**Private Plantation Techniques**

Ömer Lütfü Çorbac1 and Murat Ertekin2

*1Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture 2Bartn University, Faculty of Forestry Turkey* 

#### **1. Introduction**

318 Landscape Planning

Orta. A. H. (2009). Irrigation in Landscape Area. University of Namik Kemal Agriculture

Phocaides. A. (2007). *Handbook on pressurized irrigation techniques.* Food and Agriculture

Schwankl. L. & Prichard. T. (1999). *Drip Irrigation in the Home Landscape.* University of

Smith. S. W. (1996). *Landscape Irrigation: Design and Management.* John Wiley & Sons. NY.

Surampalli. R. & Taygi. K. D. (2004). *Advanced in Waste and Waste Management. American* 

Tekinel. O. & Kanber. R. (1988). Results of the trickle irrigation experiments carried out by

Walker. W. R. & Skogerboe. G. V. (1987). *Surface irrigation theory and practice*. Prentice-Hall.

Wilko. J. B. & Short. R. (2007). *Water Quality.* In: Valentine M. editor. Water Resources

William. O. (2007). *Introduction.* In: Valentine M. editor. Water Resources Planning Manual of Water Supply Practices(2th Edition.). Denver. CO: AWWA. pp:1-12. Wilson. T. P. & Zoldoske. D. F. (1997). *Evaluating Sprinkler Uniformity*. CATI Publication.

Yldrm. O. (2008). *Desing of Irrigation System*. University of Ankara Agriculture Faculty.

Zoldoske. D. F. (2003). *Improving Golf Course Uniformity: A California Case Study*. Center for

the University of Çukurova. *Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies*.

Planning Manual of Water Supply Practices(2th Edition.). Denver. CO: AWWA.

California Agriculture & Natural Resource. CA. USA

*Society of Civil Engineers.* Reston. Virginia. USA*.* 

Faculty. Tekirdag. Turkey.

Organization (FAO). Rome.

USA*.* 

Bari. Italy. 22 pp.

pp:171-187.

Ankara. Turkey.

Englewood Cliffs. N.J

California. Washington D.C.

Irrigation Technology. Fresno. CA.

The visual value of a town increases directly proportional to the density of her open and green spaces. Vertically and horizontally formed greenery is an indispensable part of urban design. However, with the advanced technology during the 20 th century, wide construction areas, highways, agricultural and industrial zones have developed in an unplanned manner, and natural resources were abused in an unsystematic way. Unfortunately, the number of natural elements in towns has decreased rapidly in recent years, and with the help of uncoordinated urbanization, the situation has turned for the worse for green areas. If we were to analyze this fact with figures, the example of Ankara, Turkey would prove to be more than enough. In physiological terms, according to oxygen exchange and leaf surface calculation, there is a theoretical need of 25–40 m² green area per person in an urban area. But in Ankara, this figure was 5.1 m² in 1950, 2.8 m² in 1965, and 1.8 m² in 1979. However, the urgency of the matter has been realized during recent years, and inner urban greenery works have been started.

Improving the environmental conditions of the indoor and outdoor places where humans live, and also to arrange them to become suitable for living, has become a foremost priority. Today, extreme urbanization has become ever fast growing, and inner urban tree planting techniques are changing and improving accordingly too. Nowadays, it is necessary to make use of all new developments in technology and find ways to meet the ever increasing demands of modern life.

The first time when large plants were uprooted and transferred to somewhere else was during the Munich Olympic games in Germany. Back then, a whole new Olympic village was created with immense greenery. At that time, this transplantation process was realized with much more labour force and time, also simpler techniques were used. However, the same could be done today with much time effort and time spent, through the use of modern techniques. A very important aspect of landscaping works is the time needed until it reaches an effective power, or in other words, the dimension of time. Trees and landscaping elements need on average 30–40 years to reach an effective power in terms of physics, visual, climactic etc. aspects. Therefore, it is very important to foresee the needs of the future, and do the landscaping planning accordingly. This is a difficult and compulsory responsibility to do. However when a planning is done, people of today believe that reaching a necessary green area needs to be done as rapidly as other advancements.

1977).

(Nadel, 1977).

1977).

regarding plant transplantation.

