**Acknowledgement**

The authors are grateful for the cooperation of the Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea-Paradise Aquamuseum (Yokohama), Kamogawa Sea World (Chiba), Churaumi Aquarium (Okinawa), and Kanazawa Zoo (Yokohama).

<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

### **6. References**

[1] Dierauf AL, Gulland FMD. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation. Florida: CRC Press;2001.

Host-Virus Specificity of the Morbillivirus Receptor, SLAM, in Marine Mammals:

[15] Roelke-Parker ME, Munson L, Packer C, Kock R, Cleaveland, SM, Carpenter M, O'Brien SJ, Pospischil, A Hofman-Lehmann, R Lutz, H Mwamengele GL, Mgasa MN, Machange GA, Summers BA, Appel MJ. A Canine Distemper Virus Epidemic in

[16] Duignan PJ, House C, Walsh MT, Campbell T, Bossart GD, Duffy N, Fernandes PJ, Rima BK, Wright S, Geraci JR. Morbillivirus Infection in Manatees. Marine Mammal

[17] Grant RJ, Kelley KL, Maruniak JE, Garcia-Maruniak, A, Barrett T, Manire CA, Romero CH. Expression from Baculovirus and Serological Reactivity of the Nucelocapsid

Protein of Dolphin Morbillivirus. Veterinary Microbiology 2010;143(2-4) 384–388. [18] Tatsuo H, Ono N, Tanaka K, Yanagi Y. SLAM (CDw150) Is a Cellular Receptor for

[19] Tatsuo H, Ono N, Yanagi Y. Morbilliviruses Use Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecules (CD150) as Cellular Receptors. Journal of Virology 2001;75(13) 5842–5850. [20] Cocks BG, Chang CJ, Carballido JM, Yssel H, de Vries JE, Aversa G. A Novel Receptor

[21] Schwartzberg PL, Mueller KL, Qi H, Cannons JL. SLAM Receptors and SAP Influence Lymphocyte Interactions, Development and Function. Nature Reviews Immunology

[22] Veillette A. SLAM-Family Receptors: Immune Regulators with or without SAP-Family

[23] Kiel MJ, Yilmaz OH, Iwashita T, Tilmaz OH, Terhosrt C, Morrison SJ. SLAM Family Receptors Distinguish Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Reveal Endothelial

[24] Kennedy S, Smyth JA, McCullough SJ, Allan GM, McNeilly F, McQuaid S.

[25] Jensen T, van de Bildt M, Dietz HH, Andersen TH, Hammer AS, Kuiken T, Osterhaus A. Another Phocine Distemper Outbreak in Europe. Science 2002;297( 5579) 209. [26] Muller G, Wohlsein P, Beineke A, Haas L, Greiser-Wilke I, Siebert U, Fonfara S, Harder T, Stede M, Gruber AD, Baumgartner W. Phocine Distemper in German Seals, 2002.

[27] Barrett T, Crowthe J, Osterhaus ADME, Subbarao SM, Groen J, Haas I, Mamaev IV, Titenko AM, Visser IKG, Bostock CJ. Molecular and Serological Studies on the Recent Seal Virus Epizootics in Europe and Siberia. Science of the Total Environment

[28] Mamaev LV, Denikina NN, Belikov SI, Volchkov VE, Visser IKG, Fleming M, Kai C, Harder TC, Liess B, Osterhaus ADME, Barrett T. Characterisation of Morbillivirus Isolated from Lake Baikal Seals (Phoca sibirica). Veterinary Microbiology 1995;44(2–4)

Adaptors. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2010;2(3) a002469.

Confirmation of Cause of Recent Seal Deaths. Nature 1988b;335(6189) 404,

Serengeti Lions (Panthera leo). Nature 1996;379(6564) 441–445.

Involved in T-Cell Activation. Nature 1995;376(6537) 260–263.

Science 1995;11(4) 441–451.

2009; 9(1) 39–46.

1992;115(1–2) 117–132.

251–259.

Measles Virus. Nature 2000;406(6789) 893–897.

Niches for Stem Cells. Cell 2005;121(7) 1109–1121.

Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004;10(4) 723–725.

Risk Assessment of Infection Based on Three-Dimensional Models 199


[15] Roelke-Parker ME, Munson L, Packer C, Kock R, Cleaveland, SM, Carpenter M, O'Brien SJ, Pospischil, A Hofman-Lehmann, R Lutz, H Mwamengele GL, Mgasa MN, Machange GA, Summers BA, Appel MJ. A Canine Distemper Virus Epidemic in Serengeti Lions (Panthera leo). Nature 1996;379(6564) 441–445.

198 New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals

Disease, and Rehabilitation. Florida: CRC Press;2001.

Discussion. Veterinary Microbiology 1995;44(5) 261–265.

Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2001. p1401–1441.

Pathology Clinical Medicine 2005;52(2) 88–93.

Morbillivirus. Nature 1988;336(6195) 115.

Virology 1993;193(2) 1010–1012.

Dolphin. Virus Research 1994;34(3) 291–304.

Virological Methods 1989;23(2) 127–136.

Investigation 1994;6(3) 277-288.

Now Found in Porpoises. Nature 1988a;336(6194) 21.

BK. Morbillivirus in Dolphins. Nature 1990;348(6296) 21.

1988;335(6185) 20.

[1] Dierauf AL, Gulland FMD. CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health,

[2] Barrett T, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Di Guardo G, Doming M, Duignan P, Hall A, Mamaev L, Osterhaus ADME. Morbilliviruses in Aquatic Mammals: Report on Round Table

[3] Di Guardo G; Marruchella, G; Agrimi U, Kennedy S. Morbillivirus Infections in Aquatic Mammals: A Brief Overview. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, Physiology,

[4] Griffin DE. Measles Virus, In: Knipe DM, Howley PM. (eds.) Field's Virology.

[5] Mahy BWJ, Barrett T, Evans S, Anderson EC, Bostock CJ. Characterization of a Seal

[6] Osterhaus AD, Vedder EJ. Identification of Virus Causing Recent Seal Deaths. Nature

[7] Kennedy S, Smyth JA, Cush PF, McCullough SJ, Allan GM, McQuaid S. Viral Distemper

[8] Domingo M, Ferrer L, Pumaorola, M, Marco A, Plana J, Kennedy S, McAliskey M, Rima

[9] Barrett T, Visser IK, Mamaev L, Van Bressem MF, Osterhaus ADME. Dolphin and Porpoise Morbillivirus Are Genetically Distinct from Phocine Distemper Virus.

[10] Bolt G, Blixen Krone-Moller M, Gottschalck E, Wishaupt RGA, Welsh MJ, Earle JAP, Rima BK. Nucleotide and Deduced Amino Acid Sequences of the Matrix (M) and Fusion (F) Protein Genes of Cetacean Morbilliviruses Isolated from a Porpoise and a

[11] Diallo A., Barrett T, Barbron M, Subbarao SM, Taylor WPDifferentiation of Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants Viruses Using Specific cDNA Clones. Journal of

[12] Anderson EC, Hassan A, Barrett T, Anderson J. Observation on the Pathogenicity for Sheep and Goats and the Transmissibility of the Strain of Virus Isolated during the Rinderpest Outbreak in Sri Lanka in 1987. Veterinary Microbiology 1990;21(4) 309–318. [13] Grachev MA, Kumarev VP, Mamaev LV, Zorin VL, Baranova LV, Denikina NN, Belikov SI, Petrov EA, Kolesnik VS, Kolesnik RS, Dorofeev VM, Beim AM, Kudelin, VN, Nagieva FG, Sidorov, VN. Distemper Virus in Baikal Seals. Nature 1989;338(6212) 209. [14] Appel MJG, Yates R.A, Foly Gl, Bernstein JJ, Santinelli S, Spelman LH, Miller LD, Arp LH, Anderson M, Barr M, Pearce-Kelling S, Summers BA. Canine Distemper Epizootic in Lions, Tigers, and Leopards in North America. Journal of Veterinary Diagonosis

**6. References** 


[29] Mamaev LV, Visser IK, Belikov SI, Denikina NN, Harder T, Goatley L, Rima B, Edginton B, Osterhaus AD, Barrett T. Canine Distemper Virus in Lake Baikal Seals (Phoca sibirica). Veterinary Record 1996;138(18) 437–439.

