**2. Materials, methods and results**

From March 2005 to Apr 2008, 103 SEPs were retrospectively analyzed for the cut-off value (Rp/v-HCG = 1.0) between EPs and hIUPs (Wang, et al., 2010.). From May 2008 to Nov 2010, we performed this prospective study to prove the diagnostic value of Rp/v-HCG for EPs. All of the 299 patients with stable vital signs were enrolled and evaluated at the outpatient department, in-patient department or emergency center of the Hospital affiliated to JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.

The hemoperitoneum was collected by culdocentesis (n=255) before surgery or by aspiration during surgery (n=44, thirteen patients among of them rejected the culdocentesis before surgery). Once the hemoperitoneum was obtained, the venous serum was prepared within 1h. The HCG levels of venous serum and hemoperitoneum were quantified by chemiluminescence at the same batch with the same set and HCG kit (Strada per Crescentino, snc, 13040 Saluggia-Ital). Those SEPs with a Rp/v-HCG of ≥ 1.0 were presumed as EPs, those SEPs with a Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0, however, were classified as hIUPs. The SEPs were finally performed by laparotomy (n=50), laparoscopy (n=141), D&C (n=59) or serial transvaginal ultrasound (n=49).

The final diagnoses of hIUPs were confirmed by sonography during follow up with the presence of a intrauterine fetal heartbeat, by D& C in the presence of chorionic villi or falling serum HCG levels (<5 U/L ) after D& C. A final diagnosis of EP was confirmed by surgical histological pathology, or by exclusion of an hIUP.

The following parameters were recorded in the medical history: gestational age, the existence of vaginal bleeding, venous and peritoneal serum HCG concentration ( U/L ), ectopic position of sac, with or without active bleeding, the times and the complications of the culdocentesis. A quantitative estimate of the hemoperitoneum was carried out during surgery by calculating the volume of aspirated and irrigated fluid.

As the routine method in the present medical treatments, both the culdocentesis (18 G long needle, 5 ml syringe and a disposable speculum are enough)and quantitative HCG used in the study were carried out simply and safely (no complications were recorded in this study) for the diagnosis of EP by the gynecological resident and laboratory technicians.

The study was performed in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration on Human Experimentation and approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB). The patient consent forms for culdocentesis, surgery and collecting private medical information were obtained.

#### **2.1 Inclusive criteria**

All the suspected ectopic pregnancy (SEP) patients whose peritoneal blood and urine HCG test are positive were enrolled.

#### **2.2 Excluded criteria**

All those whose vital sign is unstable or whose hemoperitoneum is absent were excluded.

### **2.3 Study design**

This was a retrospective development of a protocol, followed by a prospective trial.

#### **2.4 Statistical analysis**

Analyses were carried out using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Ver 13.0). Unless otherwise stated, values were expressed as means ± SD or percentage. The independent sample wilcoxon test or chi-squared test was used to compare variables between the two groups.

The diagnostic performance of Rp/v-HCG for active tubal hemorrhage was expressed using a scatter diagram. The one-step diagnostic value of the Rp/v-HCG for EP was evaluated in terms of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The simple kappa coefficient of Rp/v-HCG test was also given for the 2×2 table to assess how the prediction of Rp/v-HCG agreed with the final diagnosis of the EPs.

Significance was defined as p-values less than 0.05 for all the tests and two sided P-values were reported.

### **2.5 Results**

138 Ectopic Pregnancy – Modern Diagnosis and Management

From March 2005 to Apr 2008, 103 SEPs were retrospectively analyzed for the cut-off value (Rp/v-HCG = 1.0) between EPs and hIUPs (Wang, et al., 2010.). From May 2008 to Nov 2010, we performed this prospective study to prove the diagnostic value of Rp/v-HCG for EPs. All of the 299 patients with stable vital signs were enrolled and evaluated at the outpatient department, in-patient department or emergency center of the Hospital affiliated to

The hemoperitoneum was collected by culdocentesis (n=255) before surgery or by aspiration during surgery (n=44, thirteen patients among of them rejected the culdocentesis before surgery). Once the hemoperitoneum was obtained, the venous serum was prepared within 1h. The HCG levels of venous serum and hemoperitoneum were quantified by chemiluminescence at the same batch with the same set and HCG kit (Strada per Crescentino, snc, 13040 Saluggia-Ital). Those SEPs with a Rp/v-HCG of ≥ 1.0 were presumed as EPs, those SEPs with a Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0, however, were classified as hIUPs. The SEPs were finally performed by laparotomy (n=50), laparoscopy (n=141), D&C (n=59) or serial