Private Plantation Techniques 321

Ancient Greeks in particular, have worked on issues regarding tree transplantation and tree protection. In relation to this, Theophrastis has carried out a research in 300 BC, on necessary methods to wholly protect the root system during plant transplantation (Nadel,

From the 15th Century, with the start of the Renaissance wave, meaning "Re Birth", the dark view of the medieval times were broken in the west, great changes were made to beliefs, and fast advancements were made in science and arts. With these changes, living spaces also went through improvements, and trees were once again considered to be used in living spaces. During the 17th Century, tree was considered as a sign of royalty in France, and people belonging to higher classes had planted large amounts of trees at their living spaces. That way, the transplantation techniques of larger trees have developed, and machines to lift and carry these trees have been developed. During this time, tree transplantation has become very important in England. There are also rumours that, thanks to the new methods and machines developed, hundreds of years old oaks have been transferred. Therefore, as early as the beginning of 19th Century, France and England have made great advancements in transferring of trees (Mayer, 1982). On the other hand, many written sources appeared regarding trees during the 17th Century. British author William Lawson has written in 1618 "A New Orchard and Garden" which was mainly about maintenance, repair and aesthetical values of trees. This book is important because it was the first to mention about the appropriate planting intervals. And in the book, "Sylvia", written by John Evelyn in 1664, information has been given on growth features and maintenance principles of trees. Frenchman Le Notre has implemented the tree planting details given at this book in the famous Versailles Palace. During those days, having a large number of trees inside the palace gardens was considered to be a sign of civilization

During the 17th and 18th Centuries, a connection was also started to be made in England, between settlement areas and the nature. Great squares or open spaces have started to appear during the 17th Century, and they were surrounded by large buildings. Another century later, these squares became the dominant element of London settlement and led to the trees being used extensively within urban areas. When squares were being built, tree transplantation was widely used. Trees started to be considered alongside with urban planning only after the 18th Century. Tree transplantation works at that time were generally used for planting trees alongside the roads within the city. With this purpose in mind, engineer Baron George Houssman was assigned by Napoleon III in 1853, and he started re planning all over the city of Paris (Nadel, 1977). For the tree planting works at that time, 82.000 trees of different types and with a height of 10-12m. were transplanted, which was a real success (Altan and Önsoy, 1982). Fredeick Law Olmstead, who was the father of Landscaping Architecture and the designer of New York Central Park, which was held in 1858, had given works about urban forestation. In these works, he talked about forestation programs, particularly at the road sides in New York and San Francisco (Nadel,

In modern cities of the 20th Century, there also have been changes and improvements of the tree transplantation principles and methods. During the first half of the century, USA in particular has shown some improvements. There have been academic works in Russia,

Through the transplantation works done with this purpose, the inner urban areas to be planted become green very rapidly, compared to the years spent on planting seeds.

Due to industrialization and domestic immigration during the last thirty five years, Turkey has entered a fast urbanization phase and as a result of this, modern people have lost their opportunity to live in a natural environment. Therefore, they try to fill this gap by planting within as much as possible. Tree planting in urban areas is a very new application in Turkey. As well as transplantation works with simple tools, a machine for tree planting and uprooting is also used for the last few years.

Giving a short explanation on the meaning of the term "transplantation" would be useful in preventing any confusion on the meaning. The term transplantation is used in some departments of science in such a degree that it has become a cliché. For example, the term "transplantation" in medical literature means the transplantation of any organ from a person to another person, where all physical, biological and technical conditions are suitable. When an organ transplantation is to be carried out, high importance is paid for the organ of the donor to be transplanted to match certain criteria of the receiver, such as biological structure, physical conditions etc, which is important for the receiver to maintain his life healthily. And the term "transplantation'' used in landscaping architecture means the replanting of a plant from one place to another. However, it would not be right to use the term "transplantation" for all types of plants. Just like in medical terminology, the term "transplantation" in landscaping architecture does not mean the transfers of plants at an early age, but at their more mature periods. Again similar to other branches of science, transplantation process here; is a process which is realized in line with certain steps and in consideration of some basic principles, and in line with the necessary technical conditions.

