**4.1 Assessment of the potential sources of reproductive material of woody plants**

Within programme selection focused on woody plant species for landscape and urban greenery the following steps are essential: qualitative assessment of the potential gene pool of the particular taxon, identification of the appropriate sources of reproductive material in the natural conditions and inclusion of the selected components of the gene pool in the selection and breeding programme of woody plants for targeted utilization in landscape vegetation units, as well as in urban areas.

In Slovakia the sources of reproductive material have not yet been identified for *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*. Therefore, we devote a targeted assessment of phenotypic traits of individuals (growing on the original stands in the landscape), that can be used as a qualified source of the reproductive material (Fig. 2 and 3). The identification of the phenotypes suitable for wider plant production is a significant assumption for systematic planting and use of the mentioned woody plant species.

So far, attention has been paid to a reliable method of phenotypic classification of *Sorbus domestica* on original stands. Options and tools of their interpretation for selection of the sources of reproductive material were also analysed within a field study in the cadastre of the village of Žemberovce (Paganová & Maceková 2011). The scale of quantitative and qualitative parameters was elaborated and confirmed in 2011. For individual trees several parameters were determined which represent tree habit, tree growth and volume production (Fig. 4) (Tab. 1).

Architectural traits, such as patterns of branching or clonal spread and production of terminal versus axial inflorescences, may also vary plastically in certain taxa. These traits provide very important insight into the structural and ultrastructural levels at which phenotypic adjustment takes place in the plant body (WU Stettler 1998). Therefore, we also apply them within the selection of indigenous woody plant species and their phenotypes suitable for urban landscapes and greenery.

Crown traits, such as branch diameter, branch angle and branch frequency, are also important determinants for the quality of woody plants and timber products (Bowyer et al., 2002). These characteristics also affect the utilization of woody plants in urban areas with limited space for tree growth. According to the literature, variability of the growth habit and

Woody Plants in Landscape Planning and Landscape Design 205

Measured Calculated Crown shape Tree height Crown density Trunk development Sterm girth Crown volume Tree trunk shape Deployment of living crown Crown projection area Cross sectional shape of the trunk Crown diameter Crown length Thickness of branches

Table 1. Selected parameters of trees measured and evaluated for *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster* within the study of their phenotypic variability and assessment of the gene pool

In addition to these quantitative parameters, the crown shape, crown density and several other qualitative characteristics (trunk shape, trunk development and cross sectional shape of the trunk) were evaluated within field study. The photo documentation of tree habit was made for each of the evaluated genotypes of *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*. The records will be used for other graphic processing. Within analytical data processing the other quantitative parameters of the tree habit were calculated: crown length, crown area

The relationship between parameters of the tree crown and stem were calculated for both woody plant species based on mentioned quantitative data, as well as the relationship between crown architecture and structural characteristics regression analysis; we attempted to define a range of structural parameters of the trees, which are characteristic for high-quality phenotypes (plus trees) of *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*. The multivariate

Preliminary data obtained within the field study documented distinctive variability of the phenotypic parameters of *Sorbus domestica* (Paganová & Maceková, 2011). Five basic crown shapes were found: conical, ovate, globular, parabolic and semi-globular (Fig. 5) within the population of trees growing in one location. Good phenotypic characteristics were confirmed for 12 individuals among the whole number of 35 individuals of *Sorbus domestica* which were evaluated according to the phenotypic classifications within the field study. These trees can be later (after additional testing and assessment) included under selected

Location of the evaluated individuals on their original stand was determined using GPS, which will facilitate identification of the trees in the future. GPS was used also for determination of the shape and area of the crown projection within the field data collection. The aim of the tree assessment is establishment of a database of genotypes for both woody plant species (*Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*) from the territory of Slovakia and selection of phenotypes suitable for landscape design and urban greenery. Selection of suitable sources for a reproduction (Drobná & Paganová, 2010) and breeding programme of the mentioned species was identified from the database of genotypes based on the

statistical methods (discriminant analysis etc.) were used for assessment.

sources of the reproductive material of *Sorbus domestica*.

classifications of the phenotypic characteristics (Fig. 6).

quality.

projection and crown volume.

Quantitative parameters Qualitative parameters

Tree branch angle

other growth characteristics of woody plants has been the object of extensive research and represent a good basis for selection and tree breeding. In contrast, the crown architecture and structural characteristics of trees are less at the centre of interest and only rarely applied in breeding programmes. It should be noted that structural tree characteristics, such as crown shape, crown diameter, crown density, branch diameter, branch angle and leaf area, influence efficiency and magnitude of radiation interception and competitive interactions with other trees (Emhart et al., 2007). These characteristics have significant influence on the use of individual trees on particular stands and its competitiveness and ecological influence. The crown architecture and the active area covered by an individual woody plant have potential influences on the surrounding environment.