The final diagnoses of hIUPs were confirmed by sonography during follow up with the presence of a intrauterine fetal heartbeat, by D& C in the presence of chorionic villi or falling serum HCG levels (<5 U/L ) after D& C. A final diagnosis of EP was confirmed by surgical

The following parameters were recorded in the medical history: gestational age, the existence of vaginal bleeding, venous and peritoneal serum HCG concentration ( U/L ), ectopic position of sac, with or without active bleeding, the times and the complications of the culdocentesis. A quantitative estimate of the hemoperitoneum was carried out during

As the routine method in the present medical treatments, both the culdocentesis (18 G long needle, 5 ml syringe and a disposable speculum are enough)and quantitative HCG used in the study were carried out simply and safely (no complications were recorded in this study)

The study was performed in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration on Human Experimentation and approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB). The patient consent forms for culdocentesis, surgery and collecting private medical information were obtained.

All the suspected ectopic pregnancy (SEP) patients whose peritoneal blood and urine HCG

All those whose vital sign is unstable or whose hemoperitoneum is absent were excluded.

Analyses were carried out using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Ver 13.0). Unless otherwise stated, values were expressed as means ± SD or percentage. The

This was a retrospective development of a protocol, followed by a prospective trial.

for the diagnosis of EP by the gynecological resident and laboratory technicians.

**2. Materials, methods and results** 

JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.

transvaginal ultrasound (n=49).

**2.1 Inclusive criteria** 

**2.2 Excluded criteria** 

**2.4 Statistical analysis** 

**2.3 Study design** 

test are positive were enrolled.

histological pathology, or by exclusion of an hIUP.

surgery by calculating the volume of aspirated and irrigated fluid.

A total of 299 SEPs (average age, 33.1 years; range, 19-42 years) were enrolled and followed to the final diagnosis, which were finally divided into EP group (248 cases, 82.9 percent of SEPs) and hIUP group (51 cases, 17.1 percent of SEPs).

Table 1 shows a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between the EP group and the hIUP group in terms of the Rp/v-HCG (18.1 ± 40.75 and 0.72 ± 0.29, respectively) and the conservative treatment (23.0 % and 90.2 %, respectively). The culdocentesis before surgery was performed successfully for 255 SEPs except thirteen patients who rejected the culdocentesis, the success rate of the culdocentesis was 89.2 % (255/ 286), the success rate of the "first-time-right" was 76.9 % (220/ 286), even though the peritoneal fluid depth by ultrasound was only 8-12 mm (Figure 1). No complications of culdocentesis were recorded in this study. Of all the hIUPs, 90.2 percent of patients (46/ 51) were cured relying on the hemostatic therapy (Reptilase) instead of the surgical intervention (laparoscopy). 77.8 percent of patients (14/ 18) who desire to fertility succeeded to continue pregnancy with miscarriage treatment (progesterone).


\*P<0.001 vs hIUP

EP: ectopic pregnancy; hIUP: hemoperitoneum or hematocolpos with intrauterine pregnancy; Rp/v-HCG: HCG ratio of peritoneal serum versus venous serum; PFD: peritoneal fluid depth by ultrasound.

Table 1. Comparison of managements between hIUP guoup and EP group.

We further confirmed the same cut-off value of the Rp/v-HCG (Rp/v-HCG = 1.0) as the previous results. At this point, the sensitivity and specificity was 98.5% and 100%, respectively (Figure 2).

The SEPs were predicted as EP group and hIUP group according to the Rp/v-HCG cut-off value. The final diagnosis versus the "predicted" diagnosis for suspected EPs were represented in Table 2. When the protocol was tested prospectively on the 299 SEPs, The overall sensitivity of Rp/v-HCG in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was 98.4 % with a specificity of 100 %, a PPV of 100 % and an NPV of 93 %, whilst the likelihood ratio of a

Clinical Application of One-Step Diagnosis for

distinguishing hIUP from EPs.

HCG of hIUP is always less than or near to 1.0.

suggested cut-off value of 1.0.