Host-Virus Specificity of the Morbillivirus Receptor, SLAM, in Marine Mammals:

[41] Hernández M, Robinson I, Aguilar A, González LM, López-Jurado LF, Reyero MI, Cacho E, Franco J, López-Rodas V. Costas E. Did Algal Toxins Cause Monk Seal

[42] Black EL. Epidemiology of Paramyxoviridae, In: Kingsbury D. (ed.) The

[43] Osterhaus ADME, Groen J, Uytdehaag FGCM, Visser IKG, Vedder EJ, Crowther J, Bostock CJ. Morbillivirus Infections in European Seals before 1988. Veterinary Record

[44] Henderson GA, Trudgett A, Lyons C, Reonald K. Demonstration of Antibodies in Archival Sera from Canadian Seals Reactive with a European Isolate of Phocine

[45] Ross PR, Visser IKG, Broeders HW, van de Bildt MW, Bowen WD, Osterhaus AD. Antibodies to Phocine Distemper Virus in Canadian Seals. Veterinary Record

[46] Dietz R, Ansen CT, Have P, Heide-Jorgensen M-P. Clue to Seal Epizootic? Nature 1989;

[47] Barrett T, Rima BK. Molecular Biology of Morbillivirus Diseases of Marine Mammals. In: Pfeiffer CJ. (ed.) Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals. Florida: Krieger

[48] Blixenkrone-Moller MV, Svansson V, Have P, Botner A, Nielsen J. Infection Studies in Mink with Seal-Derived Morbillivirus. Archives of Virology 1989;106(1-2) 165–170. [49] Veillette A, Cruz-Munoz ME, Zhong MC. SLAM Family Receptors and SAP-Related

[50] Sayos J, Wu C, Morra M, Wang N, Zhang X, Allen D, van Schaik S, Notarangelo L, Geha R, Roncarolo MG, Oettgen H, De Vries JE, Aversa G, Terhorst C. The X-Linked Lymphoproliferative-Disease Gene Product SAP Regulates Signals Induced through the

[51] Morra M, Howie D, Grande MS, Sayos J, Wang N, Wu C, Engel P, Terhorst C. X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease: A Progressive Immunodeficiency. Annual Reviews

[52] Mavaddat N, Mason DW, Aikinson PD, Evans EJ, Gilbert RJ, Stuart DI, Fennelly JA, Barclay AN, Davis SJ, Brown MH. Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule (CDw150) Is Homophilic but Self-Associates with Very Low Affinity. Journal of

[53] Ono N, Tatsuo H, Tanaka K, Minagawa H, Yanagi Y. V Domain of Human SLAM (CDw150) Is Essential for Its Function as a Measles Virus Receptor. Journal of Virology

[54] Hashiguchi T, Kajikawa M, Maita N, Takeda M, Kuroki K, Sasaki K, Kohda D, Yanagi Y, Maenaka K. Crystal Structure of Measles Virus Hemagglutinin Provides Insight into Effective Vaccines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA

Adaptors: Matters Arising. Trends in Immunology, 2006;27(5) 228–234.

Co-Receptor SLAM. Nature, 1998;395(6701) 462–469.

Biological Chemistry 2000; 275(36), 28100–28109.

Paramyxoviruses. New York; Plenum Press, New York 1991. p509–536.

Distemper Virus. Science of the Total Environment 1992;115( 1–2) 93–98.

Mortality? Nature 1998;393(6680) 28–29.

1989; 125(12) 326.

1992;130(23) 514–516.

Publishing Company; 2006. P161-172.

Immunology, 2011;19 657–682.

2001;75(4) 1594–1600.

2007;104(49) 19535–19540.

338(6217) 627.

