**3.1.5 Effects of seasons on transplantation**

When the ground is not frozen, some species may transplanting any time during the year but woody plants are generally moved in the spring but also they may moved in the fall after leaf drop and before the ground freezes. Fall planting should take place soon after leaf drop. Before the ground freezes in the fall, evergreens are especially prone to winter browning. Therefore, they should be moved late in the summer to early fall. Antitranspirants applying may help reduce the effects of winter desiccation in some species. Fall transplant success may be increased by transplanting hardy plants into sites with good soil moisture and wind protection. When shoot growth is peak, it's shown that the greatest transplant injury so woody plants are transplanted in late spring and early summer (Jakson et al., 1998).

**Spring:** Shoot growth in plants prevents them from being damaged from cold weather. This situation will promote root growth before Top growth starts. But as plantation during active growth period will cause various negations, if it is possible, plantations shouldn't be made during that time. Because when the plants' roots or branches are pruned, plants loose more water from these parts when compared to the other seasons. Because of these,

Although antiperspirant sprays are used in plant transplantations that are made off-season, these transplantations shouldn't be made as much as possible especially when the plants have just started to stool. A proper digging process is one of the most important factors in the success of transplantation. Studies until now have shown that digging for the transplantation of a tree in leaf foliated should be made in two stages. Firstly, bottom roots should be dug and irrigated, then after waiting for 7-10 days; all roots should be dug and

Divaricated and in leaf foliated plants are transplanted mostly at the beginning of autumn and at the end of spring. If the winter is very mild in a region, the transplantation can be done towards winter; but soil should be prepared separately and should be prevented from becoming mud. Transplantation in winter has the advantages of cool and cold weather. But if it becomes too cold, plants may be affected and be damaged. During spring plantations,

Plantations at the end of summer and in autumn have a big advantage which is related with the warmth of soil. Soil warmth lead the plant roots grow healthy and distribute. Some plantations during summer gave better results than the spring plantations in terms of

It is more appropriate for non-evergreen plants to be transplanted before the leaves start to fall and change color, before the soil is frozen in early winter or before the growth starts in

Coniferous trees are generally transplanted during early autumn or late spring. The proper time for the plantation of Latifolius – Broad leaved evergreen plants is generally spring and

When the ground is not frozen, some species may transplanting any time during the year but woody plants are generally moved in the spring but also they may moved in the fall after leaf drop and before the ground freezes. Fall planting should take place soon after leaf drop. Before the ground freezes in the fall, evergreens are especially prone to winter browning. Therefore, they should be moved late in the summer to early fall. Antitranspirants applying may help reduce the effects of winter desiccation in some species. Fall transplant success may be increased by transplanting hardy plants into sites with good soil moisture and wind protection. When shoot growth is peak, it's shown that the greatest transplant injury so woody plants are transplanted in late spring and early summer (Jakson

**Spring:** Shoot growth in plants prevents them from being damaged from cold weather. This situation will promote root growth before Top growth starts. But as plantation during active growth period will cause various negations, if it is possible, plantations shouldn't be made during that time. Because when the plants' roots or branches are pruned, plants loose more water from these parts when compared to the other seasons. Because of these,

trees should absolutely be protected from cold weather and soil should be moist.

**3.1.4.1 Transplantation time for non-evergreen plants** 

**3.1.4.2 Transplantation time for evergreen plants** 

**3.1.5 Effects of seasons on transplantation** 

taken out.

longevity.

spring (Kim, 1988).

autumn (Kim, 1988).

et al., 1998).

transplantations shouldn't be made during the middle of spring when fast growth occurs and at the beginning of summer months (Kim, 1988).

**Summer:** In summer, plants actively absorb water that is passing through the plants' xylem. This is why too much sap loss will occur in the cut places of roots during plant transplantations in summer. It is determined that when plants grow in spring and complete their development, some of them accommodate better to the summer transplantation. We don't need to worry about the sufficient water amount in plants as active transpiration occurs more in hot air (Kim, 1988).

**Autumn:** Towards the end of summer season and during autumn, there are generally warm weather conditions that prevent root growth. As the days shorten and weather becomes warmer, plant transpiration decrease. Autumn season is the best season for most of the plants' transplantation. In this season, plants don't loose too much sap. *Citrus sp*. (Lemon), *Hibiscus sp.* (Hibiscus), *Bougainvillea sp.* are the plant species which can be damaged easily without placing their roots. It is better to transplant this kind of fragile plants in spring (Kim, 1988).

