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72 New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals

The authors particularly thank the precious collaborators in the cetacean sampling: for freeranging cetaceans Jorge Urban Ramirez, Lorenzo Rojas-Bracho, Claudia Diaz, Carlos A. Nino Torres, Lorena Viloria, Carlos Alberto (Mexico); for stranded cetaceans Fabrizio Cancelli, Tommaso Renieri, Fabrizio Serena, Cecilia Mancusi, Sandro Mazzariol (Italy).

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**Chapter 4** 

© 2012 Alava and Gobas, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Assessing Biomagnification and Trophic** 

**Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants** 

**(***Zalophus wollebaeki***): Conservation and** 

**Management Implications** 

Juan José Alava and Frank A.P.C. Gobas

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51725

in upper-trophic-level species [7].

**1. Introduction** 

zones of the planet.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**in the Food Chain of the Galapagos Sea Lion** 

Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represents a risk to the marine environment and wildlife, including marine mammals and birds [1-4]. Biomagnification is a special case of bioaccumulation and is defined as the process by which concentrations of contaminants or chemical substances (i.e. thermodynamic activities of chemical substances often measured by the lipid normalized concentration) in consumer and higher trophic level organisms exceed those concentrations in the diet or organism's prey [5-7]. This process can occur at each step in a food chain, potentially producing very high and toxic concentrations

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification are important considerations in the categorization and risk assessment of chemical compounds under the treaty of the Stockholm Convention for POPs and regulatory and management efforts in several nations such as the Canadian Environmental Protection Act Canada (CEPA [8]), the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA [9]) in the United States and the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals program (REACH) in the European countries [10]. Due to the long-range atmospheric transport and global fractioning of POPs northward from low or mid latitudes [11, 12], the Arctic and northern hemisphere have remained as active regions of research to study biomagnification of POPs in trophic chains and food webs [2, 13-15]. However, very little is known about the bioaccumulative behaviour and fate of these substances in tropical

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[47] Gravato C, Teles M, Oliveira M, Santos MA. Oxidative stress, liver biotransformation and genotoxic effects induced by copper in *Anguilla anguilla* L. – the influence of preexposure to b-naphthoflavone. Chemosphere 2006;65 1821–1830.

**Assessing Biomagnification and Trophic Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Food Chain of the Galapagos Sea Lion (***Zalophus wollebaeki***): Conservation and Management Implications** 

Juan José Alava and Frank A.P.C. Gobas

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51725