Risk Assessment of Infection Based on Three-Dimensional Models 201


[41] Hernández M, Robinson I, Aguilar A, González LM, López-Jurado LF, Reyero MI, Cacho E, Franco J, López-Rodas V. Costas E. Did Algal Toxins Cause Monk Seal Mortality? Nature 1998;393(6680) 28–29.

200 New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals

1993b;74(9) 1989–1994.

2000;6(6) 637-639.

[29] Mamaev LV, Visser IK, Belikov SI, Denikina NN, Harder T, Goatley L, Rima B, Edginton B, Osterhaus AD, Barrett T. Canine Distemper Virus in Lake Baikal Seals

[30] Visser IKG, Kumarev VP, Orvell C, Vries PDE, Broeders HWJ, van de Bildt MWJ, Grosen J, Teppema JS, Burger MC, UytdeHaag FGCM, Osterhaus, ADME. Comparison of Two Morbilliviruses Isolated from Seals during Outbreaks of Distemper in

[31] Visser IKG, van der Heijden RWJ, van der Bildt MWG, Kenter MJH, Orvell C, Osterhaus ADME. Fusion Protein Gene Nucleotide Similarities, Shared Antigenic Sites and Phylogenetic Analysis Suggest that Phocid Distemper Virus Type 2 and Canine Distemper Virus Belong to the Same Virus Entity. Journal of General Virology

[32] Forsyth MA, Kennedy S, Wilson S, Eybatov T, Barrett T. Canine Distemper Virus in a

[33] Kennedy S, Kuiken T, Jepson PD, Deaville R, Forsyth M, Barrett T, van de Bildt MW, Osterhaus AD, Eybatov T, Duck C, Kydyrmanov A, Mitrofanov I, Wilson S. Mass dieoff of Caspian seals caused by canine distemper virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases

[34] Visser KG, van Bressem M-E, de Swart RL, van de Bildt MWG, Vos HW, van der Heijden J, Saliki JT, Orvell C, Kitching P, Barrett T, Osterhaus ADME. Characterisation of Morbilliviruses Isolated from Dolphins and Harbour Porpoises in Europe. Journal of

[35] Di Guardo G, Agrimi U, Morelli L, Cardeti G, Terracciano G, Kennedy S. Post Mortem Investigations on Cetaceans Found Stranded on the Coasts of Italy between 1990 and

[36] Lipscomb TP, Schulman FY, Moffett D, Kennedy S. Morbilliviral Disease in Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the 1987–1988 Epizootic. Journal of

[37] Krafft A, Lichy JH, Lipscomb TP, Klaunberg BA, Kennedy S, Taubernberger JK. Postmortem Diagonosis of Morbillivirus Infection in Bottlenose Dolphins (*Tursiops truncatus*) in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Epizootics by Polymerase Chain Reaction-

[38] Taubenberger JK, Tsai M, Krafft AE, Lichy JH, Reid AH, Schulman FY, Lipscomb TP. Two Morbilliviruses Implicated in Bottlenose Dolphin Epizootics. Emerging Infectious

[39] Lipscomb TP, Kennedy S, Moffett D, Krafft A, Klaunberg BA, Lichy JH, Regan GT, Worthy GA, Taubenberger JK. Morbilliviral Epizootic in Bottlenose Dolphins of the

Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Veterinary Diagnosis Investigation 1996;8(3) 283–290, . [40] Osterhaus A, Groen J, Niesters H, van de Bildt M, Martina B, Vedder L, Vos J, van Egmond H, Abou-Sidi B, Barham ME. Morbillivirus in Monk Seal Mass Mortality.

Northwest Europe and Siberia. Archives of Virology 1990;111(3–4) 149–164.

(Phoca sibirica). Veterinary Record 1996;138(18) 437–439.

Caspian Seal. Veterinary Record 1998;143(24) 662–664,

General Virology 1993a ;74(4) 631–641.

Wildlife Diseases 1994;30(4) 567–571.

Diseases1996;2(3) 213–216.

Nature 1997;388(6645) 838–839.

1993. Veterinary Record 1995;136(17) 439–452.

Based Assay. Journal of Wildlife Diseases1995;3(7) 410–415.


