**Author details**

Daniele Davino, Alessandro Giustiniani, Ciro Visone *University of Sannio - Engineering Department, 82100 Benevento (BN), Italy*

### **5. References**

22 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

• *efficiency*. The power stage for its operation must consume less power as possible. This is a strict requirement in energy havesting application due to the limited generated power. • *stand-alone operation*. The mechanical source is strongly time varying: if there are vibrations there is electrical power output. The power stage should also contain an independent

• *circuit complexity*. This influences the choice of the control strategies and their

• *adaptivity*. The power stage must work with a wide swing of electric inputs (due to the mechanical source) and of electric output (due to the load requests), guaranteeing the

The possible solutions to the above requirements and criteria can be identified in two different approaches, according to what has been done for piezoelectrics or other mature harvesting

• *Single stage power conversion*. In this case the rectification and the DC voltage regulation are made in a single step. To this approach belong solutions like the Direct AC-DC Switch-Mode Converters (*e. g.* single inductor with split capacitor, single inductor with secondary-side switches, dual-boost converters), [16]. Also specific solutions for a particular harvesting technology are possible. For the piezoelectrics, due to their intrinsic capacitive behavior, switched inductor converters (*e.g.* the synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) and its generalizations) have been proposed [25, 52]. In the case of magnetoleastic harvester similar solutions could be conceived by considering their

• *Double stage power conversion*. In this case the rectification and the voltage regulation are separated. The rectification can be made with classical solutions as diodes full bridges or with the so called *active diodes*. The second stage instead should regulate the output voltage and its shifting. Due to the relatively low voltages obtainable from a magnetoelastic harvester a DC-DC boost based topology with high boosting gain can be considered, [38].

Finally, another feature of a magnetoelastic harvester that challenges the definition and the modeling of the power conversion stage is its strong nonlinearities. For example, these can create on the AC side an additional harmonic content that is not present in the mechanical stimulus and it depends heavily on the harvester operating conditions (*e.g.* mechanical prestresses and magnetic biases). This pushes to the definition of new circuital multidomain modeling approaches for analyzing the coupling among the mechanical, magnetic and

start-up circuit.

implementation for the power stage.

inductive nature, by duality.

electronic worlds.

**Author details**

Daniele Davino, Alessandro Giustiniani, Ciro Visone

*University of Sannio - Engineering Department, 82100 Benevento (BN), Italy*

maximum power transfer to the electrical load.

technologies, like electromagnetic and electrostatic generators:

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	- [18] Elvin, N.G. & Elvin A.A., 2011 Vibrational Energy Harvesting From Human Gait, *IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics*, DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2011.2181954, forthcoming.
	- [19] Ed. Engdahl, G. 2000, Handbook of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials, (Academic, New York).
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	- [21] Garibaldi, L., Giorcelli, E. & Piombo, B.A.D. (1998). ARMAV techniques for traffic excited bridges, *ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics*, Vol. 120, No 3, pp. 713-718.
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[33] Mitcheson, P.D., Yeatman, E.M., Rao, G.K., Holmes, A.S. & Green, T.C. (2008). Energy Harvesting From Human and Machine Motion for Wireless Electronic Devices, *Proceedings of IEEE*, 96(9), pp. 1457-1486.

24 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

[16] Dayal, R., Dwari, S. & Parsa, L. (2011). Design and Implementation of a Direct AC-DC Boost Converter for Low-Voltage Energy Harvesting, *IEEE Transactions on Industrial*

[17] Del Grosso, A., Inaudi, D. & Pardi, L. (2002). Overview of european activities in the health monitoring of bridges, *Proceedings 1st International Conference on Bridge*

[18] Elvin, N.G. & Elvin A.A., 2011 Vibrational Energy Harvesting From Human Gait, *IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics*, DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2011.2181954,

[19] Ed. Engdahl, G. 2000, Handbook of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials, (Academic, New

[20] Galchev, T.V., McCullagh, J., Peterson, R.L. & Najafi, K. (2011). Harvesting traffic-induced vibrations for structural health monitoring of bridges, *IOP Journal of*

[21] Garibaldi, L., Giorcelli, E. & Piombo, B.A.D. (1998). ARMAV techniques for traffic excited bridges, *ASME Journal of Vibration and Acoustics*, Vol. 120, No 3, pp. 713-718. [22] Hu, J., Xu, F., Huang, A.Q. & Yuan, F.G. (2011). Optimal design of a vibration-based energy harvester using magnetostrictive material (MsM), *IOP Smart Materials and*

[23] Karami, M.A. & Inman D.J. (2012). Powering pacemakers from heartbeat vibrations using linear and nonlinear energy harvesters, *AIP Applied Physics Letters*, Vol. 100, No.

[24] Krejˇcí, P. (1996). Hysteresis, convexity and dissipation in hyperbolic equations, *Gakuto International Series: mathematical sciences and applications*, 8, Gakkotosho, Tokyo. ¯ [25] Lallart, M. & Guyomar, D. (2011). Nonlinear energy harvesting, *IOP Conference Series:*

[26] Lee, E.W. (1955). Magnetostriction and magnetomechanical effects, *IOP Reports on*

[27] Lee, J.W., Kim, J.D., Yun, C.B., Yi, J.H. & Shim, J.M. (2002). Health-monitoring method for bridges under ordinary traffic loadings, *ELSEVIER Journal of Sound and Vibration*,

[28] Lesieutre, G.A., Ottman, G.K. & Hofmann, H.F. (2004). Damping as a Result of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, *ELSEVIER Journal of Sound and Vibration*, Vol. 269, pp.

[29] Liang, J.R. & Liao W.H. (2009). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Dissipation on Structural Damping, *SAGE Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures*, Vol. 20,

[30] Lin, C.W. & Yang, Y.B. (2005). Use of a passing vehicle to scan the fundamental bridge frequencies: An experimental verification, *ELSEVIER Engineering Structures*, Vol. 27, pp.

[31] Lynch, J.P. (2007). An overview of wireless structural health monitoring for civil structures, *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A*, Vol. 365, pp. 345-372. [32] Mhetre, M.R., Nagdeo, N.S. & Abhyankar, H.K. (2011). Micro Energy Harvesting for Biomedical Applications: A Review, *Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on*

*Maintenance, Safety Management (IABMAS)*, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 14-17.

*Micromechanics and Microengineering*, Vol. 21, No. 104005.

*Materials Science and Engineering*, Vol. 18, 092006, pp. 1-6.

*Progress in Physics*, vol. 18, pp. 184-227.

*Electronics Computer Technology (ICECT)*, pp. 1-5.

Vol. 257, No. 2, pp. 247-264.

*Structures*, Vol. 20, No. 015021, Dec 2011, pp. 1-12.

*Electronics*, Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 2387-2396.

forthcoming.

042901, pp. 1-4.

991-1001.

1865-1878.

No. 5, pp. 515-527.

York).

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	- [53] Zucca, M., Bottauscio, O., Beatrice, C. & Fiorillo, F. (2011). Modeling Amorphous Ribbons in Energy Harvesting Applications, *IEEE Transactions on Magnetics*, Vol. 47, No.10, pp. 4421-4424.
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