Ectopic Pregnancy by HCG Ratio: Hemoperitoneum Versus Venous Serum 141

An HP or EP is difficult to ascertain as pain and bleeding might be attributed to a hIUP, such as threatened abortion, hemorrhagic corpus luteum combined with pregnancy (HCLP) or hemorrhagic salpingitis with pregnancy (Barrenetxea, et al., 2007; Cheng, et al., 2004.). Although hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts are frequently seen during sonography of the female pelvis, their diagnosis is often challenging as a result of variations in size, thickness of the cyst wall, and internal echo pattern depending on the formation and lysis of the clot (Swire, et al., 2004.). It is necessary for gynecological doctor to set up a new method for

In tubal EP, the gestational sac is implanted typically in the wall of the tube, in the connective tissue beneath the serosa, where may be little or no decidual reaction and minimal defense against the permeating trophoblast. The trophoblast invades blood vessels so as to cause local hemoperitoneum. A hematoma in the subserosal space enlarges as pregnancy progresses. Distention of the tube then predisposes to rupture or abortion from isthmus or ampullary. For EP, local hCG level of hemoperitonium is much higher than that of venous serum. The reasons of this finding can be: 1) Blood filling the posterior pouch of Douglas or Morisson's space is from the implantation site of gestational sac, into where the hCG secreted by syntotrophablasts directly flows (hCG secreted into venous serum is relatively low). 2) The metabolism of hCG in the hemoperitoneum is slower than that in venous serum. In HCLP, blood in posterior pouch is from ovarian vessels in which the hCG level is near to that of venous serum (Wang, et al., 2010.). The hCG level of venous serum, however, gradually increases as the IUP proceeds. Then, the last Rp/v-HCG is less than or near to 1.0. Therefore, Rp/v-HCG may promptly distinguish EP from hIUP: as the Rp/v-HCG of EP is always greater than 1.0 while the Rp/v-

Fig. 2. Cut-off value of the Rp/v-HCG for discriminating EPs from SEPs. ROC analysis showed that the Rp/v-HCG could be used for the differential diagnosis of EP from hIUP, with the area under the curve being 1.0 (P < 0.001). The threshold for the diagnosis of EP was 1.0 (at this point sensitivity was 98.5%, and specificity was 100%). Scatter plots of the Rp/v-HCG levels for EPs and hIUPs showed that the Rp/v-HCG levels of EPs mostly located above the value of 1.0. However, the level of hIUPs was absolutely under the

Fig. 1. The success rate of the culdocentesis. The culdocentesis was performed successfully for 255 SEPs in all of the 286 patients, the total success rate of the culdocentesis was 89.2 % (255/ 286). 84.4% (119 /141) percent of SEPs were successfully performed even when the peritoneal fluid depth by ultrasound was of < 20 mm.

negative test (LR-) decreased to 1.5 percent on the test set. The small kappa coefficient of 0.956 (P = 0.022) for the prospective test demonstrated that the predicted diagnosis according to the Rp/v-HCG agreed extremely with the final true diagnosis.

For active bleeding of EP, Figure 3 sees no suggested Rp/v-HCG cut-off value for predicting the active tubal hemorrhage.

Four cases of EPs whose Rp/v-HCG was of <1.0 were performed by laparoscopy, which saw no active bleeding but swollen fallopian, or pink peritoneal fluid from the ruptured ovarian luteinized cyst (surgery sees a tension-free cyst). Most of all the other hemoperitoneum of EPs were dark red fluid.

Two cases of abdominal pregnancy (one is splenic pregnancy) with hemoperitoneum were confirmed during surgery according to intact adnexa uteri (the absence of ectopic gestational sac or chorionic villi) and a Rp/v-HCG of > 1.0.

#### **2.5.1 Retrospective analysis: cut-off value of Rp/v-HCG=1.0 between hIUP and EP**

SEPs comprise of EPs (or heterotopic pregnancy, HP) and hIUPs (including hemorrhagic corpus luteum combined with pregnancy and hemorrhagic salpingitis, etc.). HP (coexistence of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy) is a rare entity, the incidence of which has increased with the widespread use of artificial reproductive technology (ART) (Hsieh, et al., 2004.). While the frequency of spontaneous HP varies from 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 50,000 in normal population, the widespread use of ART may play a role in the increased incidence (according to some series nearly 1%) including ampullary and isthmic tubal EP as well as interstitial ectopic ones (Chang, et al., 2003.). Despite increased medical knowledge and use of improved reproductive technologies, an HP or EP still remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to practitioners. Although signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, adnexal mass, peritoneal irritation, and enlarged uterus have been reported to be predictive of an HP, they are nonspecific and may be confused with other normal or abnormal pregnancy manifestations.