Several tree quantitative parameters are measured: tree height (h), stem girth at height 1,3 m (O1,3), deployment of living crown (a) – vertical distance between the first living branch (that is a part of the living crown) and horizontal plane of the stem base (URL1). Crown diameter (b) – average horizontal distance between opposite points of the crown projection. This parameter is usually measured in at least four ways (Šmelko, 2000) using a densiometer. The shape and area of the crown projection is determined with GPS (global positioning system). The branch angle is determined in four categories (30, 30 - 60, 60 - 90, 90 ) according to the deflection of tree branches from the vertical axis (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Selected tree parameters measured and evaluated within the field study of the phenotypic classification of *Sorbus domestica L* (Paganova & Maceková, 2011).

other growth characteristics of woody plants has been the object of extensive research and represent a good basis for selection and tree breeding. In contrast, the crown architecture and structural characteristics of trees are less at the centre of interest and only rarely applied in breeding programmes. It should be noted that structural tree characteristics, such as crown shape, crown diameter, crown density, branch diameter, branch angle and leaf area, influence efficiency and magnitude of radiation interception and competitive interactions with other trees (Emhart et al., 2007). These characteristics have significant influence on the use of individual trees on particular stands and its competitiveness and ecological influence. The crown architecture and the active area covered by an individual woody plant have

Several tree quantitative parameters are measured: tree height (h), stem girth at height 1,3 m (O1,3), deployment of living crown (a) – vertical distance between the first living branch (that is a part of the living crown) and horizontal plane of the stem base (URL1). Crown diameter (b) – average horizontal distance between opposite points of the crown projection. This parameter is usually measured in at least four ways (Šmelko, 2000) using a densiometer. The shape and area of the crown projection is determined with GPS (global positioning system). The branch angle is determined in four categories (30, 30 - 60, 60 - 90, 90 ) according to

Fig. 4. Selected tree parameters measured and evaluated within the field study of the

phenotypic classification of *Sorbus domestica L* (Paganova & Maceková, 2011).

potential influences on the surrounding environment.

the deflection of tree branches from the vertical axis (Fig. 4).


Table 1. Selected parameters of trees measured and evaluated for *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster* within the study of their phenotypic variability and assessment of the gene pool quality.

In addition to these quantitative parameters, the crown shape, crown density and several other qualitative characteristics (trunk shape, trunk development and cross sectional shape of the trunk) were evaluated within field study. The photo documentation of tree habit was made for each of the evaluated genotypes of *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*. The records will be used for other graphic processing. Within analytical data processing the other quantitative parameters of the tree habit were calculated: crown length, crown area projection and crown volume.

The relationship between parameters of the tree crown and stem were calculated for both woody plant species based on mentioned quantitative data, as well as the relationship between crown architecture and structural characteristics regression analysis; we attempted to define a range of structural parameters of the trees, which are characteristic for high-quality phenotypes (plus trees) of *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*. The multivariate statistical methods (discriminant analysis etc.) were used for assessment.

Preliminary data obtained within the field study documented distinctive variability of the phenotypic parameters of *Sorbus domestica* (Paganová & Maceková, 2011). Five basic crown shapes were found: conical, ovate, globular, parabolic and semi-globular (Fig. 5) within the population of trees growing in one location. Good phenotypic characteristics were confirmed for 12 individuals among the whole number of 35 individuals of *Sorbus domestica* which were evaluated according to the phenotypic classifications within the field study. These trees can be later (after additional testing and assessment) included under selected sources of the reproductive material of *Sorbus domestica*.

Location of the evaluated individuals on their original stand was determined using GPS, which will facilitate identification of the trees in the future. GPS was used also for determination of the shape and area of the crown projection within the field data collection.

The aim of the tree assessment is establishment of a database of genotypes for both woody plant species (*Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*) from the territory of Slovakia and selection of phenotypes suitable for landscape design and urban greenery. Selection of suitable sources for a reproduction (Drobná & Paganová, 2010) and breeding programme of the mentioned species was identified from the database of genotypes based on the classifications of the phenotypic characteristics (Fig. 6).

Woody Plants in Landscape Planning and Landscape Design 207

greenhouse with temperatures ranging from +5C to -5C and germinated in the boxes with fertilized sowing substrate based on white sphagnum (peat moss). In the phenological stage "expanded cotyledons" (Šenšel & Paganová, 2010) seedlings were placed in the plant boxes (content 1.17 L) filled with fertilized peat substrate (white sphagnum, pH 5.5-6.5; fertilizer 1.0 kg.m-3). Construction of the root boxes enabled the analytical assessment of the root growth and root structures (Fig. 3). The boxes were placed under a polypropylene cover with 60% shading. The plants were regularly watered and maintained on 60% and 40% of the full substrate saturation, two variants according to a differentiated water regime. Variant "stress" was supplied with water at 40% of full substrate saturation and "control" at 60% of full substrate saturation. The model of the differentiated water regime was maintained for

After exposure to water stress the size of the leaf area (A) was calculated from leaf scans using ImageJ software (URL 2). The dry weight of the roots, shoots and leaves (DW) was determined gravimetrically, additionally leaf water content (LWC) was calculated. For metabolic characteristics, the total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were determined in

Fig. 6. Assessment and selection of the sources of reproductive material for utilization of

indigenous woody plants in landscape planning and urban greenery

the leaves according to the methods described by Šesták & Čatský (1966).