**Winter:** As the weather is warm and cold during winter, plant activity decrease which is a big advantage for transplantation. Plants can make use of the cold weather in winter. Transplantation can be done if the freezing level of soil is about 30 cm in big trees. But special attention should be given to pores in order not to freeze, and to roots root ball in order not to be broken. Transplantation at about 3 °C weather is proper as plants can be damaged in other weather conditions. No matter what the season is, plants should be protected from freezing and drying. Planting pits should be filled with water a few times before transplantation. Transplantation area should be mulched; after the area is filled with mulch, other irrigation process can be done although the ground is still always wet. Drainage system is crucial for increasing the success of transplantation process (Kim, 1988).

#### **3.2 Preparation of plants for transplantation**

Plants that are grown in nursery are rich in terms of capillary and hairy roots as they get all the necessary elements. These plants that have compact structures are transplanted very successfully. On the other hand, transplantation of plants that grow in rural areas and forests where maintenance process aren't made is very difficult. In this scope, root of a plant that will be transplanted should be nurtured 1-3 years before the transplantation and other maintenance processes should be completed. Transplantation will be successful if these conditions are carried out.

#### **3.2.1 Preparation of large bushes and shrubs for transplantation**

Bushes higher than 3-4 meters and shrubs that can reach 8-10 meters are in this group. While root structure of a plant that grows naturally in nature varies, there are root systems that are scattered to the sideways, elongated, and moved into deeps. If nutrient is abundant in the field where these plants grow, these kinds of plants don't need dense and capillary roots. If we try to transplant these kinds of plants without any process, only a part of the root will fit into the root soil and as a result of this, root/body will become unbalanced in the new planting site. This will increase the risk of plant's drying. This is why; root pruning should

Private Plantation Techniques 331

development should be used. In this way, plant can be removed easier and better during transplantation. Digging process of a plant that will be removed should be done from a

Fig. 3. Strengthening root system by digging a pit (a: Before pruning long side roots; b: Pruning and shortening long side roots in the dug pit; c: Filling the pit with materials that

Fig. 4. Root nurturing in two phases and preparation of plant for transplantation in 3 years.

direction that will prevent root ball from splitting (Figure 5).

promote rooting and grown roots).

be done 1-2 years before transplantation. Root pruning should be done before the start of root activities when significant root growth occurs. Too much grown roots are cut with a sharp knife according to the size of the plant; for example, for small plants that have 4-6 thickness, 30-40 cm radius circle is drawn and roots around this circle is cut. In this way, new roots grow more strongly near the area of cut root. This increases plant's chance to adapt the new place (Figure 2).

Fig. 2. Deeply spading the plant that has very long and many side roots from x and y points and forming a new, strong and more compact plant root system.

#### **3.2.2 Preparation of middle sized plants for transplantation**

Trees that are 10 - 20 m tall are in this group. A denser root nurturing is necessary in transplanting these plants, or else the chance of plants to continue life decreases. This is why; preparations should start 1-2 years before transplanting the plant. Firstly tap part of the plant is pruned strongly but according to the rules. A pit about 30-40 cm is dug around the plant by taking plant's tap corolla. Especially the depth of pit is significant; all side roots of the plant should fit in to the pit. Roots that appear in the soil that is dug are cut with a sharp device, if the thickness of root is over 1 cm, puttying should definitely be done.

Organic substances, compost, qualified and slight soil mass is filled into the pit in order to ensure the easy growth of roots and accordingly ensure plants to form a strong root system. In this way, many new thin and capillary roots develop. New roots tie soil mass stronger and minimize the risks in transplantation (Figure 3).

While forming the pit, digging part by part can increase the level of success. Digging and filling the pit is extended over 2 years. The area around the plant is divided into 6 equal parts. 3 of these parts (A) are filled as can be seen in (Figure 4), while the other 3 parts (B) are dug and filled in the second year. The aim of this is to prevent the collapse of tree because of a possible wind effect.

