences in the same species. For example although natural *Quercus* sp. (Oak) species have deep and taproot system, *Quercus rubra* (Red Oak) have the heart root and *Quercus palustris* (Swamp Oak) have the shallow root system. Surely the environment they grow has a big impact on this situation. *Quercus palustris* (Swamp Oak) grows in humid climate and has shallow root in order to ease the oxygen intake. All these factors should be taken into consideration while determining the plantation field. Especially roots' growth periods should be known in order to know if the plantation time is appropriate or not. So, these growth periods should be evaluated in terms

Almost all plants can be transplanted, but some requires more time and attention. In addition, it should be kept in mind that young plants' transplantations are more successfully

Generally, small sized plant species can be transplanted much easier than bigger sized plant species. Besides this, plants that are not very old and whose height are 1-2 m. can generally be transplanted successfully as their root systems don't grow very much. The taller the plant is, the more difficult it becomes to carry; and it has less chance to adapt to its new place. As plants that grow in nursery are taken care more than the other ones, their roots are more fibrous and together. They have more attractive upper parts when compared to the ones that aren't grown like them. Big plants are transplanted when the soil changes, during road construction and extension and when they are too big for the place to live in. Although it is very difficult to remove the plants that are squashed because of their structures, transplanting them to better places is important for their health and life (Harris, 1983).

Root systems of plants in fertile and well aired soil are thicker and fibrous when compared to sandy, barren or slimy and clayey soil whose underneath is watery. Roots of the plants that grow in sandy, slimy and clayey soil have a few twigs on sideways or as have a small root close to the stem. While in sandy soils, roots have the tendency to be close to the deep, they are closer to surface and broader in clayey and slimy soil. Trees growing in soil which don't have any stone or other obstructive substances can be more easily transferred. It is very difficult to transfer trees from wet and slant soil to empty fields vertically (Harris, 1983). There may be some difficulties in removing plants from slant soils to smooth fields. In these cases, one part of the soil is higher than the other part which obstructs the adaptation of plant to smooth soil. The field of transplantation shouldn't be too slimy or dry in order to use the transplantation devices properly and make a successful transplantation. Sidewalks, cables, wires, pipes and natural gas piping systems cause difficulties in removing and planting the plants. In such cases, helicopters are used for plantation and removing

**3.1.2 Characteristics of site condition and transplantation field** 

of the region's aspects and years (Ürgenç, 1998).

made when compared to older ones.

**3.1.1.2 Plant characteristics** 

processes.

Most of the planting spaces in cities are rather harmful for newly transplanted big plants. Paved roads, structuring cause increase in air temperature and radiation density. Buildings can cause wind tunnels and airflow corridors. These circumstances can make it difficult for newly transplanted plants to get enough water. Regular irrigation and proper weeding can be useful for these kinds of plants (Harris, 1983).