170 days (from April to the end of September).

Fig. 5. Models of the crown architecture for *Sorbus domestica* designed according to the data obtained from the field assessment of trees. Quite large phenotypic variability of the specimen growing on one location at Žemberovce is evident. Crown shape – conical (Ž8, Ž7), ovate (Ž1, Ž2, Ž13) globular (Ž 3, Ž4, Ž6), parabolic (Ž10, Ž11) and semi-globular (Ž5, Ž9, Ž12).

#### **4.2 Assessment of the phenotypic plasticity of woody plant species to drought**

One-year old seedlings of the wild pear and service tree were analysed. Plant material was produced directly for purposes of the experimental assessment of the physiological parameters of the analysed woody plants. Reproductive material came from the original stands of *Sorbus domestica* (Kosihovce, altitude 250 m) and *Pyrus pyraster* (Tŕnie, altitude 540 m) in Slovakia. The seeds of both species passed winter pre-sowing treatment in the cold

Fig. 5. Models of the crown architecture for *Sorbus domestica* designed according to the data obtained from the field assessment of trees. Quite large phenotypic variability of the specimen growing on one location at Žemberovce is evident. Crown shape – conical (Ž8, Ž7), ovate (Ž1, Ž2, Ž13) globular (Ž 3, Ž4, Ž6), parabolic (Ž10, Ž11) and semi-globular (Ž5,

**4.2 Assessment of the phenotypic plasticity of woody plant species to drought**

One-year old seedlings of the wild pear and service tree were analysed. Plant material was produced directly for purposes of the experimental assessment of the physiological parameters of the analysed woody plants. Reproductive material came from the original stands of *Sorbus domestica* (Kosihovce, altitude 250 m) and *Pyrus pyraster* (Tŕnie, altitude 540 m) in Slovakia. The seeds of both species passed winter pre-sowing treatment in the cold

Ž9, Ž12).

greenhouse with temperatures ranging from +5C to -5C and germinated in the boxes with fertilized sowing substrate based on white sphagnum (peat moss). In the phenological stage "expanded cotyledons" (Šenšel & Paganová, 2010) seedlings were placed in the plant boxes (content 1.17 L) filled with fertilized peat substrate (white sphagnum, pH 5.5-6.5; fertilizer 1.0 kg.m-3). Construction of the root boxes enabled the analytical assessment of the root growth and root structures (Fig. 3). The boxes were placed under a polypropylene cover with 60% shading. The plants were regularly watered and maintained on 60% and 40% of the full substrate saturation, two variants according to a differentiated water regime. Variant "stress" was supplied with water at 40% of full substrate saturation and "control" at 60% of full substrate saturation. The model of the differentiated water regime was maintained for 170 days (from April to the end of September).

After exposure to water stress the size of the leaf area (A) was calculated from leaf scans using ImageJ software (URL 2). The dry weight of the roots, shoots and leaves (DW) was determined gravimetrically, additionally leaf water content (LWC) was calculated. For metabolic characteristics, the total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were determined in the leaves according to the methods described by Šesták & Čatský (1966).

Fig. 6. Assessment and selection of the sources of reproductive material for utilization of indigenous woody plants in landscape planning and urban greenery

Woody Plants in Landscape Planning and Landscape Design 209

distribution of dry mass is rather balanced between underground and upper organs of *Pyrus pyraster* (S : R = 1.11) (Table 2). The impact of water stress on distribution of dry mass to organs has not been documented. According to the obtained results seedlings under stress and in control conditions had very similar values of the shoot : root ratio (S : R = 0.87 and 0.93). The impact of water stress is manifested in production of dry mass of roots, that represents average value of the parameter for one plant (DWR=0.59g). While in control conditions the average value of this parameter is nearly twice higher (DWR=1.22g). Dry mass distribution patterns typical for particular species are determining also under conditions of differentiated water regime. Service tree (*Sorbus domestica*) preferably accumulates dry mass in root system, wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*) distributes evenly dry mass to upper and undreground organs. Distribution of dry mass in organs of analysed woody plants has not been significantly influenced by drought. Species differentiation in shoot-root ratio (S:R) in favour of the distribution of dry mass in the root was confirmed for young

The content of assimilatory pigments was also evaluated for both species. Significant differences were found in the total chlorophyll content (CC) and the content of carotenoids (CAR) (Table 2). Seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* cumulated a significantly lower content of total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves than did the *Pyrus pyraster* seedlings. The interspecific differences are documented by average values of the total chlorophyll content *Sorbus domestica* (311.67 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) and *Pyrus pyraster* (490.90 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) and also by average values of the carotenoid content for *Sorbus domestica* (72.72 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) and for *Pyrus pyraster* (117.07 mg.mm-2 \*10-6). The ratio of carotenoid to total chlorophyll content (CAR : CC) had the same value (0.24) for both species. In this context, significant differences in the content of the assimilatory pigments indicate differences in the performance of the assimilatory apparatus of the wild pear and service tree in the juvenile phase of growth.

