**3.1.4 Transplantation time**

Some definite periods of a year are much better for transplantation of plants. But this situation doesn't mean that plants can only be transplanted in these periods. Successful plantation can be made with a more careful digging, planting and after care processes if the transplantation isn't made in these definite periods.

It is very important to determine the weather conditions that will affect the placement stage of plant's plantation and transfer period. This important factor increases the level of success in transplantation of special plant species. In addition to this, in order to make a good development during transplantation, preparations should be completed before planting, landscaping programs and lists should be made and reviewed. Spring season is preferred more in regions that have cold climate. A plant that is transplanted in early spring regains some of its sections that it lost before the weather becomes warmer and it renews itself although partially. A plant that is transplanted in autumn has to be very strong and endure the winter season before completely recover from the shock of transplantation. August is generally preferred for planting evergreen plants in cold climate regions. Transplantation of *Betula sp.* (Birch) species is preferred to be made in early spring. As roots of *Magnolia sp.*  (Magnolia Tree) are damaged during transplantation, they are exposed to fungus disease. This is why transplantation process should be carried out in spring when the plants are awake and their physiological activities are more alive; thus they are more resistant to these diseases. In such cases, the best thing to do is to take professional opinions into consideration (Harris, 1983).

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transplantations shouldn't be made during the middle of spring when fast growth occurs

**Summer:** In summer, plants actively absorb water that is passing through the plants' xylem. This is why too much sap loss will occur in the cut places of roots during plant transplantations in summer. It is determined that when plants grow in spring and complete their development, some of them accommodate better to the summer transplantation. We don't need to worry about the sufficient water amount in plants as active transpiration

**Autumn:** Towards the end of summer season and during autumn, there are generally warm weather conditions that prevent root growth. As the days shorten and weather becomes warmer, plant transpiration decrease. Autumn season is the best season for most of the plants' transplantation. In this season, plants don't loose too much sap. *Citrus sp*. (Lemon), *Hibiscus sp.* (Hibiscus), *Bougainvillea sp.* are the plant species which can be damaged easily without placing their roots. It is better to transplant this kind of fragile plants in spring

**Winter:** As the weather is warm and cold during winter, plant activity decrease which is a big advantage for transplantation. Plants can make use of the cold weather in winter. Transplantation can be done if the freezing level of soil is about 30 cm in big trees. But special attention should be given to pores in order not to freeze, and to roots root ball in order not to be broken. Transplantation at about 3 °C weather is proper as plants can be damaged in other weather conditions. No matter what the season is, plants should be protected from freezing and drying. Planting pits should be filled with water a few times before transplantation. Transplantation area should be mulched; after the area is filled with mulch, other irrigation process can be done although the ground is still always wet. Drainage system is crucial for increasing the success of transplantation process (Kim, 1988).

Plants that are grown in nursery are rich in terms of capillary and hairy roots as they get all the necessary elements. These plants that have compact structures are transplanted very successfully. On the other hand, transplantation of plants that grow in rural areas and forests where maintenance process aren't made is very difficult. In this scope, root of a plant that will be transplanted should be nurtured 1-3 years before the transplantation and other maintenance processes should be completed. Transplantation will be successful if these

Bushes higher than 3-4 meters and shrubs that can reach 8-10 meters are in this group. While root structure of a plant that grows naturally in nature varies, there are root systems that are scattered to the sideways, elongated, and moved into deeps. If nutrient is abundant in the field where these plants grow, these kinds of plants don't need dense and capillary roots. If we try to transplant these kinds of plants without any process, only a part of the root will fit into the root soil and as a result of this, root/body will become unbalanced in the new planting site. This will increase the risk of plant's drying. This is why; root pruning should

**3.2.1 Preparation of large bushes and shrubs for transplantation** 

and at the beginning of summer months (Kim, 1988).

occurs more in hot air (Kim, 1988).

**3.2 Preparation of plants for transplantation** 

conditions are carried out.

(Kim, 1988).

Although antiperspirant sprays are used in plant transplantations that are made off-season, these transplantations shouldn't be made as much as possible especially when the plants have just started to stool. A proper digging process is one of the most important factors in the success of transplantation. Studies until now have shown that digging for the transplantation of a tree in leaf foliated should be made in two stages. Firstly, bottom roots should be dug and irrigated, then after waiting for 7-10 days; all roots should be dug and taken out.

Divaricated and in leaf foliated plants are transplanted mostly at the beginning of autumn and at the end of spring. If the winter is very mild in a region, the transplantation can be done towards winter; but soil should be prepared separately and should be prevented from becoming mud. Transplantation in winter has the advantages of cool and cold weather. But if it becomes too cold, plants may be affected and be damaged. During spring plantations, trees should absolutely be protected from cold weather and soil should be moist.

Plantations at the end of summer and in autumn have a big advantage which is related with the warmth of soil. Soil warmth lead the plant roots grow healthy and distribute. Some plantations during summer gave better results than the spring plantations in terms of longevity.
