**5. Rural tourism-rural development relationship**

Tourism has long been considered as a potential means for socio-economic development and regeneration of rural areas, in particular those affected by the decline of traditional agrarian activities. Peripheral rural areas are also considered to be repositories of older ways of life and cultures that respond to the postmodern tourists' quest for authenticity (Urry, 2002).

Rural Development is an instrument which requires an integrated approach regarding economic, ecological, cultural and social way. Rural tourism is one of the most important instruments of Rural Development

According to Keyim, Yang & Zhang, 2005; Rural tourism has long been considered the means of accelerating economic and social development, and has become a development tool for many rural areas.

More specifically, the development rural tourism offers potential solutions to many of the problems facing rural areas, These may be summarized as:


According to Mahmoudi, Haghsetan, Meleki (2011); decrease in rural area's population and increase in the urbanity rate in recent years is a result of poverty and the absence of proper

Tourism in natural environments creates the possibility for tourists to practice climbing,

The relationship between rural tourism and other tourism forms practiced in the rural environment is extremely important, because it establishes the connections between natural, human, economical and social parameters, in order to insure all factors that lead to tourist

According to Butler and Hall, to speak about rural tourism in a place, an economically viable rural population sustaining rural culture and identity through being engaged in rural

For, the target group will be the local community who is both the most influenced by tourism in the region and is the most influential on it. Certain states such as participation

Tourism has long been considered as a potential means for socio-economic development and regeneration of rural areas, in particular those affected by the decline of traditional agrarian activities. Peripheral rural areas are also considered to be repositories of older ways of life and cultures that respond to the postmodern tourists' quest for authenticity (Urry,

Rural Development is an instrument which requires an integrated approach regarding economic, ecological, cultural and social way. Rural tourism is one of the most important

According to Keyim, Yang & Zhang, 2005; Rural tourism has long been considered the means of accelerating economic and social development, and has become a development

More specifically, the development rural tourism offers potential solutions to many of the

 Economic growth, diversification and stabilization through employment creation in trades and crafts; the creation of new markets for agricultural products; and a broadening of a regions economic base, because local residents with a few can readdily work as food servers, retail clerks and hospitality workers. Tourism also skills can serve as a vehicle for attracting potential investors, as todays tourist may spend their life after

 Socio-cultural development, including the maintenance and improvement of public services, the revitalization of local crafts, costoms and cultural identities, increases

 Production and improvement of both the natural environment built infastructure. Tourism, whichs generally considerered to be a relatively clean industry, may support

According to Mahmoudi, Haghsetan, Meleki (2011); decrease in rural area's population and increase in the urbanity rate in recent years is a result of poverty and the absence of proper

fishing, hunting or other sports like dirt track, canoe racing, sky diving etc.

growth and durable development (Tane Thierheimer, 2009).

and embracing are prerequisites for sustainability (Kiper, 2011).

**5. Rural tourism-rural development relationship** 

problems facing rural areas, These may be summarized as:

retirementor start a business there.

opprtunities for social contact andexchange.

local environment conservation (Keyim, Yang& Zhang, 2005).

activities is a prerequisite.

instruments of Rural Development

tool for many rural areas.

2002).

access to resources of welfare and livelihood services. Optimum usages of environmental, economical and production potentials of rural areas for improving income and welfare can be efficient in reaching the goal of reducing the rural immigration. Rural tourism is a part of tourism market and is a source of employment and income. Also it can be presented as a significant tool for the socio-economical development of rural areas.

Declining economic activity, restructuring of the agricultural sector, dwindling rural industrialisation and out-migration of higher educated youth, has led to the adoption, in many western nations, of tourism as an alternative development strategy for the economic and social regeneration of rural areas (Pompl & Lavery, 1993; Williams & Shaw, 1991; Hannigan, 1994; Dernoi, 1991; Wickens, 1999)

Rural tourism in one of the forms of sustainable development that through promoting productivity in rural zones, brings about employment, income distribution, preservation of village environment and local culture, raising host community's participation and presenting appreciate methods to conform beliefs and traditional values with new circumstances (Kanaani, 2005).

Sustainable development is a process having economic, social, cultural and environmental–ecological dimensions. This process is perceived as a development in all respects for both urban and rural societies. Yet, in most of the developing countries rural population is gradually diminishing, notwithstanding the agricultural lands that are losing productivity are increasing. While this situation primarily results in increasing impoverishment of rural society, it also causes problems such as deforestation, erosion and productivity loss with the misuse of resources. On the other hand, damaging the natural resources emerge problems such as migration, poverty and hunger. These problems primarily affect rural people. Most affected ones by these problems are women and children. Overcoming these problems would be possible by sustainable planning and management of rural areas in accordance with their resource potential (Golley and Bellot, 1999).

