**6. References**

[1] Thiele B (2005) Analysis of Surfactants in Samples of the Aquatic Environment. In: L.M.L. Nollet, editor. Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 1173–1198.

	- [2] Ying G.G (2006) Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Environ. Int. 32: 417-431.

Analysis of Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Chromatographic Techniques 207

[18] Clara M, Scharf S, Scheffknecht C, Gans O (2007) Ocurrence of selected surfactants in

[19] Sanderson H, Dyer S.D, Price B.B, Nielsen A.M, van Compernolle R, Selby M, Stanton K, Evans A, Ciarlo M, Sedlak R (2006) Ocurrence and weight-of-evidencce risk assessment of alkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxysulfates, and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates

[20] Kreuzinger N, Fuerhacker M, Scharf S, Uhl M, Gans O, Grillitsch B (2007) Methodological approach towards the environmental significance of uncharacterized substances - quaternary ammonium compounds as an example. Desalination 215: 209-

[21] Eadsforth C.V, Sherren A.J, Selby M.A, Toy R, Eckhoff W.S, McAvoy D.C, Matthijs E (2006) Monitoring of environmental fingerprints of alcohol ethoxylates in Europe and

[22] Loyo-Rosales J.E, Rice C.P, Torrents A (2007) Octyl and nonylphenol ethoxylates and carboxylates in wastewater and sediments by liquid chromatography/tandem mass

[23] Cavalli L, Gellera A, Landone A (1993) LAS removal and biodegradation in a

[24] Ahel M, Giger W, Koch M (1994) Behaviour of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Surfactants in the Aquatic Environment-I. Ocurrence and Transformation in Sewage Treatment.

[25] Bruno F, Curini R, Di Corcia A, Fochi I, Nazzari M, Samperi R (2002) Determination of surfactants and some of their metabolites in untreated and anaerobically digested sewage sludge by subcritical water extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass

[26] Fernandez P, Alder A.C, Suter M.J.F, Giger W (1996) Determination of the Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant Ditallowdimethylammonium in Digested Sludges and Marine Sediments by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Liquid Chromatography with

[27] Martínez-Carballo E, González-Barreiro C, Sitka A, Kreuzinger N, Scharf S, Gans O (2007) Determination of selected quaternary ammonium compounds by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Part II. Application to sediment and sludge

[28] Holt M.S (2000) Sources of Chemical Contaminants and Routes into the Freshwater

[29] Ding W.H, Tzing Shin-Haw, Lo Jun-Hui (1999) Ocurrence and Concentrations of Aromatic Surfactants and their Degradation Products in River Waters of Taiwan.

[30] Marcomini A, Pojana G, Sfriso A, Quiroga Alonso José-Maria (2000) Behavior of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants and their Persistent Metabolites in the Venice

untreated and treated sewage. Water Res. 41: 4339-4348.

Canada. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 64: 14-29.

spectrometry. Chemosphere 68: 2118-2127.

spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:4156– 61.

samples in Austria. Environ. Pollut. 146: 543-547.

Environment. Food Chem. Toxicol. 38: S21–S27.

Lagoon, Italy. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19: 2000–2007.

Chemosphere 38: 2597-2606.

Postcolumn Ion-Pair Formation. Anal. Chem. 68: 921– 9.

Wat. Res. 28: 1131-1142.

222.

(LAS) in river water and sediments. Sci. Total Environ. 368: 695-712.

wastewater treatment plant. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12: 1777-1788.


[18] Clara M, Scharf S, Scheffknecht C, Gans O (2007) Ocurrence of selected surfactants in untreated and treated sewage. Water Res. 41: 4339-4348.

206 Chromatography – The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

in the environment. Environ. Int. 32: 417-431.

hepatocytes. Aquat. Toxicol. 27: 361–72.

Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

Fats, Oils and Related Materials 5(1): 82-84.

environment. Tenside Surf. Det. 26: 101-107.

Comparative Study. Wat. Res. 31: 1925-1930.

treatment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 64: 3-13.

Cleaning Products. Brussels.

Products. Brussels.

Products. Brussels.

