**3.3 Transplantation methods**

While determining the transplantation methods of plants: aspects of the natural soil and transplantation area, distance between these areas, aspects of the settlements around these areas, the amount of time between removing and planting the plant, devices that will be used during the process and finance factors have significant roles. In order to make vegetal design of big areas and make successful plantations time, money, protectors and development methods are needed.

Removing the plant which will be transplanted should be made in overcast, rainy weather rather than in windy, sunny, too dry or too cold weather; nights are preferable for transplantation as microorganisms that revitalize root development are protected at night. Microorganisms are damaged and sometimes die because of direct exposure to sun and because of dryer winds. If plants are grown in nurseries, transplanted a few times, while

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Transplantation with soil is the best way to transplant the evergreen, needle-leaved, big trees and other plant species that drop leaves no matter how big they are. While transferring a plant from a green area to another, it is carried with a soil mass and wrapped in order to prevent it from falling apart. If the width and depth of the pit isn't enough, plants' chance to live is very little. Plant roots can become smaller or bigger with the effect of weather and development. In such cases, preparations should be done by taking possible difficulties into consideration. The most proper method is to dig a pit around the plant in order to leave it a little smaller than the size it will be at the end. In the first year, an area equal to the half size of the root of plant is dug and filled with organic substance and soil mixture in order to promote root rooting. In addition to these, the plant can be dug as big as tits root ball and prepared or root balls are promoted for growing together with soil (Harris, 1983). If root balls aren't pruned according to the pit, this can pose a risk in terms of getting wet. The second method is growing roots without damaging the environment very much. Studies have shown that the first method is better than the second method. On the other hand, it is

known that pruning the roots before transplantation cause loss of time (Zion, 1968).

The plants that are thicker than 10 cm should be transplanted with soil. Although it is possible to plant small sized plant species that fall leaves during winter, in vegetation period without soil, it is more proper to plant them with soil. Otherwise their chance to live will decrease. These are the plants that should especially be taken care of; *Fagus sp.* (Beech), *Betula sp.* (Birch), *Cornus sp.*, *Ginkgo sp.* (China Ginko Biloba), *Liriedendron sp.* (Tulip), *Magnolia sp.* and *Quercus sp.* (Oak). The amount of digging starting from the roots is a very important point in order to ensure the health and continuity of plant life. In Kim's study in

For instance: root ball diameter and removal depth of a plant that has 15 cm stem diameter

For instance: root ball diameter and removal depth of a plant that has 4 cm stem diameter

This formula can be used for pits. In order to add mulch, pits should be dug around the plant. This is the minimum diameter needed for cutting the root system from the bottom of stem. After calculating the diameter of the area that will be dug, the digging should be made clockwise. If the digging isn't made clockwise, root system can be mixed and it would be difficult to make a root ball. After cutting the widest root, root bark should be peeled by a

**3.3.4 Transplantation as root balls, sacks and boxes** 

1988, a formula is made for root ball's diameter and depth:

R= Diameter of root ball and the height of root ball diameter (cm.)

For bushes and small sized plants (generally smaller than 3 m. height)

For big-sized plants:

(8)=Constant. R=(8 + 8) x DS

R= (6 + 2) x DS

will be as such: R= (8 + 8) x DS = (8 + 8) x 15 =240 cm.

will be as such: R= (6 + 2) x DS = (6 + 2) x 4 =32 cm.

DS= Diameter of the stem (cm.)

being replicated their roots are pruned and capillary roots are increased, their plantations will be more successful. Although plants whose roots have never been maintained before, plants that are grown in a compact area, taller plants, sensitive and precious species can be transplanted in far fields, they should be protected very carefully and more precautions should be taken as their roots can fall apart (Ürgenç, 1998). Transplantation methods of plants are divided into three categories; bare roots, root balls, sacks, boxing and mechanical plant transplantation.
