**4. Conclusion**

Our landscapes are natural and cultural heritage of our societies. With the rapid urbanization and development processes, change has become an inevitable outcome for our landscapes in global scale. Unfortunately, landscape change often occurs in negative ways. Loss of diversity and identity should be the main concern for future design and planning research for landscape architects. However, the role of perception and its effects on spatial behavior and attitudes must be realized first.

If landscape architecture aims to create livable and effective environments for people in the community, people's perception and interpretation of environments must be investigated. One can argue that landscape assessments should be made by experts because of their knowledge and experiences and general public can't judge environmental quality. On the other hand, environmental quality issues are still on the agenda. To some extent, local, national and even international authorities can be blamed for ignoring knowledge and suggestions of environmental designers and planners in sustainable development. Certainly, professionals have a lot to offer in terms of knowledge and skills. However, knowing and understanding the basic relationships between people and their environments is a necessity.

This chapter has summarized basic information and approaches on landscape perception both in visual and auditory context, aiming to provide an insight on perceptual and cognitive dimensions of environmental research. However, there are more to landscape perception research. Reference list can provide readers with valuable resources to read.

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**1. Introduction** 

and economically sustainable cities.

perspective.

**13** 

*Turkey* 

Murat Z. Memlük *Ankara University* 

**Urban Landscape Design** 

*Peyzaj*, the Turkish word for landscape, originates from French word "paysage" which means scenery. Nowadays, the word encompasses a wider and deeper meaning. While in the medieval period, "landscape" was used as a synonym for "region" and "territory" in most of the Germanic languages, beginning from the 15th century landscape became a pictorial genre (Tress & Tress, 2001). The use of landscape as a term in science is relatively new. Today, landscape refers to not only a phenomenon described and analyzed by scientific methods, but also a subjective experience which has perspective, aesthetical, artistic and existential meaning (Antrop, 2005a). It is dynamic and constantly changing. Antrop (2005b) identified four driving forces of landscape change; (i) accessibility, (ii) urbanization, (iii) globalization, and finally (iv) calamities. This chapter is about urban

Urbanization has become a worldwide phenomenon after the second half of the last century. Today more than half of the world population lives in urban environments1. Urbanization is a complex and multidimensional concept with its spatial, ecological, economic, social and cultural aspects. While urbanization is widely accepted as a foundation of modernizing (Clarke Annez & Buckley, 2009), it has also caused environmental and socioeconomic challenges (Adams & Sierra, 2009). Consequently planning and design of urban areas are faced with challenges to create both ecologically

Natural landscapes have been dramatically transformed by the urbanization process throughout the world. Consumption of resources is highest in urban environments, which causes negative impacts on physical environment. Traffic, air, water and soil pollution, improper land use and greenhouse gas emissions are some of the major issues due to urbanization. The effects of urbanization process are not only limited to ecological damage, but changing sociocultural and economic structure also affects the quality of physical environment by influencing human behaviors and lifestyles. Indeed, there is a mutual relationship and interaction between physical environment and quality of life. Therefore planning and design of physical environments requires a holistic and comprehensive

1 According to The World Bank data, 51% percent oft he world's population lives in urban areas as of 2010.

(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS/countries/1W?display=graph)

landscapes; therefore urbanization will be the beginning point of this study.