[2] Ying G.G (2006) Fate, behavior and effects of surfactants and their degradation products

[3] Environmental Risk Assesment (2009) Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS). In: Human and Environmental Risk Assesment on Ingredients of European Household Cleaning

[4] Environmental Risk Assesment (2004) Alcohol Ethoxysulfates (AES). In: Human and Environmental Risk Assesment on Ingredients of European Household Cleaning

[5] Environmental Risk Assesment (2002) Alkyl Sulfates. In: Human and Environmental Risk Assesment on Ingredients of European Household Cleaning Products. Brussels. [6] Jobling S.J, Sumpter J.P (1993) Detergent components in sewage effluent are weakly oestrogenic to fish: An in vitro study using rainbow trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*)

[7] Purdom C.E, Hardiman P.A, Bye V.V.J, Eno N.C, Tyler C.R, Sumpter J.P (1994) Estrogenic Effects of Effluents from Sewage Treatment Works. Chem. Ecol. 8: 275–85. [8] Sonnenschein C., Soto A.M (1998) An Updated Review of Environmental Estrogen and Androgen Mimics and Antagonists. J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. 65: 143–150. [9] Human and Environmental Risk Assesment (2009) Alcohol Ethoxylates (AEOs). In: Human and Environmental Risk Assesment on Ingredients of European Household

[10] Madsen T, Buchardt Boyd H, Nylén D, Rathmann Pedersen A, Petersen G.I, Simonsen F (2001) Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products. In: Environmental Project No. 615, Miljøprojekt.

[11] Berenbold H (1994) Rinse Softeners-current situation in Europe. International News on

[12] Giolando S.T, Rapaport R.A, Larson R.J, Federle T.W, Stalmans M, Masscheleyn P (1995) Environmental fate and effects of DEEDMAC: a new rapidly biodegradable cationic

[13] Environmental Risk Assesment (2008) Esterquats. In: Human and Environmental Risk Assesment on Ingredients of European Household Cleaning Products. Brussels. [14] Berna J.L, Ferrer J, Moreno A, Prats D, Ruiz Bevia F (1989) The fate of LAS in the

[15] Prats D, Ruiz F, Vazquez B, Rodríguez-Pastor M (1997) Removal of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants in a Wastewater Treatment Plant with Anaerobic Digestion. A

[16] González S, Petrovic M, Barceló D (2004) Simultaneous extraction and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, coconut diethanol amides, nonylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products in wastewater treatment plants, receiving coastal waters and

sediments in the Catalonian area (NE Spain). J. Chromatogr. A 1052: 111-120. [17] Morrall S.W, Dunphy J.C, Cano M.L, Evans A, McAvoy D.C, Price B.P, Eckhoff W.S (2006) Removal and environmental exposure of alcohol ethoxylates in US sewage

surfactant for use in fabric softeners. Chemosphere 30(6): 1067– 83.

	- [31] Corada-Fernández C, Lara-Martín P.A, Candela L, González-Mazo E (2011) Tracking sewage derived contamination in riverine settings by analysis of synthetic surfactants. J. Environ. Monit. 13: 2010.

Analysis of Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Chromatographic Techniques 209

liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. DOI:

[45] Lara-Martín P.A, Li X, Bopp R.F, Brownawell B.J (2010) Ocurrence of Alkyltrimethylammonium Compounds in Urban Estuarine Sediments: Behentrimonium As a New Emerging Contaminant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44: 7569-

[46] Li X, Brownawell B.J (2010) Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Urban Estuarine Sediment Environments – A Class of Contaminants in Need of Increased Attention?.

[47] Lara-Martín P.A, Gómez-Parra A, González-Mazo E (2006) Development of a method for the simultaneous analysis of anionic and non-ionic surfactants and their carboxylated metabolites in environmental samples by mixed-mode liquid

[48] Krogh K.A, Mogensen B.B, Halling-Sorensen B, Cortés A, Vejrup K.V, Barceló D (2003) Analysis of alcohol ethoxylates and alkylamine ethoxylates in agricultural soils using pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal.

[49] Jonkers N, Laane R.W.P.M, de Voogt P (2005) Sources and fate of nonylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites in the Dutch coastal zone of the North Sea. Mar.