Just like in all other landscaping applications, tree transplantation works also require a controlled monitoring during all phases and meticulous and well arranged implementation principles. In generally, trees and shrubs are transplanted when purchased or planted. These plants often grown in the field, and harvested in the form of bare-root, balled and burlapped (ball of soil and roots wrapped in burlap), or containerized. In nursery, trees and shrubs are often grown using cultural practices, such as root pruning, to prepare them for harvesting and transporting to the sales area. Nursery plants may have 75% of their root system intact after they are dug, nevertheless wild plants may only have 25% or less of their root system intact. When woody plants in the landscape are transplanting, they are exposed to stress because of any of the special procedures used in nurseries before the transplanting day. The increased stress on plants can make the difference between an attractive or healthy. Nursery stock grown in containers is often much more tolerant to transplanting than fieldgrown or wild grown plants (Anonymous, 2012 a).

#### **2. Historical development of the transplantation of larger plants**

#### **2.1 Transplantation of larger plants in the world**

It is a known fact that the Egyptians during the ancient times have carried trees with boats from distances as far as 1500 miles. They did it in order to cool down the dry climate of the Nile River Basin, and to create some shade. Plants in Egypt are being arranged in a formal way. Fruits, vegetables and medical plants are alongside other decorative plants within the gardens. The most commonly used plants are Phoenix, Palm Tree, Lotus and Papyrus.

Through the transplantation works done with this purpose, the inner urban areas to be

Due to industrialization and domestic immigration during the last thirty five years, Turkey has entered a fast urbanization phase and as a result of this, modern people have lost their opportunity to live in a natural environment. Therefore, they try to fill this gap by planting within as much as possible. Tree planting in urban areas is a very new application in Turkey. As well as transplantation works with simple tools, a machine for tree planting and

Giving a short explanation on the meaning of the term "transplantation" would be useful in preventing any confusion on the meaning. The term transplantation is used in some departments of science in such a degree that it has become a cliché. For example, the term "transplantation" in medical literature means the transplantation of any organ from a person to another person, where all physical, biological and technical conditions are suitable. When an organ transplantation is to be carried out, high importance is paid for the organ of the donor to be transplanted to match certain criteria of the receiver, such as biological structure, physical conditions etc, which is important for the receiver to maintain his life healthily. And the term "transplantation'' used in landscaping architecture means the replanting of a plant from one place to another. However, it would not be right to use the term "transplantation" for all types of plants. Just like in medical terminology, the term "transplantation" in landscaping architecture does not mean the transfers of plants at an early age, but at their more mature periods. Again similar to other branches of science, transplantation process here; is a process which is realized in line with certain steps and in consideration of some basic principles, and in line with the necessary technical conditions. Just like in all other landscaping applications, tree transplantation works also require a controlled monitoring during all phases and meticulous and well arranged implementation principles. In generally, trees and shrubs are transplanted when purchased or planted. These plants often grown in the field, and harvested in the form of bare-root, balled and burlapped (ball of soil and roots wrapped in burlap), or containerized. In nursery, trees and shrubs are often grown using cultural practices, such as root pruning, to prepare them for harvesting and transporting to the sales area. Nursery plants may have 75% of their root system intact after they are dug, nevertheless wild plants may only have 25% or less of their root system intact. When woody plants in the landscape are transplanting, they are exposed to stress because of any of the special procedures used in nurseries before the transplanting day. The increased stress on plants can make the difference between an attractive or healthy. Nursery stock grown in containers is often much more tolerant to transplanting than field-

planted become green very rapidly, compared to the years spent on planting seeds.

uprooting is also used for the last few years.

grown or wild grown plants (Anonymous, 2012 a).

**2.1 Transplantation of larger plants in the world** 

**2. Historical development of the transplantation of larger plants** 

It is a known fact that the Egyptians during the ancient times have carried trees with boats from distances as far as 1500 miles. They did it in order to cool down the dry climate of the Nile River Basin, and to create some shade. Plants in Egypt are being arranged in a formal way. Fruits, vegetables and medical plants are alongside other decorative plants within the gardens. The most commonly used plants are Phoenix, Palm Tree, Lotus and Papyrus. Ancient Greeks in particular, have worked on issues regarding tree transplantation and tree protection. In relation to this, Theophrastis has carried out a research in 300 BC, on necessary methods to wholly protect the root system during plant transplantation (Nadel, 1977).

