**5. References**

Bar-Cohen, Y. (2004). Electric flex. *IEEE Spectrum,* Vol.41, No.6, pp. 29-33, ISSN 0018-9235


<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

	- Chen, Z; Um, T. I. & Bart-Smith, H. (2012b). Modelling and Control of Artificial Bladder Enabled by Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite. *Proceedings of the 2012 American Control Conference*, to appear, June 27-29 2012, Montreal, Canada, 2012, pp. 3340-3345.
	- Chung, C.; Fung, P.; Hong, Y.; Ju, M.; Lin, C. & Wu, T. (2006). A Novel Fabrication of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) Actuator with Silver Nano-powders. *Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical*, Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 367–375, ISSN 0925-4005.
	- Gao, J.; Bi, S.; Xu, Y. & Liu, C. (2007). Development and Design of A Robotic Manta Ray Featuring Flexible Pectoral Fins. *Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotic and Biomimetics*, pp. 519-523, ISBN 978-1-4244-1761-2, Sanya, China, December 15-18, 2007.
	- Guo, S.; Fukuda, T. & Asaka, K. (2003). A New Type of Fish-like Underwater Microrobot. *IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics*, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 136–141, ISSN 1083-4435.
	- Kim, K. J. & Shahinpoor, M. (2002). A Novel Method of Manufacturing Three-dimensional Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) Biomimetic Sensors, Actuators, and Artificial Muscles. *Polymer*, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 797–802, ISSN 0032-3861.
	- Kim, K. J. & Shahinpoor, M. (2003). Ionic polymer-metal composites: II. Manufacturing techniques. *Smart Materials and Structures*, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 65–79, ISSN 0964-1726.
	- Kim, K. J.; Pugal, D. & Leang, K. K. (2011). A Twistable Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Artificial Muscle for Marine Applications. *Marine Technology Society Journal*, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 83-98, ISSN 0025-3324.
	- Kim, S. J.; Lee, I. T. & Kim. Y. H. (2007). Performance Enhancement of IPMC Actuator by Plasma Surface Treatment. *Smart Materials and Structures*, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. N6–N11, ISSN 0964-1726.
	- Lee, S. J.; Han, M. J.; Kim, S. J.; Jho, J. Y.; Lee, H. Y. & Kim, Y. H. (2006). A New Fabrication Method for IPMC Actuators and Application to Artificial Fingers. *Smart Materials and Structures*, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 1217–1224, ISSN 0964-1726.
	- Lin, L.; Xu, H.; Xie, H. & Shen, L. (2010). Bionic Bladder Based Depth Control for Bionic Underwater Robots. *Proceedings of 2010 8th IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation,* pp. 932-936, ISBN 978-1-4244-5195-1, June 9-11, Xiamen, China, 2010.
	- McFarland, D.; Gihespy, I. & Honary, E. (2003). Divebot: A Diving Robot with A Whale-like Buoyancy Mechanism. *Robotica*, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 385-398, ISSN 0263-5747
	- Millet, P.; Pineri, M. & Durand, R. (1989). New Solid Polymer Electrolyte Composites for Water Electrolysis. *Journal of Applied Electrochemistry*, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 162-166, ISSN 0021-891X.
	- Mojarrad, M. & Shahinpoor, M. (1996). Noiseless Propulsion for Swimming Robotic Structures Using Polyelectrolyte Ion-exchange Membranes. *Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Smart Structures and Materials,* Vol. 2176, pp. 183, ISSN 0277-786X, February 26, San Diego, California, 1996.
	- Moored, K.; Smith, W.; Hester, J.; Chang, W. & Bart-Smith, H. (2008). Investigating the Thrust Production of A Myliobatoid-inspired Oscillating Wing. *Advances in Science and Technology*, Vol. 58, pp. 25–30, ISSN 1662-0356.

Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Artificial Muscles in Bio-Inspired Engineering Research: Underwater Propulsion 247

Moored, K. & Bart-Smith, H. (2009). Investigation of Clustered Actuation in Tensegrity Structures. *International Journal of Solids and Structures*, Vol. 46, No. 17, pp. 3272–3281, ISSN 0020-7683.