[50] Selberg A, Budashova J, Tenno T (2007) Column study of the leaching and degradation of anionic surfactants in oil-polluted soil. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem. 56: 87-97. [51] Shang D.Y, Ikonomou M.G, Macdonald R.W (1999) Quantitative determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in marine sediment using normal-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 849: 467-482. [52] León V.M, González-Mazo E, Gómez-Parra A (2000) Handling of marine and estuarine samples for the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and

[53] Jeannot R, Sabik H, Sauvard E, Dagnac T, Dohrendorf K (2002) Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental samples using gas and liquid

[54] Sablayrolles C, Montréjaud-Vignoles M, Silvestre J, Treilhou M (2009) Trace Determination of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates: Application in Artificially Polluted

[55] Petrovic M, Barceló D (2000) Determination of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants, Their Degradation Products, and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Sewage Sludge by

[56] Sun H.F , Takata A, Hata N, Kasahara I, Taguchi S (2003) Transportation and fate of

[57] Holt M.S, Bernstein S.L (1992) Linear Alkylbenzenes in Sewage Sludges and Sludge

chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr. A 974: 143-159.

Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 72: 4560-4567.

cationic surfactant in river water. J. Environ. Monit. 5: 891-895.

chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1137: 188-197.

sulfophenylcarboxylic acids. J. Chromatogr. A 889: 211-219.

Soil-Carrots System. Int. J. Anal. Chem. 2009: 1-6.

Amended Soils. Wat. Res. 26: 613-624.

10.1007/s00216-011-5449-6.

Environ. Sci. Technol. 44: 7561-7568.

Bioanal. Chem. 376: 1089-1097.

Chem. 96: 115-135.

7575.


liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5449-6.

[45] Lara-Martín P.A, Li X, Bopp R.F, Brownawell B.J (2010) Ocurrence of Alkyltrimethylammonium Compounds in Urban Estuarine Sediments: Behentrimonium As a New Emerging Contaminant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44: 7569- 7575.

208 Chromatography – The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

in Tokyo. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 343-348.

Spain,. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21: 37–46.

from the Cadiz Bay area. Environ. Pollut. 144: 483–491.

Bight of the North Sea. Chemosphere 45: 817-826.

Spain: A comparative study. Environ. Pollut. 156: 36-45.

several Iberian littoral ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 288: 215-226.

treatment wetland. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25: 29–35.

Environ. Monit. 13: 2010.

Sci. Technol. 37: 321-327.

Technol. 35: 2428-2435.

Environ. Int. 32: 269–272.

4799-4807.

Chem. 23: 599-605.

[31] Corada-Fernández C, Lara-Martín P.A, Candela L, González-Mazo E (2011) Tracking sewage derived contamination in riverine settings by analysis of synthetic surfactants. J.

[32] Belmont M.A, Ikonomou M, Metcalfe C.D (2006) Presence of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in a watershed in central Mexico and removal from domestic sewage in a

[33] Jonkers N, Laane R.W.P.M, de Voogt P (2003) Fate of nonylphenol ethoxylates and their metabolites in two Dutch estuaries: evidence of biodegradation in the field. Environ.

[34] Maruyama K, Yuan M, Otsuki A (2000) Seasonal changes in ethylene oxide chain length of poly(oxyethylene)alkylphenyl ether nonionic surfactants in three main rivers

[35] Lee Ferguson P, Iden C.R, Brownawell B.J (2001) Distribution and fate of neutral alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in a sewage-impacted urban estuary. Environ. Sci.

[36] Petrovic M, Rodríguez Fernández-Alba A, Borrull F, Marce R.M, González-Mazo E., Barceló D (2002) Ocurrence and Distribution of Nonionic Surfactants, their Degradation Products, and Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates in Coastal Waters and Sediments in

[37] Zoller U (2006) Estuarine and coastal zone marine pollution by the nonionic alkylphenol ethoxylates endocrine disrupters: Is there a potential ecotoxicological problem?.

[38] Lara-Martín P.A, Petrovic M, Gómez-Parra A, Barceló D, González-Mazo E (2006) Presence of surfactants and their degradation intermediates in sediment cores and grabs

[39] León V.M, Sáez M, González-Mazo E., Gómez-Parra A (2002) Ocurrence and distribution of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfophenylcarboxylic acids in

[40] Lara-Martín P.A, González-Mazo E, Brownawell B.J (2011) Multi-residue method for the analysis of synthetic surfactants and their degradation metabolites in aquatic systems by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1218:

[41] Bester K, Theobald N, Schröder H.Fr (2001) Nonylphenols, nonylphenol-ethoxylates, linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) and bis (4-chlorophenyl)-sulfone in the German

[42] Isobe T, Takada H (2004) Determination of degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates in municipal wastewaters and rivers in Tokyo. Japan. Environ. Toxicol.