Rural tourism has a positive impact on agricultural development, farmers' incomes and the standard of living in rural areas. However, one important issue is how to reach a consensus among local government, farmers' associations, and individual farmers on what kind of projects to promote, and how they should be funded and operated (Hong, 1998).

Agro-tourism represents a real opportunity for the local economy, the main motivation in training and development initiatives, the traditional activities that have long been neglected, of crafts, the strengthening and development of local artistic creations, linking to friends, material needs and spiritual needs of tourists, local economic activities stimulated life.

Rural household translates offer accommodation and services and creates motivation agro household to prepare and arrange inside and outside the household to obtain revenue, stimulate peasant to invest in their own household, to develop complementary activities of its concerns. The villager will compete, will carry from now on business in a competitive environment and will be forced to become competitive, increase the quality of their services and products to be applied (Munteanu, 2007).

Today, Villages are one of the resources, attracting the attention of tourism planners more than ever. Those with some specific cultural, natural or social appeal have a very strong

Tourism Planning in Rural Areas and Organization Possibilities 137

The priority regions to development studies are determined (West and Southwest Anatolia Region).

Giving priority to undeveloped and development regions with less power are in the planning process for preventing the formation of large single-center.

Planning studies have only been treated as priority regions. In addition, developmental sequence based on the detection of natural and cultural resources and

Regulatory studies were conducted on the use of public land and strengthening of agriculture for priority

Targetet to meet the needs of current population and the cities are ranked according to rates of development.

Targetet to protect culture, tourism, history and natural

 Environmental organization plans are purposed for the detection of pre-basin and the surrounding land use.

Sustainable terms of human development. based on

Promotion and marketing of food products, forestry,

 Development of tourism and recreation, handicrafts, agro-based industries and other alternative production

 Rural residential planning principles and criteria are determined according to the needs of rural area and

 EU institutional framework are intended to establish for rural development policies and compliance.

Giving priority to tourism regions, developing

The most extensive form of policies to the regional development are reflected in the seventh plan.

The concepts of socio-economic framework, organizational structure and the current situation in

socio-economic indicators are considered.

Resource utilization and priority regions for

regions for development,

development are dicussed.

assets for planning region

ÇED is suggested.

rural ares are given.

activities,

rural society,

residential units

Table 3. The arrangements for development plans in rural areas (Sarca, 2001; Turhan 2005;

In the Tourism Strategy of Turkey-2023 and the Ninth Development Plan (2007-2013), it is aimed to utilize natural, cultural, historical and geographical values of Turkey based on conservation-use balance, to increase the share of Turkey from tourism and to promote the attractiveness of regions via alternative tourism types like rural tourism (Tourism 2023

rural development strategies

agriculture in rural areas.

**Developments Plans Policies**

**I. Development Plans for Five** 

**II. Development Plans for Five** 

**III. Development Plans for Five** 

**IV. Development Plans for Five** 

**V. Development Plans for Five** 

**VI. Development Plans for Five** 

**VII. Development Plans for Five** 

**VIII. Development Plans for Five** 

**IX. Development Plans for Five** 

Ninth Development Plan (2007-2013)

Strategy Plan, 2007; Ninth Development Plan, 2007-2013).

**Years** 

**Years** 

**Years** 

**Years** 

**Years** 

**Years** 

**Years** 

**Years** 

**Years** 

potential for attracting tourists from close or remote areas and this can have significant role in rural development (Mostowfi, 2000).

Rural development is a strategy for improving economical and social life of poor villagers and a multilateral endeavor to reduce the poverty. That will especially be possible through increase in production and promote productivity in rural environment (Yadghar, 2004).

Certain rural areas depending considerably on stock-breeding and forestry have retrogressed rapidly with the technological developments. This change has rebounded on the economic life styles and agricultural production. Therefore, unifying agricultural activities with recreation and tourism and carrying out plans all together matter within the scope of both enlivening agricultural activities, of the prevention of using agricultural for non-agricultural purposes and of the reunion of people, who left nature and production, with production processes (Kiper, Özdemir & Başaran, 2011).

Since the 70s of 20th century, tourism activity in rural areas has remarkably increased in all the developed countries worldwide, which has played a key role in the development of rural areas that were economically and socially depressed (Perales, 2002).