From the 15th Century, with the start of the Renaissance wave, meaning "Re Birth", the dark view of the medieval times were broken in the west, great changes were made to beliefs, and fast advancements were made in science and arts. With these changes, living spaces also went through improvements, and trees were once again considered to be used in living spaces. During the 17th Century, tree was considered as a sign of royalty in France, and people belonging to higher classes had planted large amounts of trees at their living spaces. That way, the transplantation techniques of larger trees have developed, and machines to lift and carry these trees have been developed. During this time, tree transplantation has become very important in England. There are also rumours that, thanks to the new methods and machines developed, hundreds of years old oaks have been transferred. Therefore, as early as the beginning of 19th Century, France and England have made great advancements in transferring of trees (Mayer, 1982). On the other hand, many written sources appeared regarding trees during the 17th Century. British author William Lawson has written in 1618 "A New Orchard and Garden" which was mainly about maintenance, repair and aesthetical values of trees. This book is important because it was the first to mention about the appropriate planting intervals. And in the book, "Sylvia", written by John Evelyn in 1664, information has been given on growth features and maintenance principles of trees. Frenchman Le Notre has implemented the tree planting details given at this book in the famous Versailles Palace. During those days, having a large number of trees inside the palace gardens was considered to be a sign of civilization (Nadel, 1977).

During the 17th and 18th Centuries, a connection was also started to be made in England, between settlement areas and the nature. Great squares or open spaces have started to appear during the 17th Century, and they were surrounded by large buildings. Another century later, these squares became the dominant element of London settlement and led to the trees being used extensively within urban areas. When squares were being built, tree transplantation was widely used. Trees started to be considered alongside with urban planning only after the 18th Century. Tree transplantation works at that time were generally used for planting trees alongside the roads within the city. With this purpose in mind, engineer Baron George Houssman was assigned by Napoleon III in 1853, and he started re planning all over the city of Paris (Nadel, 1977). For the tree planting works at that time, 82.000 trees of different types and with a height of 10-12m. were transplanted, which was a real success (Altan and Önsoy, 1982). Fredeick Law Olmstead, who was the father of Landscaping Architecture and the designer of New York Central Park, which was held in 1858, had given works about urban forestation. In these works, he talked about forestation programs, particularly at the road sides in New York and San Francisco (Nadel, 1977).

In modern cities of the 20th Century, there also have been changes and improvements of the tree transplantation principles and methods. During the first half of the century, USA in particular has shown some improvements. There have been academic works in Russia, regarding plant transplantation.

Private Plantation Techniques 323

In old Turkish cities, similarly there were transplanted trees in squares and lined up on roadsides. But properness and professionalism in these plantation processes is controversial. After proclamation of republic, new buildings in cities were built and systematic greening processes started in cities. As bushes and small trees can be more easily transplanted than bigger trees, they were preferred for greening applications. Tree transplantation was especially used in central refuges. But still there weren't many works that were done for this purpose. Tree transplantation works were very few when compared to the other works and

Efforts for transplanting big sized plants were successfully carried out when technology wasn't developed by taking some precautions in the eras. For instance in İstanbul Sedef Island, very old plants that were put into boxes was successfully transplanted. Similarly, in Bahçeköy garden and plantation fields, maintenance processes were carried out, lime trees and horse chestnuts were successfully transplanted. Barbaros Boulevard, Maçka, Tophane, Kabataş, Şemsi Pasha parks, Beyazt Square and Saraçhane were greened by İstanbul Municipality. Many species and types of plants such as pines, magnolia, sycamore, horse chestnut, cedar and oak were planted with simple method and positive results were reached

Palms in Kalamş Marine in Kadköy, İstanbul were removed from the soil without any damage with the decision of Tree Transplantation Commission and transplanted into the places of a dried Palm placed in Sarmaşk Park in Kozyatağ and an area in front of Kalamş Youth Center (Anonymous 2012 b). In our country, palms have been used in transplantation processes in many facilities built especially in Mediterranean and Aegean

Artvin Çoruh University Faculty of Forestry and Foundation for Combating Desertification and Erosion General Directorate has carried out a project called "Protection of Endemic and Non-endemic Rare Plants that will submerge Çoruh Valley Deriner Dam Water Mirror". The aim of the project was to save the species that will submerge and extinct because of the dam project. In scope of this project, with the contributions of Artvin Regional Directorate of Forestry crews, 400 pieces of 18 rare plant species were removed, potted and transferred to