Content of assimilatory pigments of the seedlings was negatively affected by water stress. Under conditions of water scarcity seedlings produced significantly less chlorophyll (346.02 mg.mm-2 \*10-6), as well as carotenoids (84.42 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) than in control conditions (CC=456.55 mg.mm-2 \*10-6, CAR = 105.37 mg.mm-2 \*10-6). The ratio of the carotenoid content to total chlorophyll content CAR : CC differs significantly according to level of the substrate

(g) S/R LWC

*Sorbus domestica* 12016,5b 1,19b 0,55a 0,20a 0,70a 52,44a 311,67a 72,72a 0,24a *Pyrus pyraster* 6286,99a 0,62a 0,40a 0,26a 1,11b 50,09a 490,90b 117,07b 0,24a Control 12292,3b 1,22b 0,64b 0,34b 0,87a 48,78a 456,55b 105,37b 0,23b Stress 6011,13a 0,59a 0,31a 0,13a 0,93a 53,75a 346,02a 84,42a 0,25a Table 2. Average values of the selected physiological parameters of one-year seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* L. and *Pyrus pyraster* L. Burgsd. Seedlings were planted in the root boxes under conditions of differentiated water regime. Statistically significant differences (according to 95% LSD test) between average values of the analysed parameters are

(%)

CC (mg.mm-2)\* 10-6

CAR (mg.mm-2)\* 10-6

CAR/CC

cuttings of poplar Ibrahim et al.(1997).

Parameter

documented by different letters.

A (mm2) DWR (g)

DWL (g)

DWS

Source of variance

Fig. 7. The root box constructed from a metal frame and glass front wall used for the analytical assessment of the root growth and structures (Drobná, 2010).

Data were analysed from two growing seasons in 2010 and 2011 for each taxon under two variations of water regimes (40% and 60% substrate saturation). There was calculated S: R ratio for particular species and both variants of the substrate saturation. The relationship between chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the plants under stress and control conditions, as well as impact of water stress on complex of assimilatory pigments were analysed. A statistical assessment of these parameters was conducted by regression analysis and multivariate analysis of variance of using the statistical software Statgraphics Centurion XV (StatPoint Technologies, USA). A P < 0.05 was consisted statistically significant.

The reactions of two woody plant species *Pyrus pyraster* a *Sorbus domestica* on water stress in the juvenile phase of their growth (one-year old seedlings) were analysed in the model experiments with controlled water regime. In the first step of analysis, the size of the leaf area, dry weight of roots, shoots and leaves (DW) were determined, leaf water content calculated and the content of assimilatory pigments was quantified. In the last analysis, the significant interspecific differences in the size of leaf area were documented (Table 2), when *Sorbus domestica* had nearly twice higher leaf area than *Pyrus pyraster*. The difference in the size of the leaf area has not been accompanied by significant differences in accumulation of dry mass of leaves. However, there were differences in the investment of assimilates, *Sorbus domestica* used them for growth of the leaf area and *Pyrus pyraster* for construction of the mesophyll structures. The interspecific differences are documented also by values of the specific leaf area (SLA) for *Sorbus domestica* (SLA = 0.0219 m2.g-1) and for *Pyrus pyraster* (SLA = 0.0157 m2.g-1).

Assessment of the dry mass distribution into particular organs of woody plats confirmed different strategies for analysed species. Comparison of the values of shoot : root ratio (S : R) for analysed taxa is also interesting. There were found statistically significant differences, between wild pear and service tree. According to the obtained data, *Sorbus domestica* preferentially distributes higher ammount of dry mass to roots (S : R = 0.70), while

Fig. 7. The root box constructed from a metal frame and glass front wall used for the

XV (StatPoint Technologies, USA). A P < 0.05 was consisted statistically significant.

Data were analysed from two growing seasons in 2010 and 2011 for each taxon under two variations of water regimes (40% and 60% substrate saturation). There was calculated S: R ratio for particular species and both variants of the substrate saturation. The relationship between chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the plants under stress and control conditions, as well as impact of water stress on complex of assimilatory pigments were analysed. A statistical assessment of these parameters was conducted by regression analysis and multivariate analysis of variance of using the statistical software Statgraphics Centurion

The reactions of two woody plant species *Pyrus pyraster* a *Sorbus domestica* on water stress in the juvenile phase of their growth (one-year old seedlings) were analysed in the model experiments with controlled water regime. In the first step of analysis, the size of the leaf area, dry weight of roots, shoots and leaves (DW) were determined, leaf water content calculated and the content of assimilatory pigments was quantified. In the last analysis, the significant interspecific differences in the size of leaf area were documented (Table 2), when *Sorbus domestica* had nearly twice higher leaf area than *Pyrus pyraster*. The difference in the size of the leaf area has not been accompanied by significant differences in accumulation of dry mass of leaves. However, there were differences in the investment of assimilates, *Sorbus domestica* used them for growth of the leaf area and *Pyrus pyraster* for construction of the mesophyll structures. The interspecific differences are documented also by values of the specific leaf area (SLA) for *Sorbus domestica* (SLA = 0.0219 m2.g-1) and for *Pyrus pyraster* (SLA = 0.0157 m2.g-1).