[43] Lara-Martín P.A, Gómez-Parra A, González-Mazo E (2008) Sources, transport and reactivity of anionic and non-ionic surfactants in several aquatic ecosystems in SW

[44] Lara-Martín P.A, González-Mazo E, Brownawell B.J (2011) Enviromental analysis of alcohol ethoxylates and nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites by ultra-performance

	- [58] Reiser R, Toljander H.O, Giger W (1997) Determination of Alkylbenzenesulfonates in Recent Sediments by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 69: 4923- 4930.

Analysis of Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Chromatographic Techniques 211

by focused microwaves with on-line preconcentration/derivatization/detection. J.

[71] Eichhorn P, López O, Barceló D (2005) Application of liquid chromatographyelectrospray-tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and characterization of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfophenyl carboxylates in sludge-amended soils. J.

[72] Ferrer I, Furlong E.T (2002) Accelerated Solvent Extraction Followed by On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to Ion Trap LC/MS/MS for Analysis of Benzalkonium

[73] Loyo-Rosales J.E, Schmitz-Afonso I, Rice C.P, Torrents A (2003) Analysis of Octyl- and Nonylphenol and Their Ethoxylates in Water and Sediments by Liquid

[74] Petrovic M, Lacorte S, Viana P, Barceló D (2002) Pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of alkylphenolic

[75] Field J.A, Miller D.J, Field T.M, Hawthorne S.B, Giger W (1992) Quantitative Determination of Sulfonated Aliphatic and Aromatic Surfactants in Sewage Sludge by Ion-Pair/Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Derivatization Gas Chromatography/Mass

[76] Field J.A, Reed R.L (1999) Subcritical (Hot) Water/Ethanol Extraction of Nonylphenol Polyethoxy Carboxylates from Industrial and Municipal Sludges. Environ. Sci. Technol.

[77] Breen D.G.P.A, Horner J.M, Bartle K.D, Clifford A.A, Waters J, Lawrence J.G (1996) Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Off-Line HPLC Analysis of Cationic Surfactants from

[78] Jurado E, Fernández-Serrano M, Núñez-Olea J, Luzón G, Lechuga M (2006) Simplified spectrophotometric method using methylene blue for determining anionic surfactants: Applications to the study of primary biodegradation in aerobic screening tests.

[79] Roslan R.N, Hanif N.M, Othman M.R, Azmi W.N.F.W, Yan X.X, Ali M.M, Mohamed C.A.R, Latif M.T (2010) Surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer and their contribution to atmospheric aerosols around coastal areas of the Malaysian peninsula. Mar. Poll.

[80] Nagarnaik P.M, Mills M.A, Boulanger B (2010) Concentrations and mass loadings of hormones, alkylphenols, and alkylphenol ethoxylates in healthcare facility wastewaters.

[81] Wyrwas B, Szymanski A, Lukaszewski Z (1998) Tensammetric determination of nonionic surfactants combined with the BiAS separation procedure Part 3. Determination in

[82] Idouhar M, Tazerouti A (2008) Spectrophotometric Determination of Cationic Surfactants Using Patent Blue V: Application to the Wastewater Industry in Algiers. J.

Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75: 4811-4817.

Chlorides in Sediment Samples. Anal. Chem. 74: 1275-1280.

compounds in river sediment. J. Chromatogr. A 959: 15-23.

Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 64: 3161-3167.

Dried Sewage Sludge. Wat. Res. 30: 476-480.

the presence of hydrocarbons. Talanta 47: 325-333.

33: 2782-2787.

Chemosphere 65: 278-285.

Chemosphere 78: 1056-1062.

Surfact. Deterg. 11: 263-267.

Bull. 60: 1584-1590.

Chromatogr. A 1026: 41-46.

Chromatogr. A 1067: 171-179.


by focused microwaves with on-line preconcentration/derivatization/detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1026: 41-46.

[71] Eichhorn P, López O, Barceló D (2005) Application of liquid chromatographyelectrospray-tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and characterization of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfophenyl carboxylates in sludge-amended soils. J. Chromatogr. A 1067: 171-179.

210 Chromatography – The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 72: 4322-4330.

chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analusis 28: 535-542.

4930.

263-275.

205-210.

