**3. Urban green space systems**

Urban Green spaces refer to those land uses and land cover that are covered with natural or man-made vegetation in the city and planning areas. It has been long argued about the definition of green space system. Different disciplines have used various definitions from their own professional concept, such as Horticultural Greenland System, Urban Greenland System, Ecological Greenland System, and Urban Green Space and Green Open Space (Manlun, 2003).



Urban Green Space System Planning 111

Green Belt land is contributing to the healthy ecosystems which underpin many natural processes supporting a range of services including pollination, soil fertility, flood defense, air filtration and carbon capture and storage. Without the Green Belt designation it is likely that a proportion of this land would have been lost to urban development and associated infrastructure. Green Belt landscapes have been fragmented by development in a number of locations over time, however, and there may be a correlation between this and the relative lack of large and/or nationally important nature conservation areas. Green Belt land needs to be recognized as an integral part of ecological networks, forming healthy, functioning ecosystems to benefit wildlife and the people who live in adjacent towns and cities

Fig. 1. Green belts in England (http://www. buildinglanduk. co. uk/greenbelt-land-uk. htm)

Greenways are being designated as green network in cities and countryside throughout North America and elsewhere. Sometimes these conservation areas are a response to environmental problems, such as flooding or degrading water quality. Other times their creation is an act of pure vision— people imagining a better community— one where people and natural

(Anonymous, 2010).


Table 1. Urban green space systems in the different countries (Hellmund and Smith, 2006)

Owl dispersal corridor in the Juncrook area of the Mt. Hood National Forest in Oregon; Marine dispersal corridors for blue crab in

North Andean Patagonian Regional

Pan-European Ecological Network for Central and Eastern Europe

the Chesapeake Bay

Eco-Corridor Project

environmental corridors

greenbelt

Nanjing, China

City of Boulder, Colorado, greenbelt; London, England,

San Mateo County, California, Shared Vision 2010 for the county's future development green frame; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, green frame

The agricultural open space surrounded by the Randstad, Holland's urban ring, consisting of the cities of Amsterdam, The Hague,

Rotterdam, and Utrecht

metropolitan area

British Columbia

Structure Plan

Maryland Greenprint Program; Chatfield Basin Conservation Network— Denver, Colorado,

Buffalo Bayou and Beyond for the 21st Century Plan, Houston, Texas, area

Green Links initiative to connect isolated patches of habitat

throughout the lower mainland of

"open space") across North America

Greater Copenhagen Green

Dispersal corridor Facilitate migration and other

processes.

Green Frame Provide a network of greenspace

widely used.

Green fingers Purify stormwater through bioswales.

Green links Connect separated greenspace.

Ecological networks Facilitate movement or other

Ecological corridors (eco-corridors)

Environmental

Green extensions

Green heart

Green infrastructure

Greenspace or green

Green structure or greenstructure

Greenbelts

movement of wildlife.

ecological processes.

Facilitate movement of animals, plants, or other ecological

corridor Protect environmental quality. Southeastern Wisconsin

Protect natural or agricultural lands to restrict or direct metropolitan growth.

Put residents in contact with nature in their day-to-day lives through a system of residential public greenspace, shaded sidewalks, and riparian strips.

for a metropolis or larger area.

Protect a large area of greenspace

development. Originally referred

Protect greenspace for multiple objectives on equal grounds with gray infrastructure (i. e. , roads, utility lines, etc. ).

Connect separated areas of greenspace and provide a structure around which

development may occur. Term is commonly used in Europe.

space Protect lands from development. Countless systems (usually called

Table 1. Urban green space systems in the different countries (Hellmund and Smith, 2006)

that is surrounded by

to a specific area in the Netherlands, but now more Green Belt land is contributing to the healthy ecosystems which underpin many natural processes supporting a range of services including pollination, soil fertility, flood defense, air filtration and carbon capture and storage. Without the Green Belt designation it is likely that a proportion of this land would have been lost to urban development and associated infrastructure. Green Belt landscapes have been fragmented by development in a number of locations over time, however, and there may be a correlation between this and the relative lack of large and/or nationally important nature conservation areas. Green Belt land needs to be recognized as an integral part of ecological networks, forming healthy, functioning ecosystems to benefit wildlife and the people who live in adjacent towns and cities (Anonymous, 2010).

Fig. 1. Green belts in England (http://www. buildinglanduk. co. uk/greenbelt-land-uk. htm)

Greenways are being designated as green network in cities and countryside throughout North America and elsewhere. Sometimes these conservation areas are a response to environmental problems, such as flooding or degrading water quality. Other times their creation is an act of pure vision— people imagining a better community— one where people and natural

Urban Green Space System Planning 113

while parks comprise a large portion of green and open space, other types of urban greenspace and open spaces are present too including plazas, urban trails and even well-

vegetated streets (Byrne and Sipe, 2010).