Assessment of the dry mass distribution into particular organs of woody plats confirmed different strategies for analysed species. Comparison of the values of shoot : root ratio (S : R) for analysed taxa is also interesting. There were found statistically significant differences, between wild pear and service tree. According to the obtained data, *Sorbus domestica* preferentially distributes higher ammount of dry mass to roots (S : R = 0.70), while

analytical assessment of the root growth and structures (Drobná, 2010).

distribution of dry mass is rather balanced between underground and upper organs of *Pyrus pyraster* (S : R = 1.11) (Table 2). The impact of water stress on distribution of dry mass to organs has not been documented. According to the obtained results seedlings under stress and in control conditions had very similar values of the shoot : root ratio (S : R = 0.87 and 0.93). The impact of water stress is manifested in production of dry mass of roots, that represents average value of the parameter for one plant (DWR=0.59g). While in control conditions the average value of this parameter is nearly twice higher (DWR=1.22g). Dry mass distribution patterns typical for particular species are determining also under conditions of differentiated water regime. Service tree (*Sorbus domestica*) preferably accumulates dry mass in root system, wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*) distributes evenly dry mass to upper and undreground organs. Distribution of dry mass in organs of analysed woody plants has not been significantly influenced by drought. Species differentiation in shoot-root ratio (S:R) in favour of the distribution of dry mass in the root was confirmed for young cuttings of poplar Ibrahim et al.(1997).

The content of assimilatory pigments was also evaluated for both species. Significant differences were found in the total chlorophyll content (CC) and the content of carotenoids (CAR) (Table 2). Seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* cumulated a significantly lower content of total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves than did the *Pyrus pyraster* seedlings. The interspecific differences are documented by average values of the total chlorophyll content *Sorbus domestica* (311.67 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) and *Pyrus pyraster* (490.90 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) and also by average values of the carotenoid content for *Sorbus domestica* (72.72 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) and for *Pyrus pyraster* (117.07 mg.mm-2 \*10-6). The ratio of carotenoid to total chlorophyll content (CAR : CC) had the same value (0.24) for both species. In this context, significant differences in the content of the assimilatory pigments indicate differences in the performance of the assimilatory apparatus of the wild pear and service tree in the juvenile phase of growth.

Content of assimilatory pigments of the seedlings was negatively affected by water stress. Under conditions of water scarcity seedlings produced significantly less chlorophyll (346.02 mg.mm-2 \*10-6), as well as carotenoids (84.42 mg.mm-2 \*10-6) than in control conditions (CC=456.55 mg.mm-2 \*10-6, CAR = 105.37 mg.mm-2 \*10-6). The ratio of the carotenoid content to total chlorophyll content CAR : CC differs significantly according to level of the substrate


Table 2. Average values of the selected physiological parameters of one-year seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* L. and *Pyrus pyraster* L. Burgsd. Seedlings were planted in the root boxes under conditions of differentiated water regime. Statistically significant differences (according to 95% LSD test) between average values of the analysed parameters are documented by different letters.

Woody Plants in Landscape Planning and Landscape Design 211

Fig. 9. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* growing under conditions of water stress. Correlation

Fig. 10. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Pyrus pyraster* growing under control conditions. Correlation coefficient

coefficient (r) = 0.995305 p value = 0.0004

(r) = 0.980787, p value = 0.0000

saturation in variant stress (0.25) and under control conditions (0.23). The content of carotenoids in the leaves increased in conditions of water scarcity. That is evidence of the negative impact of drought on the complex of assimilatory pigments. The results (Table 2) document species differentiation in production of the assimilatory pigments for individuals in the juvenile phase of growth, as well as significant impact of drought on the total content and particular components of the assimilatory pigments.

An interesting view on responses of the analysed woody plants is supplied within comparison of the relationship between parameters leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of leaf area (A). The relationship between these parameters is highly significant in both variants of the substrate saturation (stress and control) for *Sorbus domestica* (Fig. 8 and 9). The course of values is described by an exponential function in control variant: Y = (a + b\*X)2

$$\mathbf{A} = \begin{pmatrix} -1.68046 \mathbf{E}^8 + 6.45785 \mathbf{E} 8^\* \mathbf{D} \mathbf{W}\_{\mathcal{L}} \end{pmatrix} \mathbf{j}$$

by contrast, in stress variant is documented with an exponential function: Y = a + b\*X2

$$\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{3723.8} + \mathbf{23848.7^\circ} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{W\_L^2}.$$

Under conditions of water scarcity, *Sorbus domestica* accumulated less dry mass in the leaves and significantly reduced the growth of leaf area, that is evident in the course of the functional relationship of these parameters. In the control variant (Fig. 8) the value of leaf dry weight (DWL= 0.63g) corresponds to leaf area size (A = 14800 mm2), whilst in the stress variant (Fig. 9) the same value of leaf dry weight (DWL =0.63 g) corresponds to higher size of the leaf area (A = 11800 mm2). *Sorbus domestica* significantly reduced growth of the leaf area under conditions of water scarcity and formed thicker leaves, probably for better water management.