Mulching during this process will be helpful for strengthening the root system placed between ditch and plant body. Soil should also be aerated and substances that will enhance

be done 1-2 years before transplantation. Root pruning should be done before the start of root activities when significant root growth occurs. Too much grown roots are cut with a sharp knife according to the size of the plant; for example, for small plants that have 4-6 thickness, 30-40 cm radius circle is drawn and roots around this circle is cut. In this way, new roots grow more strongly near the area of cut root. This increases plant's chance to

Fig. 2. Deeply spading the plant that has very long and many side roots from x and y points

Trees that are 10 - 20 m tall are in this group. A denser root nurturing is necessary in transplanting these plants, or else the chance of plants to continue life decreases. This is why; preparations should start 1-2 years before transplanting the plant. Firstly tap part of the plant is pruned strongly but according to the rules. A pit about 30-40 cm is dug around the plant by taking plant's tap corolla. Especially the depth of pit is significant; all side roots of the plant should fit in to the pit. Roots that appear in the soil that is dug are cut with a

Organic substances, compost, qualified and slight soil mass is filled into the pit in order to ensure the easy growth of roots and accordingly ensure plants to form a strong root system. In this way, many new thin and capillary roots develop. New roots tie soil mass stronger

While forming the pit, digging part by part can increase the level of success. Digging and filling the pit is extended over 2 years. The area around the plant is divided into 6 equal parts. 3 of these parts (A) are filled as can be seen in (Figure 4), while the other 3 parts (B) are dug and filled in the second year. The aim of this is to prevent the collapse of tree

Mulching during this process will be helpful for strengthening the root system placed between ditch and plant body. Soil should also be aerated and substances that will enhance

sharp device, if the thickness of root is over 1 cm, puttying should definitely be done.

and forming a new, strong and more compact plant root system.

**3.2.2 Preparation of middle sized plants for transplantation** 

and minimize the risks in transplantation (Figure 3).

because of a possible wind effect.

adapt the new place (Figure 2).

development should be used. In this way, plant can be removed easier and better during transplantation. Digging process of a plant that will be removed should be done from a direction that will prevent root ball from splitting (Figure 5).

Fig. 3. Strengthening root system by digging a pit (a: Before pruning long side roots; b: Pruning and shortening long side roots in the dug pit; c: Filling the pit with materials that promote rooting and grown roots).

Fig. 4. Root nurturing in two phases and preparation of plant for transplantation in 3 years.

Private Plantation Techniques 333

Fig. 6. Preparation of a plant for transplantation in four years with root nurturing in three

While determining the transplantation methods of plants: aspects of the natural soil and transplantation area, distance between these areas, aspects of the settlements around these areas, the amount of time between removing and planting the plant, devices that will be used during the process and finance factors have significant roles. In order to make vegetal design of big areas and make successful plantations time, money, protectors and

Removing the plant which will be transplanted should be made in overcast, rainy weather rather than in windy, sunny, too dry or too cold weather; nights are preferable for transplantation as microorganisms that revitalize root development are protected at night. Microorganisms are damaged and sometimes die because of direct exposure to sun and because of dryer winds. If plants are grown in nurseries, transplanted a few times, while

phases.

**3.3 Transplantation methods** 

development methods are needed.

Fig. 5. Digging direction of the plant.

#### **3.2.3 Preparation of big sized plants for transplantation**

Plants that are taller than 20 m are in this group. The pit dug for developing root structure of these plants can be formed as 2 or 3 yearly periods. In 2 yearly period, during the first year, A,C,E parts are dug and filled while in the second year B, D, F parts are dug and filled. In 3 yearly period, in the first year A, D parts are dug and filled, in the second year B, E parts are dug and filled and in the last year C, F parts are dug and filled (Figure 6). When the last filling process is completed, necessary pruning is done and after 1 year, plant becomes ready for transplantation.

Fig. 5. Digging direction of the plant.

ready for transplantation.

**3.2.3 Preparation of big sized plants for transplantation** 

Plants that are taller than 20 m are in this group. The pit dug for developing root structure of these plants can be formed as 2 or 3 yearly periods. In 2 yearly period, during the first year, A,C,E parts are dug and filled while in the second year B, D, F parts are dug and filled. In 3 yearly period, in the first year A, D parts are dug and filled, in the second year B, E parts are dug and filled and in the last year C, F parts are dug and filled (Figure 6). When the last filling process is completed, necessary pruning is done and after 1 year, plant becomes

Fig. 6. Preparation of a plant for transplantation in four years with root nurturing in three phases.