Fig. 1. The success rate of the culdocentesis. The culdocentesis was performed successfully for 255 SEPs in all of the 286 patients, the total success rate of the culdocentesis was 89.2 % (255/ 286). 84.4% (119 /141) percent of SEPs were successfully performed even when the

negative test (LR-) decreased to 1.5 percent on the test set. The small kappa coefficient of 0.956 (P = 0.022) for the prospective test demonstrated that the predicted diagnosis

For active bleeding of EP, Figure 3 sees no suggested Rp/v-HCG cut-off value for predicting

Four cases of EPs whose Rp/v-HCG was of <1.0 were performed by laparoscopy, which saw no active bleeding but swollen fallopian, or pink peritoneal fluid from the ruptured ovarian luteinized cyst (surgery sees a tension-free cyst). Most of all the other

Two cases of abdominal pregnancy (one is splenic pregnancy) with hemoperitoneum were confirmed during surgery according to intact adnexa uteri (the absence of ectopic

**2.5.1 Retrospective analysis: cut-off value of Rp/v-HCG=1.0 between hIUP and EP**  SEPs comprise of EPs (or heterotopic pregnancy, HP) and hIUPs (including hemorrhagic corpus luteum combined with pregnancy and hemorrhagic salpingitis, etc.). HP (coexistence of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy) is a rare entity, the incidence of which has increased with the widespread use of artificial reproductive technology (ART) (Hsieh, et al., 2004.). While the frequency of spontaneous HP varies from 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 50,000 in normal population, the widespread use of ART may play a role in the increased incidence (according to some series nearly 1%) including ampullary and isthmic tubal EP as well as interstitial ectopic ones (Chang, et al., 2003.). Despite increased medical knowledge and use of improved reproductive technologies, an HP or EP still remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to practitioners. Although signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, adnexal mass, peritoneal irritation, and enlarged uterus have been reported to be predictive of an HP, they are nonspecific and may be confused with other normal or

according to the Rp/v-HCG agreed extremely with the final true diagnosis.

peritoneal fluid depth by ultrasound was of < 20 mm.

hemoperitoneum of EPs were dark red fluid.

abnormal pregnancy manifestations.

gestational sac or chorionic villi) and a Rp/v-HCG of > 1.0.

the active tubal hemorrhage.

An HP or EP is difficult to ascertain as pain and bleeding might be attributed to a hIUP, such as threatened abortion, hemorrhagic corpus luteum combined with pregnancy (HCLP) or hemorrhagic salpingitis with pregnancy (Barrenetxea, et al., 2007; Cheng, et al., 2004.). Although hemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts are frequently seen during sonography of the female pelvis, their diagnosis is often challenging as a result of variations in size, thickness of the cyst wall, and internal echo pattern depending on the formation and lysis of the clot (Swire, et al., 2004.). It is necessary for gynecological doctor to set up a new method for distinguishing hIUP from EPs.

In tubal EP, the gestational sac is implanted typically in the wall of the tube, in the connective tissue beneath the serosa, where may be little or no decidual reaction and minimal defense against the permeating trophoblast. The trophoblast invades blood vessels so as to cause local hemoperitoneum. A hematoma in the subserosal space enlarges as pregnancy progresses. Distention of the tube then predisposes to rupture or abortion from isthmus or ampullary. For EP, local hCG level of hemoperitonium is much higher than that of venous serum. The reasons of this finding can be: 1) Blood filling the posterior pouch of Douglas or Morisson's space is from the implantation site of gestational sac, into where the hCG secreted by syntotrophablasts directly flows (hCG secreted into venous serum is relatively low). 2) The metabolism of hCG in the hemoperitoneum is slower than that in venous serum. In HCLP, blood in posterior pouch is from ovarian vessels in which the hCG level is near to that of venous serum (Wang, et al., 2010.). The hCG level of venous serum, however, gradually increases as the IUP proceeds. Then, the last Rp/v-HCG is less than or near to 1.0. Therefore, Rp/v-HCG may promptly distinguish EP from hIUP: as the Rp/v-HCG of EP is always greater than 1.0 while the Rp/v-HCG of hIUP is always less than or near to 1.0.