Fig. 8. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* growing under control conditions. Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.992349 p value = 0.0008

saturation in variant stress (0.25) and under control conditions (0.23). The content of carotenoids in the leaves increased in conditions of water scarcity. That is evidence of the negative impact of drought on the complex of assimilatory pigments. The results (Table 2) document species differentiation in production of the assimilatory pigments for individuals in the juvenile phase of growth, as well as significant impact of drought on the total content

An interesting view on responses of the analysed woody plants is supplied within comparison of the relationship between parameters leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of leaf area (A). The relationship between these parameters is highly significant in both variants of the substrate saturation (stress and control) for *Sorbus domestica* (Fig. 8 and 9). The course of

A = (-1.68046E8 + 6.45785E8\*DWL)2,

A = 3723.8 + 23848.7\*DWL2. Under conditions of water scarcity, *Sorbus domestica* accumulated less dry mass in the leaves and significantly reduced the growth of leaf area, that is evident in the course of the functional relationship of these parameters. In the control variant (Fig. 8) the value of leaf dry weight (DWL= 0.63g) corresponds to leaf area size (A = 14800 mm2), whilst in the stress variant (Fig. 9) the same value of leaf dry weight (DWL =0.63 g) corresponds to higher size of the leaf area (A = 11800 mm2). *Sorbus domestica* significantly reduced growth of the leaf area under conditions

by contrast, in stress variant is documented with an exponential function: Y = a + b\*X2

of water scarcity and formed thicker leaves, probably for better water management.

Fig. 8. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* growing under control conditions. Correlation coefficient (r) =

0.992349 p value = 0.0008

values is described by an exponential function in control variant: Y = (a + b\*X)2

and particular components of the assimilatory pigments.

Fig. 9. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Sorbus domestica* growing under conditions of water stress. Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.995305 p value = 0.0004

Fig. 10. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Pyrus pyraster* growing under control conditions. Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.980787, p value = 0.0000

Woody Plants in Landscape Planning and Landscape Design 213

This study describes criteria and tools for woody plant selection for landscape planning, where there is potential to use a wider range of species. A limiting factor for selection of other woody plant species is the lack of information about their eco-physiological characteristics. These are key characteristics of the adaptability of woody plants to changed

The new planning and design concept allows for taking parts of nature with its specific beauty and amenity for urban spaces, as well as using native species and their communities for urban plantings. Utilization of indigenous species should support an increase of the

The advantage of using native woody plant species in landscape planning and design is the broad base of their genetic resources in the landscape and this represents a sufficient basis

Efficient use of indigenous species of plants and trees in landscape planning requires welldefined selective criteria within natural populations of plants, thus enabling distinguishing from within the native populations genotypes with the appropriate traits for specific

The evaluation of woody plants and their responses to specific conditions and stress factors in the urban environment and cultural landscape requires exact assessment methods and techniques. The results presented synthesize information about woody plants obtained from field research on original stands in the landscape, as well as findings obtained from experimental research held under controlled conditions (study aimed at assessing the impact of drought

*Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster* are considered to be light-demanding woody plants with similar ecological requirements on environmental conditions. However, their adaptability

Data about the phenotypic structure and properties of the natural genetic resources were collected within a programme of selection of woody plant species for landscapes and urban environments. According to the ensemble of the quantitative and qualitative phenotypic traits the most valuable architectural individuals can be selected. The selected genotypes are recommended for further testing under controlled and regulated conditions in order to determine their adaptability to negative (stress) factors. These selection principles were used within assessment of the indigenous woody plant species *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster*

Reactions of woody plants on water stress were evaluated in the juvenile phase of their growth. Significant interspecific differences in the size of leaf area were documented, with *Sorbus domestica* having nearly double the leaf area of *Pyrus pyraster*. The difference in the size of the leaf area has not been accompanied by significant differences in accumulation of dry mass of leaves. However, there were differences in the investment of assimilates, *Sorbus domestica* used them for growth of the leaf area and *Pyrus pyraster* for construction of the

biodiversity in urban areas with ecologically better balanced plant communities.

environmental conditions in the cultural landscape and urban areas.

for the selection of the most suitable phenotypes and individuals.

**5. Conclusions**

environmental conditions.

in Slovakia.

mesophyll structures.

on some physiological parameters).

and response to water scarcity are different.

Fig. 11. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Pyrus pyraster* growing under conditions of water stress. Correlation coefficient (r) = 0.984167, p value = 0.0000

The relationship between size of the leaf area (A) and leaf dry weight (DWL) is highly significant and closely correlated (r = 0.98) for the wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*). It is described by double reciprocal function: Y = 1/(a + b/X) in both variants of the substrate saturation (stress and control).

The reduction of growth of the leaf area under water stress conditions has been documented also for *Pyrus pyraster* according the course of the functional relationship between the analysed parameters. In the control variant the leaf area 9000 mm2 corresponds to leaf dry weight DWL= 0.60g, whilst in the stress variant (Fig. 11) the same value of leaf dry weight corresponds to lower leaf area to about 7000 mm2. Wild pear also demonstrated a reduction of the leaf area in conditions of water scarcity. However, wild pear forms a lower leaf area in comparison to the service tree generally.