[55] Navaratnarajah CK, Leonard VH, Cattaneo R. Measles Virus Glycoprotein Complex Assembly, Receptor Attachment, and Cell Entry. Current Topics of Microbiology and Immunology 2009;329 59–76.

Host-Virus Specificity of the Morbillivirus Receptor, SLAM, in Marine Mammals:

[69] Shirogane Y, Takeda M, Tahara M, Ikegame S, Nakamura T, Yanagi Y. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Abolishes the Susceptibility of Polarized Epithelial Cell Lines

[70] Tahara M, Takeda M, Shirogane Y, Hashiguchi, T, Ohno S, Tanagi Y. Measles virus infects both polarized epithelial and immune cells by using distinctive receptor-binding

[71] Ohishi K, Ando A, Suzuki R, Takishita K, Kawato M, Katsumata E, Ohtsu D, Okutsu K, Tokutake K, Miyahara H, Nakamura H, Murayama T, Maruyama T. Host-Virus Specificity of Morbilliviruses Predicted by Structural Modeling of the Marine Mammal SLAM, a Receptor. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,

[72] Guindon S, Gascuel O. A Simple, Fast, and Accurate Algorithm to Estimate Large Phylogenies by Maximum Likelihood. Systematic Biology, 2003; 52(5) 696–704. [73] Jones DT, Taylor WR, Thornton JM. The Rapid Generation of Mutation Data Matrices from Protein Sequences. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 1992;8, 275–282. [74] Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. MrBayes 3: Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference under Mixed

[75] Cao E, Ramagopal UA, Fedorov A, Fedorov E, Yan Q, Lary JW, Col, JL, Nathenson SG, Almo SC NTB-A Receptor Crystal Structure: Insights into Homophilic Interactions in the Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Receptor Family. Immunity, 2006;25(4)

[76] Sali A, Blundell TL. Comparative Protein Modelling by Satisfaction of Spatial

[77] Rocchia W, Alexov E, Honig B. Extending the Applicability of the Nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann Equation: Multiple Dielectric Constants and Multivalent Ions. Journal of

[78] Rocchia W, Sridharan S, Nicholls A, Alexov E, Chiabrera A, Honig B. Rapid Grid-Based Construction of the Molecular Surface and the Use of Induced Surface Charge to Calculate Reaction Field Energies: Applications to the Molecular Systems and

[79] Katz SL. John F. Enders and measles virus vaccine – a reminiscence, Current Topics of

[80] Strebel PM, Cochi SL, Hoekstra E, Rota PA, Featherstone D, Bellini WJ, Katz SL. Journal

http://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/measles\_rubella/en/index.html (2011)

[83] OIE No More Death from Rinderpest. http://www.oie.int/for-the-media/press-

Geometric Objects. Journal of Computer Chemistry 2002;23(1) 128–137.

http://www/fao.org/ag/againfo/programmers/en/grep/home.html/ (2011)

to Measles Virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010;285(27) 20882–20890.

sites on its hemagglutinin. Journal of Virology 2008;82(5) 4630-4637.

2010;33(3) 227–241.

559–570.

Models. Bioinformatics 2003;19(22) 1572–1574.

Physiology Chemistry B 2001;105 6507–6514.

Microbiology and Immunology, 2009: 329; 3-11.

of Infectious Diseases, 2011: 204(Suppl 1), 1-3.

[82] FAO Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP).

release/detail/article/no-more-deaths-from-rinderpest/ (2011).

[81] WHO Measles mortality reduction,

Restraints. Journal of Molecular Biology 1993;234(3) 779–815.

Risk Assessment of Infection Based on Three-Dimensional Models 203


[69] Shirogane Y, Takeda M, Tahara M, Ikegame S, Nakamura T, Yanagi Y. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Abolishes the Susceptibility of Polarized Epithelial Cell Lines to Measles Virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010;285(27) 20882–20890.

202 New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals

Immunology 2009;329 59–76.

1954; 86(2) 277-286.

Pathology 2011; 7(8):e1002240.

Pathology 2007;11: e178.

23–29.