Rural Tourism (RT) has long been recognized in certain parts of Europe as an effective catalyst of rural socio-economic regeneration for over a hundred years (He, 2003).

In Europe, the rural tourismhas beenwidely encouraged, promoted and relied on as a useful means of tackling the social and economic challenges facing those rural areas associated with the decline of traditional agrarian industries (Wang, 2006; Soykan, 2000). In countries such as France, Austria, and the United Kingdom rural tourism already represents a significant factor and has a growing demand (Pevetz, 1991).

Nowadays, it is seen that there is also a new tendency for rural tourism at local level through local initiatives in Turkey. Although there is still no governmental regulation for rural tourism activities, political and practical developments demonstrate that the sector should be evaluated as a planning element for Turkey.

#### **6. Rural tourism policy in Turkey**

The main source which strengthens rural economy is what rural area has regionally (agricultural development, natural resources, historical and cultural assets, traditional values). Here it is seen that they should be integrated within recreational uses which will reveal rural characteristics of the settlement and will develop potential of natural and cultural resources. However, what is important here is the necessity of preservation natural and cultural resources the rural area has through dealing with them within the frame of ecological principles.

In developing countries through the World Bank and United Nations Development Programs the various projects implemented in rural areas. In Turkey, implemented rural tourism projects for rural development in the planning period.

Rural tourism policy in Developments Plans in Turkey (Table 3).

potential for attracting tourists from close or remote areas and this can have significant role

Rural development is a strategy for improving economical and social life of poor villagers and a multilateral endeavor to reduce the poverty. That will especially be possible through increase in production and promote productivity in rural environment (Yadghar,

Certain rural areas depending considerably on stock-breeding and forestry have retrogressed rapidly with the technological developments. This change has rebounded on the economic life styles and agricultural production. Therefore, unifying agricultural activities with recreation and tourism and carrying out plans all together matter within the scope of both enlivening agricultural activities, of the prevention of using agricultural for non-agricultural purposes and of the reunion of people, who left nature and production,

Since the 70s of 20th century, tourism activity in rural areas has remarkably increased in all the developed countries worldwide, which has played a key role in the development of

Rural Tourism (RT) has long been recognized in certain parts of Europe as an effective

In Europe, the rural tourismhas beenwidely encouraged, promoted and relied on as a useful means of tackling the social and economic challenges facing those rural areas associated with the decline of traditional agrarian industries (Wang, 2006; Soykan, 2000). In countries such as France, Austria, and the United Kingdom rural tourism already represents a

Nowadays, it is seen that there is also a new tendency for rural tourism at local level through local initiatives in Turkey. Although there is still no governmental regulation for rural tourism activities, political and practical developments demonstrate that the sector

The main source which strengthens rural economy is what rural area has regionally (agricultural development, natural resources, historical and cultural assets, traditional values). Here it is seen that they should be integrated within recreational uses which will reveal rural characteristics of the settlement and will develop potential of natural and cultural resources. However, what is important here is the necessity of preservation natural and cultural resources the rural area has through dealing with them within the frame of

In developing countries through the World Bank and United Nations Development Programs the various projects implemented in rural areas. In Turkey, implemented rural

in rural development (Mostowfi, 2000).

with production processes (Kiper, Özdemir & Başaran, 2011).

significant factor and has a growing demand (Pevetz, 1991).

should be evaluated as a planning element for Turkey.

tourism projects for rural development in the planning period. Rural tourism policy in Developments Plans in Turkey (Table 3).

**6. Rural tourism policy in Turkey** 

ecological principles.

rural areas that were economically and socially depressed (Perales, 2002).

catalyst of rural socio-economic regeneration for over a hundred years (He, 2003).

2004).


Table 3. The arrangements for development plans in rural areas (Sarca, 2001; Turhan 2005; Ninth Development Plan (2007-2013)

In the Tourism Strategy of Turkey-2023 and the Ninth Development Plan (2007-2013), it is aimed to utilize natural, cultural, historical and geographical values of Turkey based on conservation-use balance, to increase the share of Turkey from tourism and to promote the attractiveness of regions via alternative tourism types like rural tourism (Tourism 2023 Strategy Plan, 2007; Ninth Development Plan, 2007-2013).