In this context it is interesting to note that between the wild pear and the service tree seedlings analysed in the juvenile phase of growth, significant differences in leaf water content (LWC) were not confirmed (Table 2). The average value of the leaf water content for the wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*) was 50.2% and for the service tree (*Sorbus domestica*) the average value of the same parameter was 52.4 %. Non-significant differences of LWC were found also for seedlings growing in conditions of the different level of substrate saturation: control (48.8%), stress (53.7%).

Both species are able to maintain balanced water content in leaves, even in conditions of water scarcity. However, they probably use different mechanisms of adaptability to water stress.

#### **5. Conclusions**

212 Landscape Planning

Fig. 11. Simple regression between leaf dry weight (DWL) and size of the leaf area (A) for seedlings of *Pyrus pyraster* growing under conditions of water stress. Correlation coefficient

The relationship between size of the leaf area (A) and leaf dry weight (DWL) is highly significant and closely correlated (r = 0.98) for the wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*). It is described by double reciprocal function: Y = 1/(a + b/X) in both variants of the substrate saturation

The reduction of growth of the leaf area under water stress conditions has been documented also for *Pyrus pyraster* according the course of the functional relationship between the analysed parameters. In the control variant the leaf area 9000 mm2 corresponds to leaf dry weight DWL= 0.60g, whilst in the stress variant (Fig. 11) the same value of leaf dry weight corresponds to lower leaf area to about 7000 mm2. Wild pear also demonstrated a reduction of the leaf area in conditions of water scarcity. However, wild pear forms a lower leaf area in

In this context it is interesting to note that between the wild pear and the service tree seedlings analysed in the juvenile phase of growth, significant differences in leaf water content (LWC) were not confirmed (Table 2). The average value of the leaf water content for the wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*) was 50.2% and for the service tree (*Sorbus domestica*) the average value of the same parameter was 52.4 %. Non-significant differences of LWC were found also for seedlings growing in conditions of the different level of substrate saturation: control (48.8%), stress (53.7%). Both species are able to maintain balanced water content in leaves, even in conditions of water scarcity. However, they probably use different mechanisms of adaptability to water

(r) = 0.984167, p value = 0.0000

comparison to the service tree generally.

(stress and control).

stress.

This study describes criteria and tools for woody plant selection for landscape planning, where there is potential to use a wider range of species. A limiting factor for selection of other woody plant species is the lack of information about their eco-physiological characteristics. These are key characteristics of the adaptability of woody plants to changed environmental conditions in the cultural landscape and urban areas.

The new planning and design concept allows for taking parts of nature with its specific beauty and amenity for urban spaces, as well as using native species and their communities for urban plantings. Utilization of indigenous species should support an increase of the biodiversity in urban areas with ecologically better balanced plant communities.

The advantage of using native woody plant species in landscape planning and design is the broad base of their genetic resources in the landscape and this represents a sufficient basis for the selection of the most suitable phenotypes and individuals.

Efficient use of indigenous species of plants and trees in landscape planning requires welldefined selective criteria within natural populations of plants, thus enabling distinguishing from within the native populations genotypes with the appropriate traits for specific environmental conditions.

The evaluation of woody plants and their responses to specific conditions and stress factors in the urban environment and cultural landscape requires exact assessment methods and techniques.

The results presented synthesize information about woody plants obtained from field research on original stands in the landscape, as well as findings obtained from experimental research held under controlled conditions (study aimed at assessing the impact of drought on some physiological parameters).

*Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster* are considered to be light-demanding woody plants with similar ecological requirements on environmental conditions. However, their adaptability and response to water scarcity are different.

Data about the phenotypic structure and properties of the natural genetic resources were collected within a programme of selection of woody plant species for landscapes and urban environments. According to the ensemble of the quantitative and qualitative phenotypic traits the most valuable architectural individuals can be selected. The selected genotypes are recommended for further testing under controlled and regulated conditions in order to determine their adaptability to negative (stress) factors. These selection principles were used within assessment of the indigenous woody plant species *Sorbus domestica* and *Pyrus pyraster* in Slovakia.

Reactions of woody plants on water stress were evaluated in the juvenile phase of their growth. Significant interspecific differences in the size of leaf area were documented, with *Sorbus domestica* having nearly double the leaf area of *Pyrus pyraster*. The difference in the size of the leaf area has not been accompanied by significant differences in accumulation of dry mass of leaves. However, there were differences in the investment of assimilates, *Sorbus domestica* used them for growth of the leaf area and *Pyrus pyraster* for construction of the mesophyll structures.

Woody Plants in Landscape Planning and Landscape Design 215

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Dry mass distribution patterns characteristic for particular species were also determined under conditions of differentiated water regimes. The service tree (*Sorbus domestica*) preferably accumulates dry mass in the root system, while the wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*) distributes dry mass evenly to upper and underground organs. Distribution of dry mass in the organs of the analysed woody plants was not significantly influenced by drought.