Chem. 81: 7926-7935.

sediments. J. Chromatogr. A 1068: 229-236.

Techniques. Chromatographia 58: 145-149.

spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1079: 136-145.

Acta 599: 92-97.

[58] Reiser R, Toljander H.O, Giger W (1997) Determination of Alkylbenzenesulfonates in Recent Sediments by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 69: 4923-

[59] Li D, Oh Jae-Ryoung, Park J (2003) Direct extraction of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A from acid-digested sediment suspension for simultaneous gas

[61] Bennie D.T, Sullivan C.A, Lee H.-B, Peart T.E, Maguire R.J (1997) Ocurrence of alkylphenols and alkylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in natural waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin and the upper St. Lawrence River. Sci. Tot. Environ. 193:

[62] Lara-Martín P.A, Gómez-Parra A, González-Mazo E (2006) Simultaneous extraction and determination of anionic surfactants in waters and sediments. J. Chromatogr. A 1114:

[63] Chiron S, Sauvard E, Jeannot R (2000) Determination of nonionic polyethoxylate surfactants in wastewater and sludge samples of sewage treatment plants by liquid

[64] Cohen A, Klint K, Bøwadt S, Persson P, Jönsson J.A (2001) Routine analysis of alcohol and nonylphenol polyethoxylates in wastewater and sludge using liquid

[66] Villar M, Callejon M, Jimenez J.C, Alonso E, Guiraum A (2007) Optimization and validation of a new method for analysis of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge by liquid chromatography after microwave-assisted extraction. Anal. Chim.

[67] Bartolomé L, Cortazar E, Raposo J.C, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O, Etxebarria N, Fernandez L.A (2005) Simultaneous microwave-assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalate esters and nonylphenols in

[68] Croce V, Patrolecco L, Polesello S, Valsecchi S (2003) Extraction of Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates from River Sediments: Comparison of Different Extraction

[69] Stuart J.D, Capulong C.P, Launer K.D, Pan X (2005) Analysis of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in marine samples by both gas and liquid chromatography-mass

[70] Morales-Muñoz S, Luque-García J.L, Luque de Castro M.D (2004) Screening method for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sediments based on water Soxhlet extraction assisted

chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 927: 103-110. [65] Li X, Brownawell B.J (2009) Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Estuarine Sediments by LC-ToF-MS: Very High Positive Mass Defects of Alkylamine Ions as Powerful Diagnostic Tools for Identification and Structural Elucidation. Anal.

chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1012: 207-214. [60] Lee Ferguson P, Iden C.R, Brownawell B.J (2000) Analysis of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Metabolites in the Aquatic Environment Using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray

	- [83] Koga M, Yamamichi Y, Nomoto Y, Irie M, Tanimura T, Yoshinaga T (1999) Rapid Determination of Anionic Surfactants by Improved Spectrophotometric Method Using Methylene Blue. Anal. Sci. 15: 563-568.

Analysis of Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Chromatographic Techniques 213

[97] Autry J.K, Vaught E.G, Conte E.D (2005) Preconcentration of bezalkonium chloride using sodium dodecyl sulfate attached to a strong anion exchange resin. Microchem. J.

[98] Luque N, Merino F, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D (2005) Stability of benzalkonium surfactants on hemimicelle-based solid-phase extraction cartridges. J. Chromatogr. A

 [99] Tolls J, Haller M, Sijm D.T.H.M (1999) Extraction and Isolation of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate and Its Sulfophenylcarboxylic Acid Metabolites from Fish

[100] Zgoła-Grzéskowiak A, Kaczorek E (2011) Isolation, preconcentration and determination of rhamnolipids in aqueous samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta

[101] Norberg J, Thordarson E, Mathiasson L, Jönsson J.A (2000) Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction coupled on-line with normal-phase liquid chromatography for the determination of cationic surfactants in river and waste water. J. Chromatogr. A 869:

[102] Hultgren S, Larsson N, Nilsson B.F, Jönsson J.A (2009) Ion-pair hollow-fiber liquidphase microextraction of the quaternary ammonium surfactant

[103] Luo S, Fang L, Wang X, Liu H, Ouyang G, Lan C, Luan T (2010) Determination of octylphenol and nonylphenol in aqueous sample using simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass

[104] Bidari A, Ganjali M.R, Norouzi P (2010) Development and evaluation of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based test method for quantitation of total anionic surfactants: advantages against reference methods. Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 8: 702-708. [105] Alzaga R, Peña A, Ortiz L, Bayona J.M (2003) Determination of linear alkylbenzensulfonates in aqueous matrices by ion-pair solid-phase microextraction-inport derivatization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 999: 51-

[106] Rico-Rico A, Droge S.T.J, Widmer D, Hermens J.L.M (2009) Freely dissolved concentrations of anionic surfactants in seawater solutions: Optimization of the nondepletive solid-phase microextraction method and application to linear alkylbenzene

[107] Boyd-Boland A.A, Pawliszyn J.B (1996) Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Alkylphenol

[108] Pan Y.-P, Tsai S.-W (2008) Solid phase microextraction procedure for the determination of alkylphenols in water by on-fiber derivatization with N-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-N-

[109] Kawaguchi M, Sakui N, Okanouchi N, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H (2005) Stir bar sorptive extraction and trace analysis of alkylphenols in water samples by thermal

dicocodimethylammonium chloride. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 393: 929-937.

spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1217: 6762-6768.

sulfonates. J. Chromatogr. A 1216: 2996-3002.

Ethoxylate Surfactants in Water. Anal. Chem. 68: 1521-1529.

methyltrifluoroacetamide. Anal. Chim. Acta 624: 247-252.

80: 25-29.

1094: 17-23.

83: 744-750.

523-529.

60.

Samples. Anal. Chem. 71: 5242-5247.


[97] Autry J.K, Vaught E.G, Conte E.D (2005) Preconcentration of bezalkonium chloride using sodium dodecyl sulfate attached to a strong anion exchange resin. Microchem. J. 80: 25-29.

212 Chromatography – The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

Methylene Blue. Anal. Sci. 15: 563-568.

and Soap. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18: 2634-2644.

Liquid Chromatography. Wat. Res. 30: 722-730.

Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 73: 5886-5895.

Ionic Organic Compounds. Anal. Chem. 76: 3878-3886.

Environ. Anal. Chem. 84: 729-738.

J. Surfact. Deterg. 14: 139-150.

[83] Koga M, Yamamichi Y, Nomoto Y, Irie M, Tanimura T, Yoshinaga T (1999) Rapid Determination of Anionic Surfactants by Improved Spectrophotometric Method Using

[84] Akyüz M (2007) Ion-pair extraction and GC-MS determination of linear alkylbenzene

[85] Matthijs E, Holt M.S, Kiewiet A, Rijs G.B.J (1999) Environmental Monitoring for Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate, Alcohol Ethoxylate, Alcohol Ethoxy Sulfate, Alcohol Sulfate,

[86] Crescenzi C, Di Corcia A, Marchiori E, Samperi R, Marcomini A (1996) Simultaneous Determination of Alkylbenzenesulfonates and Dialkyltetralinsulfonates in Water by

[87] Bruzzoniti M.C, De Carlo R.M, Sarzanini C (2008) Determination of sulfonic acids and

[88] Pojana G, Cassani G, Marcomini A (2004) Determination, aerobic biodegradation and environmental occurrence of aliphatic alcohol polyethoxylate sulfates (AES). Int. J.

[89] Houde F, DeBlois C, Berryman D (2002) Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric determination of nonylphenol polyethoxylates and nonylphenol

[90] Fendinger N.J, Begley W.M, McAvoy D.C, Eckhoff W.S (1995) Measurement of Alkyl

[91] Petrovic M, Díaz A, Ventura F, Barceló D (2001) Simultaneous Determination of Halogenated Derivatives of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Their Metabolites in Sludges, River Sediments, and Surface, Drinking, and Wastewaters by Liquid Chromatography-

[92] Dunphy J.C, Pessler D.G, Morrall S.W (2001) Derivatization LC/MS for the Simultaneous Determination of Fatty Alcohol and Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants in

[93] Cassani G, Tibaldi F, Donato G, Andriollo N (2011) Determination of Alcohol Ethoxylates derivatized with Napthoyl Chloride, in Waste Water Treatment Plant Influent, Effluent and Sludge Samples by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry.