Fig. 2. Cut-off value of the Rp/v-HCG for discriminating EPs from SEPs. ROC analysis showed that the Rp/v-HCG could be used for the differential diagnosis of EP from hIUP, with the area under the curve being 1.0 (P < 0.001). The threshold for the diagnosis of EP was 1.0 (at this point sensitivity was 98.5%, and specificity was 100%). Scatter plots of the Rp/v-HCG levels for EPs and hIUPs showed that the Rp/v-HCG levels of EPs mostly located above the value of 1.0. However, the level of hIUPs was absolutely under the suggested cut-off value of 1.0.

Clinical Application of One-Step Diagnosis for

Sensitivity=98.4 %; Specificity=100 %;

LR(-)=1.5%; π=98.7 %; Youden index=98.4 %

followed to prove the intra-uterine pregnancy.

HCG: HCG ratio of peritoneal serum versus venous serum

NPV =93.0 %; PPV =100%;

**Predicted Diagnosis** 

diagnosis of EPs.

pregnancy.

Ectopic Pregnancy by HCG Ratio: Hemoperitoneum Versus Venous Serum 143

**EP hIUP**  Rp/v-HCG≥1.0:**EP** 244 0 244 Kappa=0.956 Rp/v-HCG<1.0:**hIUP** 4 51 55 (P<0.001)

EP: ectopic pregnancy; hIUP: hemoperitoneum or hematocolpos with intrauterine pregnancy; Rp/v-

It is noted that four cases of SEPs with pink fluid and Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0 were all proved to be EPs, whose hemoperitoneum (pink or bloody-like fluid) were not from fallopian tube rupture or abortion but from the hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst (3 cases) and hemorrhagic salpingitis (1 case). Therefore, the Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0 could not completely exclude the diagnosis of EP, especially when hemoperitoneum is pink or bloody-like fluid (Qiu, et al., 2010.). That is to say, for SEPs whose Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0, serial transvaginal sound may be

Table 2 shows that the success rate of the culdocentesis is 89.2 % (255 /286) without any complications. 90.2 percent of the hIUPs (46/51) are successfully managed with conservative treatment instead of the surgical intervention (P<0.001). The overall sensitivity of Rp/v-HCG> 1.0 in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is 98.4 % (95% CI: 95.9–99.6) with a specificity of 100 % (95% CI: 93.0–100), a PPV of 100 % (95% CI: 98.5–100) and an NPV of 92.7 % (95% CI: 82.4–98.0). The kappa value of Rp/v-HCG test comparing to the final diagnosis is 0.956 (P < 0.0001). Hence, the Rp/v-HCG≥1.0 is practical and rapid for the

No apparent Rp/v-HCG cut-off value for predicting the active tubal hemorrhage is shown when the HCG level of venous serum is more than 1500U/L. When the HCG level of venous serum is less than 1500U/L, however, few patients have the active tubal hemorrhage. It seems that the Rp/v-HCG is higher; the incidence rate of active tubal hemorrhage is lower. It is very important for gynecological emergency doctor to predict the presence of tubal hemorrhage in EPs. No ideal marker for tubal hemorrhage of EPs, however, has been

Abdominal pregnancy is an extremely rare form of ectopic pregnancy (EP) with potentially life-threatening complications both to mother and the fetus, which is historically defined as an implantation in the peritoneal cavity, exclusive of tubal, ovarian or intraligamentary

Due to infrequency of abdominal pregnancy, it is often unsuspected and remains a diagnostic challenge despite improvements in imaging techniques (Dassah, et al., 2009.). A retrospective analysis show there were 20 cases of abdominal pregnancy out of 58, 000

**2.5.4 Rp/v-HCG> 1.0 for diagnosing the abdominal prengancy during surgery** 

Table 2. Evaluation of Rp/v-HCG: final diagnosis versus predicted diagnosis.

**2.5.3 Rp/v-HCG for predicting the active tubal hemorrhage of EPs** 

founded in the present medical procedure till to now.