Fig. 2. Classification of green spaces according to the property.

Fig. 3. Urban Park in Ankara, Turkey (http://www.anfaaltinpark.com.tr/)

processes coexist more closely. Often, despite this recent popularity, people fail to recognize the full range of contributions greenways can make to society and the environment. It is as if open spaces, especially in metropolitan areas, have been thought of as just so much generic greenery, mere backdrops for people's activities. In this chapter we suggest why greenways are deserving of their newfound popularity and how their functions can be enhanced, but also consider their limitations. We discuss how the greenway concept came to be, how it has been defined, and how its spatial form and content have varied. We also highlight the significant social and ecological functions of greenways, in advance of a fuller discussion of greenway ecology and design in subsequent chapters (Hellmund and Smith, 2006).

A network of green spaces which supply life support functions including food, fiber, air to breathe, places for nature and places for recreation. The Green Infrastructure approach seeks to use regulatory or planning policy mechanisms to safeguard natural areas. Multifunctional green infrastructure refers to different functions or activities taking place on the same piece of land and at the same time. For example, a flood plain providing a repository for flood waters, grazing land, a nature reserve and a place for recreation (Anonymous, 2010).

#### **4. Classification of urban green/open spaces types**

There are different ways to classify urban open space and greenspace, such as its size, how people use it, its intended function, its location etc. (Byrne and Sipe, 2010). Types of green spaces that serve different uses over the city, green space systems can be created as a result of efficient organization. In this context, urban green areas were classified different categories, according to the spatial characteristics, service purposes and state of property. Classification of green spaces is seen in the figure 1 according to the property.

#### **4.1 Parks/public open space**

Nowadays, in the cities, there are limited green areas. Parks or public open spaces are very important in the life of urban people. People who lives in the cities want to go outside (especially green areas) whenever they have spare time. They go parks or public open spaces. Parks are designed different type, size, and functions. In the parks, people can do lots of activities.

Typically classification types are based upon the size of the park, its deemed function, it geographic location and the types of facilities present within the park and sometimes the degree of naturalness of the park. Parks can be variously described as urban parks, nature parks, pocket parks, district parks, community parks, neighbourhood parks, sporting fields, urban forests and the like. But there are other ways of classifying parks too. These include factors such as the activities that occur within the park (e. g. cricket oval, skateboard park, bowling green), the agency responsible for managing the park (e. g. national park, state park, city park), the history of the park (e. g. heritage rose garden), the condition of the park, the land use history of the area (e. g. street-corner neighbourhood park), the types of people who use the park, landscaping and embellishments (e. g. dog park, bike park or Chinese garden) and the philosophy behind the park's development (e. g. recreation reserve or civic square). Combining these various factors can result in all sorts of combinations and permutations, rendering a standardized method of classifying parks virtually impossible and rather pointless. Parks are not the only type of urban greenspace though. In most cities

processes coexist more closely. Often, despite this recent popularity, people fail to recognize the full range of contributions greenways can make to society and the environment. It is as if open spaces, especially in metropolitan areas, have been thought of as just so much generic greenery, mere backdrops for people's activities. In this chapter we suggest why greenways are deserving of their newfound popularity and how their functions can be enhanced, but also consider their limitations. We discuss how the greenway concept came to be, how it has been defined, and how its spatial form and content have varied. We also highlight the significant social and ecological functions of greenways, in advance of a fuller discussion of greenway

A network of green spaces which supply life support functions including food, fiber, air to breathe, places for nature and places for recreation. The Green Infrastructure approach seeks to use regulatory or planning policy mechanisms to safeguard natural areas. Multifunctional green infrastructure refers to different functions or activities taking place on the same piece of land and at the same time. For example, a flood plain providing a repository for flood

There are different ways to classify urban open space and greenspace, such as its size, how people use it, its intended function, its location etc. (Byrne and Sipe, 2010). Types of green spaces that serve different uses over the city, green space systems can be created as a result of efficient organization. In this context, urban green areas were classified different categories, according to the spatial characteristics, service purposes and state of property.