[55] Navaratnarajah CK, Leonard VH, Cattaneo R. Measles Virus Glycoprotein Complex Assembly, Receptor Attachment, and Cell Entry. Current Topics of Microbiology and

[56] Hashiguchi T, Ose T, Kubota M, Maita N, Kamishikiryo J, Maenaka K, Yanagi Y. Structure of the Measles Virus Hemagglutinin Bound to Its Cellular Receptor SLAM.

[57] Hashiguchi T, Maenaka K, Yanagi Y. Measles Virus Hemagglutinin: Structural Insights into Cell Entry and Measles Vaccine. Frontiers in Microbiology 2011b; 2, Article 247. [58] Plemper RK, Brindley MA, Iorio RM. Structural and Mechanistic Studies of Measles

[59] Dorig RE, Marcil A, Chopra A, Richardson CD. The Human CD46 Molecule Is a

[60] Naniche D, Varior-Krishnan G, Cervoni F, Wild TF, Rossi B, Rabourdin-Combe C, Gerlier D. Human Membrane Cofactor Protein (CD46) Acts as a Cellular Receptor for

[61] Enders JE, Peebles TC. Propagation in Tissue Cultures of Cytopathogenic Agents from Patients with Measles. Proceeding of the Society of Experimental Biological Medicine

[62] Katz SL, Milovanovic MV, Enders JF. Propagation of Measles Virus in Cultures of Chick Embryo Cells. Proceeding of the Society of Experimental Biological Medicine 1958;97(1)

[63] Kobune F, Sakata H, Sugimura A. Marmoset Lymphoblastoid Cells as a Sensitive Host

[64] Muhlebach MD, Mateo M, Sinn PL, Prufer S, Uhlig KM, Leonard VH, Navaratnarajah CK, Frenzke M, Wong XX, Sawatsky B, Ramachandran S, McCray PB, Cichutek K, von Messling V, Lopez M, Cattaneo R. Adherens Junction Protein Nectin-4 Is the Epithelial

[65] Noyce RS, Bondre DG, Ha MN, Lin L-T, Sisson G, Tsao M-S, Richardson CD. Tumor Cell Marker PVR4 (nectin 4) Is an Epithelial Cell Receptor for Measles Virus. PLoS

[66] Sakaguchi M, Yoshikawa Y, Yamanouchi K, Sata T, Nagashima K, Takeda K. Growth of Measles Virus in Epithelial and Lymphoid Tissues of Cynomolgus Monkeys.

[67] de Swart RL, Ludlow M, de Witte L, Yanagi Y, van Amerongen G, McQuaid S, Yuksel S, Geijtenbeek TB, Duprex WP, Osterhaus AD. Predominant Infection of CD150+ Lymphocytes and Dendritic Cells during Measles Virus Infection of Macaques. PLoS

[68] Leonard VH, Sinn PL, Hodge G, Miest T, Devaux P, Oezguen N, Braun W, McCray PB Jr, McChesney MB, Cattaneo R. Measles Virus Bound to Its Epithelial Cell Receptor Remains Virulent in Rhesus Monkeys but Cannot Cross the Airway Epithelium and Is

for Isolation of Measles Virus. Journal of Virology 1990;64(2) 700–705.

Receptor for Measles Virus. Nature 2011;480(7378) 530–533.

Microbiology and Immunology 1986;30(10) 1067–1073.

Not Shed. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2008;118(7) 2448–2458.

Virus Illuminate Paramyxovirus Entry. PLoS Pathogens 2011;7(6), e1002058

Receptor for Measles Virus (Edmonston Strain). Cell 1993;75(2) 295–305.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 2011a;18(2) 135–141.

Measles Virus. Journal of Virology 1993;67(10) 6025–6032.

	- [84] Rweyemamu M, Roder PL, Taylor WP. Chapter 15, Towards the Global Eradication of Rinderpest, In: Taylor WP, Barrett T, Pastoret P-P. (Eds.) Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants, Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants. New York: pp. 298-22, Academic Press;2005. p298-322.

**Section 4** 

**Exploitation** 

**Section 4** 