Tourism Planning in Rural Areas and Organization Possibilities 139

Currently, in Italy agritourism is regulated by a Law (L. 5/12/1985 n. 730 now superseded by art. 14 L. 20/2/ 2006 n. 96; sentence Court of Cassazione 2/10/2008 n. 24430) that defines agritourism as: "accommodation and hospitality activities carried out by farmers…, through the utilization of their own farms in connection with the activities of the cultivation of the land, of forestry, and of the raising of animals". Italy is the only country in the European Union that has specific laws regulating agritourism, whereas elsewhere this particular type of accommodation is included in the more general sector of

The phenomenon of agritourism has reached a consistent level of diffusion in Italy. The most recent official statistics refer to about 18,500 authorised enterprises nationwide, with an annual increase of 4.3%. In particular, in the fiveyear period 2004–2008, the entire sector shows an overall growth regarding accommodation, in terms of farms (32.5%), catering regarding farms (30.7%), tasting of local products and other activities that concern a growing number of enterprises that offer services that are on the increase (nature watching, courses); some of them have increased considerably. The Italian enterprises are almost all family-run; very few tend to take on employees from outside the family or join cooperatives

Rural tourism is becoming popular in Taiwan among both farmers and visitors. It is becoming a new type of agricultural management for farmers. In view of the impact on farm incomes from international free trade, it is important to help farmers increase the profitability of their farms, as well as improving the quality of rural life. Looking at the effect of rural tourism in Nantou County, not only has there been a development of tourist farms around Luku and Shinyi, but also local communities have been revitalized. The potential of rural tourism to attract visitors is strong, especially now that Taiwan is implementing a policy of two days off every other week. In future, the 35 recreational spots of Nantou County will be connected into a complete network which will integrate farmers,

Fieldwork was conducted in three Danish rural municipalities: Rangstup in inland South Jutland, Ryslinge in the heart of Funen, and coastal Stevns in South-East Zealand. Rangstrup offers plenty of accommodation, mainly holiday cottages and campsites, but almost no named sights or attractions. When the authors inquired at the local tourism information, the attractions suggested were all located outside the municipality. In contrast, Ryslinge municipality has almost no commercial accommodation but boasts the mega- attraction of Egeskov castle, complete with moat, extensive gardens, museums and exhibitions, located in a romantic rural landscape, and attracting more than 250.000 visitors in the season. The third municipality, Stevns, faals between the two above extremes in that it displays several attractions, and a reasonable capacity and variety of commercial accommodation, camp sites, hotels and holiday cottages. None of the three municipalities offered many opportunities for farm-stays or the like (Hall, Roberts &

**Examples of Rural Tourism in Italy** 

and associations (Privitera, 2010).

**Examples of Rural Tourism in Taiwan** 

rural villages, and agriculture (Hong, 1998). **Examples of Rural Tourism in Denmark** 

rural tourism.

Mitchell, 2005).

In spite of the fact that Rural tourism that has been taken part in as a income supplement generating activity under Rural Development projects carried out in the different provinces in Turkey, The required attention has not sufficiently been given until now. Rural Turism submeasure is taken place under "Diversification of Economic Activities" of IPARD (Instrument for Pre-accession for Agriculture and Rural Development) Programme which is carried out by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in the period covering 2007-2013. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs with the aim of the related public and private sector representatives is expected to play a vital role in the near future for making significant contribution for economic development of Turkey by being explored of the areas that have never been exploited before by both domestic and foreign tourists (Şerefoğlu, 2009).

#### **7. Rural tourism – Examples of implementation**

The rural recreation areas of Europe provide a wide variety of experiences and attractions for the visitor. Domestic and international visitor flows mostly from conurbations are turning to countryside destinations for holidays in increasing numbers (Arzac, 2002).

The rural tourism is outstandingly developed in Austria and France in the European Union. In Austria rural tourism businesses receive government subsidies and they may apply for loans on preferential terms while in France government beyond the financial promotion education plays a significant role. In Hungary the history of rural tourism, similarly to the beginning of the Hungarian tourism, started in the thirties. The new age of rural tourism is 10-15 years old, it started in 1989-90 when local governments recognised the rural tourism as a possibility for economic achievements. Generally businesses of rural tourism were initiated by civil associations. Rural tourism connects tourism products. Rural tourism connects areas of rural leisure activities. Therefore the rural tourism, based on the rural circumstances, is a type of tourism which can be combined with the elements of cultural and active tourism (e. g.: horse riding and hiking). Synthesising the elements of rural tourism the system of definitions of rural tourism is shown in figure 7 (Pakurar & Olah 2008).

Fig. 7. System of definitions of rural tourism (Könyves, 2001)
