**TRADITIONAL PARADIGM OF THE XX CENTURY:**

Fig. 4. Evolution of the development paradigm. The new paradigm focuses on cultural landscape, integrating sustainable development and life's quality [53].

### **4.4 Territorial arrangement and cultural landscape design**

Territorial arrangement and planning is not only a technological, ecological and political subject, there are also related with the spirits of age and place (*Zeitgeist* and *Volksgeist*). The Territorial arrangements of a country and places are always related with culture [15].

**TRADITIONAL PARADIGM OF THE XX CENTURY:** 

**NEW PARADIGM OF THE XXI CENTURY:** 

Fig. 4. Evolution of the development paradigm. The new paradigm focuses on cultural

Territorial arrangements of a country and places are always related with culture [15].

Territorial arrangement and planning is not only a technological, ecological and political subject, there are also related with the spirits of age and place (*Zeitgeist* and *Volksgeist*). The

landscape, integrating sustainable development and life's quality [53].

**4.4 Territorial arrangement and cultural landscape design** 

The European Cart of Territory Arragement, emphasized regional territorial balance. They pursued a territorial arrangement with the best distribution of spatial and human activities, to achieve the best combination, as a function of societies´ requirements given its culture, ecological limitations and potential, as well as, life quality optimization and sustainable development. The multiple use principle is a main argument referring to the purpose and management of territorial resources, in order to provide a better use for human requirements without causing ecosystem degradation, as well as, setting up areas for human life and integral development. Thus, multiple use of the territory focuses on different objectives from many sectors and subjects [70].

Watershed is the basic unit for territorial arrangement and where biocenosis (phytocenosis and zoocenosis) interact with the ecotop. Social, economic, institutional and cultural dimensions of the stakeholders administration, resource management and arrangement at the watershed level, are related with α, β, γ diversity.

The design of the cultural landscape is an essential element and operator to reach the goal of balance, the stakeholders need in the landscape context [71]. Presently it is necessary in order to increase territorial services and sustainability, not only to preserve but also to design and construct [13], with an integrative, dynamic, intentional and collective approach. The fundamental dimensions in the cultural landscape design are: ecological, anthropic functionality, life and leisure, and aesthetics.

The ecological dimension refers to system sustainability as a result of cultural landscape nature conservation, ecological connectivity and ecodiversity. It optimizes the positive and negative ecosystem effects, designs the structural cycles (recycling) and ecosystem efficiency, in addition to stability (energy, matter and information). Another key concept is technological receptivity, defined as the amount of technology that could be applied in each particular site to produce a desired sustainable output. Technological receptivity allowed discriminating differences to select the right operator [14].

The functionality dimension is reared towards human actions aspiring to accomplish the activities associated with stakeholders' objectives. The aesthetic dimension deals with symmetry, beauty and landscape perception, which deals with elements such as forms, colors, textures, borders, observations points, etc. Life and leisure dimension are related with resting places for the social actors amusement. Leisure is something highly valuated associated with the creative potential of people and human development [72]. All of this is related with the concept of biophylia, which can be defined as the inherent tendency of humankind to get closer to different kinds of life and natural processes, desirable for a better life quality in step with human evolution during a long period of time.

The landscape design methodology is presented in Figure 5. The first stage is the polithemathic analysis of the landscape's limits, including: zoning, technology, hydrology and the natural matrix in a topological arrangement. The second stage established the threshold of the landscape: functionality, aesthetics, ecology, as well as life and leisure. Then, in the third stage, the territorial components: *saltus*, *ager* and *polis,* and their relative proportions in cultural landscape types: wildland, rural and urban. The last part is directly related with the construction of cultural landscapes by the action of the stakeholders and stockholders.

Agriculture and Rurality as Constructor of Sustainable Cultural Landscape 167

Governance refers to the art and the way of carrying out government, as well as, the executive action. Governance emerges based on the general request for the administration of: natural resources, world ecosystems and territory development. It should be allowed an antrophic control of the phenomena. Governance improves public policies and collective actions to solve problems and take care of the integral development. Nevertheless, it is not possible to predict the future cultural landscape but to simulate and evaluate further scenarios [30]. Some handling capacity can be developed in order to shift to a more specific

Jentoft [44] states that territorial governance is basically a relationship between two systems: the government system and the governed system. The first is a structure of institutions and control mechanisms. The second is partially social and partially natural: it consists in one ecosystem coupled with its resources, as well as stakeholders, all of them developing institutions and political conditions. Territorial government is related to the connections of both subsystems, by integrating them into only one. In order to make operative governance,

Jentoft [44] has developed a governance model, where both systems (government and

Fig. 6. Territorial governance model. The governed system attributes and the requirements

An ecosystem service is a basic element for the territorial sustainable governance that supports life on earth and takes care of the diversity of those services within a varied cultural landscape [74, 75]. These services are necessary for human survivorship and social development [1, 2, 13, 76]. Since ecological services are not tradable in financial markets,

**4.5 Cultural landscape governance** 

governed) should be efficient (Figure 6).

the government system must have [44].

and desirable situation for a particular culture and stakeholder.

both systems should be mutually sensible, combined and coevolving [40].