[94] Merino F, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D (2003) Solid-Phase Extraction of Amphiphiles Based on Mixed Hemimicelle/Admicelle Formation: Application to the Concentration of Benzalkonium Surfactants in Sewage and River Water. Anal. Chem. 75: 6799-6806. [95] Merino F, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D (2004) Evaluation and Optimization of an On-Line Admicelle-Based Extraction-Liquid Chromatography Approach for the Analysis of

[96] Bassarab P, Williams D, Dean J.R, Ludkin E, Perry J.J (2011) Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in seawater samples by solid-phase extraction and

liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1218: 673-677.

Ethoxylate Surfactants in Natural Waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 856-863.

Water and Wastewater Samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 1223-1230.

sulphonates in aqueous environmental samples. Talanta 71: 471-478.

alkylsulfates by ion chromatography in water. Talanta 75: 734-739.

carboxylic acids in surface water. J. Chromatogr. A 961: 245-256.


desorption with in tube silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1062: 23-29.

Analysis of Surfactants in Environmental Samples by Chromatographic Techniques 215

[124] McEvoy J, Giger W (1986) Determination of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonates in Sewage Sludge by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Sci.

[125] Hibberd A, Maskaoui K, Zhang Z, Zhou J.L (2009) An improved method for the simultaneous analysis of phenolic and steroidal estrogens in water and sediment.

[126] Ahel M, Giger W (1985) Determination of Alkylphenols and Alkylphenol Mono- and Diethoxylates in Environmental Samples by High-Performance Liquid

[127] Lee Ferguson P, Iden C.R, Brownawell B.J (2001) Analysis of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in environmental samples by mixed-mode high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 938: 79-91. [128] Olkowska E, Polkowska Z, Namiesnik J (2012) Analytical procedures for the

[129] Cantarero S, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A, Vílchez J.L, Verge C, De Ferrer J.A (2011) Matrix Effect Study in the Determination of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates

[130] Cortazar E, Bartolomé L, Delgado A, Etxebarria N, Fernández L.A, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O (2005) Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of nonylphenols and phthalate esters in sediment samples and comparison with

[131] Nakae A, Tsuji K, Yamanaka M (1980) Determination of Trace Amounts of Alkylbenzenesulfonates by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with

[132] Kiewiet A.T, van der Steen J.M.D, Parsons J.R (1995) Trace Analysis of Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants in Samples of Influent and Effluent of Sewage Treatment Plants

[133] Zanette M, Marcomini A, Marchiori E, Samperi R (1996) High-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence determination of aliphatic alcohol polyethoxylates and

[134] Schröder H.F (2001) Tracing of surfactants in the biological wastewater treatment process and the identification of their metabolites by flow injection-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and –tandem mass spectrometry. J.

[135] Jhanke A, Gandrass J, Ruck W (2004) Simultaneous determination of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their biotransformation products by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A

[136] Lunar L, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D (2004) Differentation and quantification of linear alkyl benzenesulfonate isomers by liquid chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry.

by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal. Chem. 67: 4409-4415.

polye(thylene glycol)s in aqueous samples. J. Chromatogr. A 756: 159-174.

determination of surfactants in environmental samples. Talanta 88: 1-13.

in Sewage Sludge Samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 30: 813-818.

pressurized solvent extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 534: 247-254.

Fluorimetric Detection. Anal. Chem. 52: 2275-2277.

Chromatogr. A 926: 127-150.

J. Chromatogr. A 1031: 17-25.

1035: 115-122.

Technol. 20: 376-383.

Talanta 77: 1315-1321.

Chromatography. Anal. Chem. 57: 1577-1583.


[124] McEvoy J, Giger W (1986) Determination of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonates in Sewage Sludge by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20: 376-383.

214 Chromatography – The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46: 1675-1678.

water. J. Mater. Chem. 20: 1442-1451.

Microchim. Acta 149: 287–293.

Chromatogr. A 1062: 23-29.

10: 371–377.

Acta 592: 218–225.

Wat. Res. 35: 3599-3604.

spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1218: 343-349.

Talanta 75: 317-325.

255.

desorption with in tube silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J.

[110] Coll C, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos M.D, Sancenón F, Soto J (2007) A Simple Approach for the Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Detection of Anionic Surfactants in Water.

