**Abbreviations**

DMPK, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic; CYP, cytochrome P450; UGT, UDPglucuronosyltransferase; NAT, N-acetyltransferase; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; SULT, sulfotransferase; UDPGA, uridine diphospoglucuronic acid; PAPS, phospohoadenosine phosphosulfate; HLM, human liver microsomes; LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; CE, capillary electrophoresis; LC-NMR, liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; UHPLC, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; HILIC, hydrophilic interaction chromatography; PGC, porous graphic carbon; RAD, radioactivity detector; MS, mass spectrometry; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; API, atmospheric pressure ionization; ESI, electrospay ionization; APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; APPI, atmospheric pressure photoionization; QQQ, triple quadrupole; IT, ion trap; QTrap, triple quadrupole-linear ion trap; TOF, time of flight; Q-TOF, triple quadrupole-time of flight; FT-ICR, fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance; IM-MS, ion mobility mass spectrometry; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; SRM, selected reaction monitoring; SIM, single ion monitoring; CNL, constant neutral loss scan; PI, precursor ion scan; PP, protein precipitation; LLE, liquid-liquid extraction; SPE, solid-phase extraction; RAM, restricted access materials; ME, matrix effect; IS, internal standard.

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