**Total** 248 51 299

**True diagnosis Total** 

In conclusion, in suspected ectopic pregnancy patients, the Rp/v-HCG = 1.0 could be a helpful and practical index for the early differential diagnosis of SEPs. If hemoperitoneum and culdocentesis are positive, the Rp/v-HCG could help discriminate EPs (or HP) from hIUP, and accordingly avoid the unnecessary surgical interventions.

#### **2.5.2 Prospective analysis: Rapid diagnostic value of Rp/v-HCG≥1.0 for EPs before surgery**

EP can not be diagnosed solely on the basis of clinical symptoms, such as lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The ultrasound visualization of heart activity in either intrauterine or extrauterine gestations is important for diagnosis, but rare to accomplish (Oliveira, et al., 2001.). Moreover, during an ultrasound examination, an EP or HP is easily misdiagnosed as a luteal cyst, especially if the concurrent intrauterine pregnancy is reassuring (Habana, et al., 2000.). It is not accurate and rapid enough to meet the need of a clinical gynecologist though a total of 87~93.2% of ectopic pregnancies can be diagnosed using serial transvaginal sound alone (Shalev, et al., 1998; Rosello, et al., 2003.).

Though a single serum hCG value neither identifies an intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy nor predicts ruptured ectopic, it can be used to determine the level of "discriminatory hCG value" at which the sensitivity of ultrasonography for the detection of intrauterine pregnancy approaches 75% and at which the absence of an intrauterine pregnancy suggests abnormal or ectopic gestation. This reported "discriminatory hCG value", however, ranges from 1500 to 3000 mIU per milliliter. The use of a value at the lower end of the range increases the sensitivity for the diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy, but it also increases the false positive rate, with the attendant risk of interrupting a normal gestation by surgical or medical intervention. In one study, when the hCG value was below 1500 mIU per milliliter, the positive predictive value of ultrasonographic testing for the diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy was only 80% and the positive predictive value for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was 60% (Barnhart KT, et al., 1999; Romero R, et al., 1985).

When using an HCG ratio (HCG at 48 h/ HCG at 0 h) cut-off of 0.87, the sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of failing Pregnancy of unknown locations were 92.7 and 96.7%, respectively (Condous., 2006.). A rate of decline in serum HCG 21% could define spontaneous resolution of the pregnancy of unknown locations (Barnhart et al., 2004.). Serial quantitative HCG, however, could not meet the rapid diagnosis of EPs.

Laparoscopy is currently considered as the golden standard for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy (Ankum et al., 1993.). However, the application of diagnostic laparoscopy is limited to the expensive charge and apparent trauma.

Dilatation and curettage is recommended as a diagnostic method for use in conjunction with low progesterone or β-HCG concentrations and in women in whom transvaginal ultrasound suggests a non-viable intrauterine pregnancy. (McCord et al., 1996; Stovall et al., 1992.) The absence of chorionic villi is associated with an ectopic pregnancy in 40% of women with an empty uterus on ultrasound. An ectopic pregnancy is suggested in women whose β-HCG concentrations do not fall by at least 15 % in the 12 h after dilatation and curettage, or in whom the histological findings do not include chorionic villi. However, use of dilatation and curettage in the diagnostic workup of SEPs has not been widely adopted, in part because some women are reluctant to give up the desiration of fertility, and in part because many women who miscarry can be managed without the need for curettage (Mol, et al., 2002; Wieringa-de, et al., 2002; Dart, et al., 1999.).

In conclusion, in suspected ectopic pregnancy patients, the Rp/v-HCG = 1.0 could be a helpful and practical index for the early differential diagnosis of SEPs. If hemoperitoneum and culdocentesis are positive, the Rp/v-HCG could help discriminate EPs (or HP) from

**2.5.2 Prospective analysis: Rapid diagnostic value of Rp/v-HCG≥1.0 for EPs before** 

using serial transvaginal sound alone (Shalev, et al., 1998; Rosello, et al., 2003.).

pregnancy was 60% (Barnhart KT, et al., 1999; Romero R, et al., 1985).

quantitative HCG, however, could not meet the rapid diagnosis of EPs.

limited to the expensive charge and apparent trauma.

2002; Wieringa-de, et al., 2002; Dart, et al., 1999.).