Fig. 5. General methodological model for the cultural landscape design and construction of a sustainable development.

The design and construction of sustainable cultural landscapes include:


#### **4.5 Cultural landscape governance**

166 Landscape Planning

Fig. 5. General methodological model for the cultural landscape design and construction of a




functionality requires the complementation and integration of their components. - Location. Technological receptivity and ecosystem resilience is a function of the location

The design and construction of sustainable cultural landscapes include:

sustainable development.

stakeholder and technology.

of the watershed and biocenosis type [70].

Governance refers to the art and the way of carrying out government, as well as, the executive action. Governance emerges based on the general request for the administration of: natural resources, world ecosystems and territory development. It should be allowed an antrophic control of the phenomena. Governance improves public policies and collective actions to solve problems and take care of the integral development. Nevertheless, it is not possible to predict the future cultural landscape but to simulate and evaluate further scenarios [30]. Some handling capacity can be developed in order to shift to a more specific and desirable situation for a particular culture and stakeholder.

Jentoft [44] states that territorial governance is basically a relationship between two systems: the government system and the governed system. The first is a structure of institutions and control mechanisms. The second is partially social and partially natural: it consists in one ecosystem coupled with its resources, as well as stakeholders, all of them developing institutions and political conditions. Territorial government is related to the connections of both subsystems, by integrating them into only one. In order to make operative governance, both systems should be mutually sensible, combined and coevolving [40].

Jentoft [44] has developed a governance model, where both systems (government and governed) should be efficient (Figure 6).

Fig. 6. Territorial governance model. The governed system attributes and the requirements the government system must have [44].

An ecosystem service is a basic element for the territorial sustainable governance that supports life on earth and takes care of the diversity of those services within a varied cultural landscape [74, 75]. These services are necessary for human survivorship and social development [1, 2, 13, 76]. Since ecological services are not tradable in financial markets,

Agriculture and Rurality as Constructor of Sustainable Cultural Landscape 169

One of the main principles for landscape planning is to minimize negative effects, give equal opportunities and maximize the aptitude, all of this in interaction. In order to plan, design and govern the cultural landscape, it is essential to follow the value based model, defined by

Fig. 8. Model for planning and designing a cultural landscape in order to provide a

Artificialization is defined as a way to apply a certain amount and kind of technology to transform the ecosystem. The resulting ecosystem transformation is a function of the technical inputs. Thus, the end result could express the main functions. One of them is the anthropic benefits brought about as a consequence of this transformation. Still, there is a cost

In general, and consistent with the degree of artificialization the cost increases significantly in vulnerable ecosystems. In contrast, the benefits of marginal ecosystems usually increase very little compared with the degree of artificialization. If this case were to happen, both functions would never intersect. As a consequence this extreme vulnerable ecosystem

Then again, there are highly stables ecosystems where the additional costs to keep them sustainable are insignificant, but the output benefits of artificialization are high. In this case

Under usual condition, namely ecosystems which are not extremely vulnerable nor highly stable, there is an intermediate degree of potential sustainable artificialization (Figure 9). At the right side of the figure, the artificialization costs are greater than the benefits, and thus, the degree of transformation should be no higher than this magnitude. In contrast, at the left side, the cost is lower than the benefits, so it is fine to transform the landscape up to this magnitude. This defines the artificialization for the sustainable cultural landscape

should not be artificialized at all, being necessary to preserve them in a natural state.

**5.2 Planning and design of sustainable cultural landscape model** 

the particular culture (Figure 8).

sustainable governance [51].

construction.

**5.3 Ecosystem artificialization and sustainability** 

associated with the work inputs applied to the ecosystem.

the degree of sustainable artificialization could be immense.

there is a shortage of regulatory mechanisms to detect the supply and ecosystem damage [2, 74, 75, 77-79]. Human economy can´t operate without ecosystem services, and thus, the financial value is infinite. Constanza *et al*. [74] present seventeen categories of ecosystem services: gas regulation, climatic regulation, disruption regulation, hydric regulation, water supply, erosion control, soil formation, nutrient cycle, waste treatment, pollination, biological control, shelter, food production, raw materials, genetic resources, recreation, and culture.

It is amazing to notice that conventional productive agriculture only generates two of those seventeen categories: food and raw materials. What is more, the green revolution of industrial agriculture has a negative effect on the other fifteen. However, it´s important to mention that rurality is concerned about all seventeen ecological services.