246 Smart Actuation and Sensing Systems – Recent Advances and Future Challenges

15-18, 2007.

4, pp. 83-98, ISSN 0025-3324.

ISSN 0964-1726.

2010.

0021-891X.

Chen, Z; Um, T. I. & Bart-Smith, H. (2012b). Modelling and Control of Artificial Bladder Enabled by Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite. *Proceedings of the 2012 American Control* 

Gao, J.; Bi, S.; Xu, Y. & Liu, C. (2007). Development and Design of A Robotic Manta Ray Featuring Flexible Pectoral Fins. *Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotic and Biomimetics*, pp. 519-523, ISBN 978-1-4244-1761-2, Sanya, China, December

Guo, S.; Fukuda, T. & Asaka, K. (2003). A New Type of Fish-like Underwater Microrobot. *IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics*, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 136–141, ISSN 1083-4435. Kim, K. J. & Shahinpoor, M. (2002). A Novel Method of Manufacturing Three-dimensional Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) Biomimetic Sensors, Actuators, and Artificial

Kim, K. J. & Shahinpoor, M. (2003). Ionic polymer-metal composites: II. Manufacturing techniques. *Smart Materials and Structures*, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 65–79, ISSN 0964-1726. Kim, K. J.; Pugal, D. & Leang, K. K. (2011). A Twistable Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Artificial Muscle for Marine Applications. *Marine Technology Society Journal*, Vol. 45, No.

Kim, S. J.; Lee, I. T. & Kim. Y. H. (2007). Performance Enhancement of IPMC Actuator by Plasma Surface Treatment. *Smart Materials and Structures*, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. N6–N11,

Lee, S. J.; Han, M. J.; Kim, S. J.; Jho, J. Y.; Lee, H. Y. & Kim, Y. H. (2006). A New Fabrication Method for IPMC Actuators and Application to Artificial Fingers. *Smart Materials and* 

Lin, L.; Xu, H.; Xie, H. & Shen, L. (2010). Bionic Bladder Based Depth Control for Bionic Underwater Robots. *Proceedings of 2010 8th IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation,* pp. 932-936, ISBN 978-1-4244-5195-1, June 9-11, Xiamen, China,

McFarland, D.; Gihespy, I. & Honary, E. (2003). Divebot: A Diving Robot with A Whale-like

Millet, P.; Pineri, M. & Durand, R. (1989). New Solid Polymer Electrolyte Composites for Water Electrolysis. *Journal of Applied Electrochemistry*, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 162-166, ISSN

Mojarrad, M. & Shahinpoor, M. (1996). Noiseless Propulsion for Swimming Robotic Structures Using Polyelectrolyte Ion-exchange Membranes. *Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Smart Structures and Materials,* Vol. 2176, pp. 183, ISSN 0277-786X,

Moored, K.; Smith, W.; Hester, J.; Chang, W. & Bart-Smith, H. (2008). Investigating the Thrust Production of A Myliobatoid-inspired Oscillating Wing. *Advances in Science and* 

Buoyancy Mechanism. *Robotica*, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 385-398, ISSN 0263-5747

*Conference*, to appear, June 27-29 2012, Montreal, Canada, 2012, pp. 3340-3345. Chung, C.; Fung, P.; Hong, Y.; Ju, M.; Lin, C. & Wu, T. (2006). A Novel Fabrication of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) Actuator with Silver Nano-powders. *Sensors and* 

*Actuators B: Chemical*, Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 367–375, ISSN 0925-4005.

Muscles. *Polymer*, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 797–802, ISSN 0032-3861.

*Structures*, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 1217–1224, ISSN 0964-1726.

February 26, San Diego, California, 1996.

*Technology*, Vol. 58, pp. 25–30, ISSN 1662-0356.

	- Zhou, C. & Low, K. H. (2102). Design and Locomotion Control of A Biomimetic Underwater Vehicle with Fin Propulsion. *IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics*, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 25-35, ISSN 1083-4435.

**Chapter 11** 