EP can not be diagnosed solely on the basis of clinical symptoms, such as lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. The ultrasound visualization of heart activity in either intrauterine or extrauterine gestations is important for diagnosis, but rare to accomplish (Oliveira, et al., 2001.). Moreover, during an ultrasound examination, an EP or HP is easily misdiagnosed as a luteal cyst, especially if the concurrent intrauterine pregnancy is reassuring (Habana, et al., 2000.). It is not accurate and rapid enough to meet the need of a clinical gynecologist though a total of 87~93.2% of ectopic pregnancies can be diagnosed

Though a single serum hCG value neither identifies an intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy nor predicts ruptured ectopic, it can be used to determine the level of "discriminatory hCG value" at which the sensitivity of ultrasonography for the detection of intrauterine pregnancy approaches 75% and at which the absence of an intrauterine pregnancy suggests abnormal or ectopic gestation. This reported "discriminatory hCG value", however, ranges from 1500 to 3000 mIU per milliliter. The use of a value at the lower end of the range increases the sensitivity for the diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy, but it also increases the false positive rate, with the attendant risk of interrupting a normal gestation by surgical or medical intervention. In one study, when the hCG value was below 1500 mIU per milliliter, the positive predictive value of ultrasonographic testing for the diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy was only 80% and the positive predictive value for the diagnosis of ectopic

When using an HCG ratio (HCG at 48 h/ HCG at 0 h) cut-off of 0.87, the sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of failing Pregnancy of unknown locations were 92.7 and 96.7%, respectively (Condous., 2006.). A rate of decline in serum HCG 21% could define spontaneous resolution of the pregnancy of unknown locations (Barnhart et al., 2004.). Serial

Laparoscopy is currently considered as the golden standard for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy (Ankum et al., 1993.). However, the application of diagnostic laparoscopy is

Dilatation and curettage is recommended as a diagnostic method for use in conjunction with low progesterone or β-HCG concentrations and in women in whom transvaginal ultrasound suggests a non-viable intrauterine pregnancy. (McCord et al., 1996; Stovall et al., 1992.) The absence of chorionic villi is associated with an ectopic pregnancy in 40% of women with an empty uterus on ultrasound. An ectopic pregnancy is suggested in women whose β-HCG concentrations do not fall by at least 15 % in the 12 h after dilatation and curettage, or in whom the histological findings do not include chorionic villi. However, use of dilatation and curettage in the diagnostic workup of SEPs has not been widely adopted, in part because some women are reluctant to give up the desiration of fertility, and in part because many women who miscarry can be managed without the need for curettage (Mol, et al.,

hIUP, and accordingly avoid the unnecessary surgical interventions.

**surgery** 


EP: ectopic pregnancy; hIUP: hemoperitoneum or hematocolpos with intrauterine pregnancy; Rp/v-HCG: HCG ratio of peritoneal serum versus venous serum

Table 2. Evaluation of Rp/v-HCG: final diagnosis versus predicted diagnosis.

It is noted that four cases of SEPs with pink fluid and Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0 were all proved to be EPs, whose hemoperitoneum (pink or bloody-like fluid) were not from fallopian tube rupture or abortion but from the hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst (3 cases) and hemorrhagic salpingitis (1 case). Therefore, the Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0 could not completely exclude the diagnosis of EP, especially when hemoperitoneum is pink or bloody-like fluid (Qiu, et al., 2010.). That is to say, for SEPs whose Rp/v-HCG of < 1.0, serial transvaginal sound may be followed to prove the intra-uterine pregnancy.

Table 2 shows that the success rate of the culdocentesis is 89.2 % (255 /286) without any complications. 90.2 percent of the hIUPs (46/51) are successfully managed with conservative treatment instead of the surgical intervention (P<0.001). The overall sensitivity of Rp/v-HCG> 1.0 in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is 98.4 % (95% CI: 95.9–99.6) with a specificity of 100 % (95% CI: 93.0–100), a PPV of 100 % (95% CI: 98.5–100) and an NPV of 92.7 % (95% CI: 82.4–98.0). The kappa value of Rp/v-HCG test comparing to the final diagnosis is 0.956 (P < 0.0001). Hence, the Rp/v-HCG≥1.0 is practical and rapid for the diagnosis of EPs.