Content of assimilatory pigments of the seedlings was negatively affected by water stress. Under conditions of water scarcity, seedlings produced significantly less chlorophyll and carotenoids than in control conditions. The carotenoids content to total chlorophyll content ratio (CAR : CC) values differed significantly according to level of the substrate saturation. The content of carotenoids in the leaves increased in conditions of water scarcity. That is evidence of the negative impact of drought on the complex of assimilatory pigments. The results document species differentiation in production of the assimilatory pigments for individuals in the juvenile phase of growth, as well as the significant impact of drought on the total content and particular components of the assimilatory pigments.

Between the evaluated species significant differences of the leaf water content (LWC) were not confirmed in the juvenile phase of growth. Both species are able to maintain balanced water content in the leaves, even in conditions of water scarcity. However, they probably use different adaptability mechanisms to water stress.

#### **6. Acknowledgment**

This research was supported by research grant projects VEGA 1/0426/09 "Plant adaptability and vitality as criteria of their utilization in urban environment and VEGA 1/1170/11 "Anthropogenic impacts on production and quality of surface runoff from small basins in conditions as climate change" from Slovak Grant Agency for Science.

#### **7. References**


Dry mass distribution patterns characteristic for particular species were also determined under conditions of differentiated water regimes. The service tree (*Sorbus domestica*) preferably accumulates dry mass in the root system, while the wild pear (*Pyrus pyraster*) distributes dry mass evenly to upper and underground organs. Distribution of dry mass in the organs of the analysed woody plants was not significantly influenced by drought.

Content of assimilatory pigments of the seedlings was negatively affected by water stress. Under conditions of water scarcity, seedlings produced significantly less chlorophyll and carotenoids than in control conditions. The carotenoids content to total chlorophyll content ratio (CAR : CC) values differed significantly according to level of the substrate saturation. The content of carotenoids in the leaves increased in conditions of water scarcity. That is evidence of the negative impact of drought on the complex of assimilatory pigments. The results document species differentiation in production of the assimilatory pigments for individuals in the juvenile phase of growth, as well as the significant impact of drought on

Between the evaluated species significant differences of the leaf water content (LWC) were not confirmed in the juvenile phase of growth. Both species are able to maintain balanced water content in the leaves, even in conditions of water scarcity. However, they probably

This research was supported by research grant projects VEGA 1/0426/09 "Plant adaptability and vitality as criteria of their utilization in urban environment and VEGA 1/1170/11 "Anthropogenic impacts on production and quality of surface runoff from small

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indigenous vegetation within urban development. *Landscape and Urban Planning*, 68

verbreitung, Ökologie, Standortsansprüche, Konkurrenykraft und waldbauliche

service tree (*Sorbus domestica* L.) seeds from different stands. Acta Horticulturae et Regio Tecturae. *Acta horticulturae et regiotecturae.* 2010. Vol. 13, spec. issue, p. 17--20.

Management of Naturalistic Urban Planting. 2004, Spon press, Taxylor & Francis

basins in conditions as climate change" from Slovak Grant Agency for Science.

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group: London and New York. 484 pp ISBN 0-415-25620-8

the total content and particular components of the assimilatory pigments.

use different adaptability mechanisms to water stress.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

**7. References** 

( 2004) 439-452.

ISSN 1335-2563.


**10** 

*Portugal* 

**Integration of Infrastructures in Landscape – An Opportunity to** 

Maria José Curado and Teresa Portela Marques

**Landscape Planning Improvement** 

*CIBIO - Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto* 

This paper presents a work that was developed during three years, in a partnership between the company EDP Distribuição, SA (Grupo EDP- Energias de Portugal SA) and the Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto (CIBIO/ UP), financially supported by the PPDA - Promotion of Environmental Performance Plan approved by the Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE). The objective of this work was the production of a Manual of Good Integration Landscape Practices of the Infrastructure of the Distribution Network. This manual aims to present a set of strategies, guidelines and practices for landscaping integration, in mainland Portugal, of electrical infrastructures, namely: Substations, Lines of High, Medium and Low Voltage, Transformer

The work had two major challenges: on the one hand, the development of technically sound solutions and proposals from the standpoint of landscape integration of these infrastructures, minimizing their impact; on the other hand, ensure ease of use and the application of this technical manual for non-specialists in the field of landscape. Thus, it was essential to know how the planning and design of these infrastructures in the company was

The principle from which the methodological and conceptual process began, developed for the construction of this Manual of Good Integration Landscape Practices of Electrical Infrastructures (figure 1) was that electrical infrastructures cause always an impact in the landscape. On the majority of cases, this impact is negative since it causes an intrusion and a change in landscape character. Therefore, it is essential to analyze and study these two

Concerning landscape, it is important to understand its character that reflects the interaction of the various components of landscape, namely physical, biological, social, cultural, economic and visual. The identification of the character of the landscape allows the identification of the types of landscape with homogeneous characteristics, which requires

carried out, developing a compatible methodology for landscape integration.

**2. Conceptual process for the development of the manual** 

variables - the landscapes and the electrical infrastructures.

**1. Introduction** 

Stations and Urban Cabinets.