Transplantation processes have been used more in landscaping processes that have been carried out in recent years. This process is accelerated especially with the increase in the number of tree drawing and planting machines. Today, landscape design works and plant transplantation are made and the areas that are planned are filled more professionally with

Transplantation of large plants, especially trees, has been carried out with different methods until today. These plants have been moved as bare roots, in balloons completely leaving the roots out, within tied sacks, by wrapping the plant on a wire cage, wrapping it with a tie beam or with ratchet devices. The attention and care that we show during transplanting plants ensures the healthy continuity of its life. Pruning roots during 3 years before the transplantation, digging a wide root circle, careful wrapping and binding, carrying the plant

Artvin Çoruh University Faculty of Forestry Greenhouse (Anonymous 2012c).

**3. Transplantation of large plants and plantation techniques** 

methods preferred for greening processes.

(Ürgenç, 1998).

Regions.

green plants.

Landscape architects that attended American Fair in Moscow on 1959 have made some researches in order to carry out their transplantation works. In one of these researches, they succeeded in planting a 25.40cm (10 inches) lime tree in the middle of winter when there was frost until 1,22m (4feet) depth. As the soil was frozen, soil fescue was cut with air powered saw, no fastening or molding was needed. Tree pits were also formed by chainsaw. After preparing the pits, metal covers were placed on them and a fire was lighted in it for a few days in order to ensure the heat to stay inside the pit when the soil around it was heated, root fescue was put into the pit and the process was completed. Another interesting event was that birch was to be transplanted in the middle of July. A regular maintenance and irrigation guaranteed the continuousness of the life of tree (Zion, 1968).

The landscaping design made for Munchen Olympiads in 1972 which covered the entire village. 3 years before the Olympiads, 12-15 birches that were 30-40 years old were transplanted successfully. As a result, when 1972 Olympiad games started, it looked as if landscaping in the area had started 30-40 years ago (Ürgenç, 1998).

An island system will be built 5-7 km distanced from shores of Dubai, the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. There will be 1060 small houses on the island, 5 thousand people will reside in the houses and 12 palm trees will be planted. The complex is palm shaped which has 17 branches in the middle part; it will increase the length of Dubai shore beaches to 120 km (Anonim 2012 b). Transplantation of trees is much easier today thanks to the techniques and machines that are developed with modern technology. Bigger areas can be planted in shorter times successfully.

#### **2.2 Transplantation of larger plants in Turkey**

After the Industrial Revolution in Europe, while changes in economical and social structures affected physical appearance of cities, Ottoman society were different from the societies western regions in terms of development dynamics and city types. As Turkish society wasn't directly in mechanization process, the need for public domain and green places couldn't be realized for a time until the proclamation of republic when city plans started to be done in a more organized way (Şahin, 1989).

In order to discuss plant transplantation works in Turkey, we should first talk about the understanding of open land and green land and importance given to green lands. Turkish cities were built on the basis of three elements; streets, gardens and houses. Public buildings formed most of the physiognomy of cities in Ottoman Empire, while green lands were used as parts of house gardens. In fact there were no organizations serving for the protection of public green lands in local public institutions.

In Ottoman Empire era, there were some recreation spots such as public gardens, and coppice forests that were used by the society in big cities such as İstanbul, İzmir, Edirne and Manisa (in Turkey). Besides this, royal houses and houses of high class people were organized for special use (Caner, 1976). According to the literature about the era, there were not many special plant transplantation works during the era. But in plantation of some palace gardens, parks, and roadsides roots of trees were removed from the soil and transplanted.

Landscape architects that attended American Fair in Moscow on 1959 have made some researches in order to carry out their transplantation works. In one of these researches, they succeeded in planting a 25.40cm (10 inches) lime tree in the middle of winter when there was frost until 1,22m (4feet) depth. As the soil was frozen, soil fescue was cut with air powered saw, no fastening or molding was needed. Tree pits were also formed by chainsaw. After preparing the pits, metal covers were placed on them and a fire was lighted in it for a few days in order to ensure the heat to stay inside the pit when the soil around it was heated, root fescue was put into the pit and the process was completed. Another interesting event was that birch was to be transplanted in the middle of July. A regular maintenance and irrigation guaranteed the continuousness of the life of tree