Nowadays, in the cities, there are limited green areas. Parks or public open spaces are very important in the life of urban people. People who lives in the cities want to go outside (especially green areas) whenever they have spare time. They go parks or public open spaces. Parks are designed different type, size, and functions. In the parks, people can do

Typically classification types are based upon the size of the park, its deemed function, it geographic location and the types of facilities present within the park and sometimes the degree of naturalness of the park. Parks can be variously described as urban parks, nature parks, pocket parks, district parks, community parks, neighbourhood parks, sporting fields, urban forests and the like. But there are other ways of classifying parks too. These include factors such as the activities that occur within the park (e. g. cricket oval, skateboard park, bowling green), the agency responsible for managing the park (e. g. national park, state park, city park), the history of the park (e. g. heritage rose garden), the condition of the park, the land use history of the area (e. g. street-corner neighbourhood park), the types of people who use the park, landscaping and embellishments (e. g. dog park, bike park or Chinese garden) and the philosophy behind the park's development (e. g. recreation reserve or civic square). Combining these various factors can result in all sorts of combinations and permutations, rendering a standardized method of classifying parks virtually impossible and rather pointless. Parks are not the only type of urban greenspace though. In most cities

waters, grazing land, a nature reserve and a place for recreation (Anonymous, 2010).

Classification of green spaces is seen in the figure 1 according to the property.

ecology and design in subsequent chapters (Hellmund and Smith, 2006).

**4. Classification of urban green/open spaces types** 

**4.1 Parks/public open space** 

lots of activities.

while parks comprise a large portion of green and open space, other types of urban greenspace and open spaces are present too including plazas, urban trails and even wellvegetated streets (Byrne and Sipe, 2010).

Fig. 2. Classification of green spaces according to the property.

Fig. 3. Urban Park in Ankara, Turkey (http://www.anfaaltinpark.com.tr/)

Urban Green Space System Planning 115

Urban green spaces have many functions and benefits. These functions and benefits are important for to improve life quality in the urban areas. Green spaces provide linkage between people (who lives in the urban) and nature. So, these areas are very important for





Urban green spaces are important as functions and meanings for (Alm, 2007): - Urban climate, noise moderation, air cleaning and handle of surface water

Fig. 5. National Park, Küre Mountains, Bartn, Turkey.

**5. Benefits of urban green spaces** 


and as spreading corridors.

citizenship, for education.


quality and beauty, providing a reserve.

and parts of the urban landscape.


the urban people.

Fig. 4. Pocket Park in Çorum, Turkey.

Times have changed, somewhat. Sitting in a municipal park, looking at the flowers and listening to the occasional brass band do not feature prominently in surveys reviewing the popularity of leisure-time activities. Rather, people desire access to rich and varied landscapes with scope for many outdoor activities. Park planners responded to the new age by tearing down park railings and planning webs of interconnected green space, originally known as park systems. The diagnosis was correct. The treatment was pathetically oversimplified. Public open space should be planned in conjunction with other land-uses for multiple objectives. New parks and new links should be designed by planning recreational and conservation uses in conjunction with other land-uses: urban reservoirs can make splendid waterparks; ornithological habitats and hides should be designed in conjunction with sewage farms; wildlife corridors should be planned beside roads, railways and streams; flood prevention works can yield canoe courses; public gardens can sit on top of office buildings. New uses and new layers of interest should be brought into public open spaces. Some open spaces could supply firewood and wild food (nuts, berries, herbs); others could infiltrate rainwater back into the ground, instead of allowing the water to accentuate flood peaks; Sunday markets can fit well into parks. Every public open space can have a specialist use, in addition to its general functions. One could be a centre for kite flying one for tennis; one for lovers of herbaceous plants; one for reenacting military battles; one for every special recreational type which has a magazine on your local newsstand (Turner, 1998).

Times have changed, somewhat. Sitting in a municipal park, looking at the flowers and listening to the occasional brass band do not feature prominently in surveys reviewing the popularity of leisure-time activities. Rather, people desire access to rich and varied landscapes with scope for many outdoor activities. Park planners responded to the new age by tearing down park railings and planning webs of interconnected green space, originally known as park systems. The diagnosis was correct. The treatment was pathetically oversimplified. Public open space should be planned in conjunction with other land-uses for multiple objectives. New parks and new links should be designed by planning recreational and conservation uses in conjunction with other land-uses: urban reservoirs can make splendid waterparks; ornithological habitats and hides should be designed in conjunction with sewage farms; wildlife corridors should be planned beside roads, railways and streams; flood prevention works can yield canoe courses; public gardens can sit on top of office buildings. New uses and new layers of interest should be brought into public open spaces. Some open spaces could supply firewood and wild food (nuts, berries, herbs); others could infiltrate rainwater back into the ground, instead of allowing the water to accentuate flood peaks; Sunday markets can fit well into parks. Every public open space can have a specialist use, in addition to its general functions. One could be a centre for kite flying one for tennis; one for lovers of herbaceous plants; one for reenacting military battles; one for every special recreational type which has a magazine on your local newsstand (Turner,

Fig. 4. Pocket Park in Çorum, Turkey.

1998).

Fig. 5. National Park, Küre Mountains, Bartn, Turkey.