[111] Coll C, Ros-Lis J.V, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos M.D, Sancenón F, Soto J (2010) A new approach for the selective and sensitive colorimetric detection of ionic surfactants in

[112] Ródenas-Torralba E, Reis B.F, Morales-Rubio A, de la Guardia M (2005) An environmentally friendly multicommutated alternative to the reference method for

[113] Khaled E, Mohamed G.G, Awad T (2008) Disposal screen-printed carbon paste electrodes for the potentiometric titration of surfactants. Sens. Actuators B 135: 74–80. [114] Szymanski A, Wyrwas B, Jesiołowska A, Kazmierczak S, Przybysz T, Grodecka J, Łukaszewski Z (2001) Surfactants in the River Warta: 1990-2000. Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

[115] Yokoyama Y, Okabe T, Kubo H, Sato H (2005) Spectrophotometric Determination of Polyoxyethylene Nonionic Surfactants in Ground Waters Using Triple-Stage Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by an Improved Ferric Thiocyanate Complexation Method.

[116] Bas B, Jakubowska M (2007) Estimation of non-ionic, surface-active substances in aqueous solutions by means of the Controlled Growth Mercury Electrode. Anal. Chim.

[117] Li S, Zhao S (2004) Spectrophotometric determination of cationic surfactants with

[118] Yamamoto K, Oka M, Murakami H (2002) Spectrophotometric determination of trace ionic and non-ionic surfactants based on a collection on a membrane filter as the ion

[119] Zhu Z, Li Z, Hao Z, Chen J (2003) Direct spectrophotometric determination of alkylphenol polyethoxylate nonionic surfactants in wastewater. Wat. Res. 37: 4506–4512. [120] Szymanski A, Wyrwas B, Szymanowska M, Lukaszewski Z (2001) Determination of Short-Chained Poly(ethyleneglycols) and Ethylene Glycol in Environmental Samples.

[121] Lizondo-Sabater J, Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F, Seguí M.J, Soto J (2008) Ionselective electrodes for anionic surfactants using a cyclam derivative as ionophore.

[122] Jiménez-Díaz I, Ballesteros O, Zafra-Gómez A, Crovetto G, Vílchez J.L, Navalón A, Verge C, de Ferrer J.A (2010) New sample treatment for the determination of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in agricultural soils. Chemosphere 80: 248-

[123] Moldovan Z, Avram V, Marincas O, Petrov P, Ternes T (2011) The determination of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers in water samples by gas-chromatography/mass

benzothiaxolyldiazoaminoazobenzene. Anal. Chim. Acta 501: 99–102.

associate of the surfactant with Erythrosine B. Anal. Chim. Acta 455: 83–92.

anionic surfactant determination in water. Talanta 66: 591-599.

	- [137] Bernhard M, Eubeler J.P, Zok S, Knepper T.P (2008) Aerobic biodegradation of polyethylene glycols of different molecular weights in wastewater and seawater. Wat. Res. 42: 4791-4801.

**Chapter 8** 

© 2012 Chanthai and Tessiri, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Chanthai and Tessiri, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Application of HPLC Analysis of** 

Saksit Chanthai and Thanee Tessiri

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48369

**1. Introduction** 

the drug.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**1.1. Steroid hormones and hormonal contraceptive drugs** 

intramuscular administration for long-term contraception [1-3].

**1.2. Determination of MPA in hormonal contraceptive drugs** 

**Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in Human Plasma** 

Generally, progestogens, i.e. progesterone in combination with oestradiol esters, are used primarily in the treatment of menstrual irregularities to maintain endangered pregnancies. Their derivatives are orally active medroxyprogesterone acetate including hydroxyprogesterone caproate, chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate. Naturally occurring glucocorticoids are often used in medicine such as cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone and prednisolone (Fig. 1). Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depot-MPA) is commercially available and commonly known as a hormonal contraception used by women. It is a synthetic steroid hormone, which mimics natural progesterone, but its contraceptive activity has been shown to be about 30 times higher. Depot-MPA is widely used by

Research concerning its pharmacokinetics has been performed in order to improve the hormonal activity of the drug formulation [2,4]. This will help to standardize the dosage of

Analysis of MPA in plasma or serum has been performed to study its pharmacokinetics and to monitor its residual levels in cancer patients after oral or intramuscular administration [4,5]. Numerous recent researches for this analysis have been reported concerning the method sensitivity and selectivity in association with various instruments including GC, HPLC and others [6-15]. However, each of which had their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, development and validation of the method for MPA analysis in spiked blood plasma using internal standard by HPLC method with specific derivatizing agents and