The landscaping design made for Munchen Olympiads in 1972 which covered the entire village. 3 years before the Olympiads, 12-15 birches that were 30-40 years old were transplanted successfully. As a result, when 1972 Olympiad games started, it looked as if

An island system will be built 5-7 km distanced from shores of Dubai, the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. There will be 1060 small houses on the island, 5 thousand people will reside in the houses and 12 palm trees will be planted. The complex is palm shaped which has 17 branches in the middle part; it will increase the length of Dubai shore beaches to 120 km (Anonim 2012 b). Transplantation of trees is much easier today thanks to the techniques and machines that are developed with modern technology. Bigger areas can be planted in

After the Industrial Revolution in Europe, while changes in economical and social structures affected physical appearance of cities, Ottoman society were different from the societies western regions in terms of development dynamics and city types. As Turkish society wasn't directly in mechanization process, the need for public domain and green places couldn't be realized for a time until the proclamation of republic when city plans started to

In order to discuss plant transplantation works in Turkey, we should first talk about the understanding of open land and green land and importance given to green lands. Turkish cities were built on the basis of three elements; streets, gardens and houses. Public buildings formed most of the physiognomy of cities in Ottoman Empire, while green lands were used as parts of house gardens. In fact there were no organizations serving for the protection of

In Ottoman Empire era, there were some recreation spots such as public gardens, and coppice forests that were used by the society in big cities such as İstanbul, İzmir, Edirne and Manisa (in Turkey). Besides this, royal houses and houses of high class people were organized for special use (Caner, 1976). According to the literature about the era, there were not many special plant transplantation works during the era. But in plantation of some palace gardens, parks, and roadsides roots of trees were removed from the soil and

landscaping in the area had started 30-40 years ago (Ürgenç, 1998).

(Zion, 1968).

shorter times successfully.

transplanted.

**2.2 Transplantation of larger plants in Turkey** 

be done in a more organized way (Şahin, 1989).

public green lands in local public institutions.

In old Turkish cities, similarly there were transplanted trees in squares and lined up on roadsides. But properness and professionalism in these plantation processes is controversial.

After proclamation of republic, new buildings in cities were built and systematic greening processes started in cities. As bushes and small trees can be more easily transplanted than bigger trees, they were preferred for greening applications. Tree transplantation was especially used in central refuges. But still there weren't many works that were done for this purpose. Tree transplantation works were very few when compared to the other works and methods preferred for greening processes.

Efforts for transplanting big sized plants were successfully carried out when technology wasn't developed by taking some precautions in the eras. For instance in İstanbul Sedef Island, very old plants that were put into boxes was successfully transplanted. Similarly, in Bahçeköy garden and plantation fields, maintenance processes were carried out, lime trees and horse chestnuts were successfully transplanted. Barbaros Boulevard, Maçka, Tophane, Kabataş, Şemsi Pasha parks, Beyazt Square and Saraçhane were greened by İstanbul Municipality. Many species and types of plants such as pines, magnolia, sycamore, horse chestnut, cedar and oak were planted with simple method and positive results were reached (Ürgenç, 1998).

Palms in Kalamş Marine in Kadköy, İstanbul were removed from the soil without any damage with the decision of Tree Transplantation Commission and transplanted into the places of a dried Palm placed in Sarmaşk Park in Kozyatağ and an area in front of Kalamş Youth Center (Anonymous 2012 b). In our country, palms have been used in transplantation processes in many facilities built especially in Mediterranean and Aegean Regions.

Artvin Çoruh University Faculty of Forestry and Foundation for Combating Desertification and Erosion General Directorate has carried out a project called "Protection of Endemic and Non-endemic Rare Plants that will submerge Çoruh Valley Deriner Dam Water Mirror". The aim of the project was to save the species that will submerge and extinct because of the dam project. In scope of this project, with the contributions of Artvin Regional Directorate of Forestry crews, 400 pieces of 18 rare plant species were removed, potted and transferred to Artvin Çoruh University Faculty of Forestry Greenhouse (Anonymous 2012c).

Transplantation processes have been used more in landscaping processes that have been carried out in recent years. This process is accelerated especially with the increase in the number of tree drawing and planting machines. Today, landscape design works and plant transplantation are made and the areas that are planned are filled more professionally with green plants.
