**4. How could Jenkinson's map be examined by scholars if the genuine copy of the map has been lost immediately after its printing? (About the development of the examination by numerous scholars)**

124 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

Library.

shown that just found genuine map is the one used by Ortelius and de Jode as the basic picture to their most popular renditions. Additionally in the famous *History of Cartography (*Bagrow, L. & R.A. Skelton, 1964, p. 172**)** , there is only one sentence on the genuine map – *"the map not survived and it is known only from the copies in the atlases of Ortelius and de Jode"*. Then the conclusion was quite clear – that is the only copy of the map in the world! What is yet more interesting, before bringing the map to the University Library the owner has been showing it in some eminent libraries but nobody showed any interest in this map. Because of the great interest of the author finally it had been purchased by the Wrocław University

According to information of the owner, the present map has been used by her for years as a didactic (teaching) aid on her history lessons. Because of its big size it has been folded twice and finally brought in a plastic bag, simply because the lady was not aware of its value. To the question of how the map ended up in a teacher's hands, she answered that it was a gift

**Figure 3.** The content of the dedication by the editor Clement Adams to Henry Sidney – the sponsor of

the Jenkinson map. Below Sidney's coat of arms

from her pupil, who found it after the World War II, probably in some cellar or attic!

Undoubtedly we have to remember that it happened thanks to above mentioned famous cartographer Abraham Ortelius as the creator of the first Atlas *"Theatrum Orbis terrarum"* to which the Jenkinson's map had been incorporated, too. Although he did not use it in an original form, however, thanks to him the knowledge on the map and its author has survived. On the other hand, to include the map in its original big size was even technically not possible. He was then obliged to reduce its format, as well as to limit its decorative elements and the number of boxed texts. However, he never limited the geographical content of the maps he reworked. He also always put the original authors in them, in spite of his own authorship as the new author of rendition. The engraver of Ortelius' rendition was Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg.

Apart from the Ortelius' and de Jode's renditions, another one had been made by above mentioned Deutecum brothers with the date 15698. As well as rather mysterious is the Ortelius' rendition reworked by Antonio Possevino (1533/34 --1611), in 1587 edition of his book (reproduction of the map in : Szykula, K., 2000, p. 79). One more rendition, has been published by B. Langens much later than the first edition of Ortelius' Atlas in Amsterdam (1598)9 .

The first historian of cartography who revealed his interest in Jenkinson's map was Richard Hakluyt (1552 – 1616). It resulted in the comprehensive edition of the book entitled *"The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nations"*(1589), where he included Jenkinson's accounts from his diary about his journeys. Among them he placed the description on the journey by the first Russian ambassador in England during the reign of Mary Tudor. The interest in the period of journeys and Jenkinson's map has reappeared and raised in 19th century. It was the topic which became the fundament of the work by Edward Delmar Morgan and Charles Henry Coote and resulted in their book published in 1886 – *"Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen"(*  Morgan, E.D. & Coote*,* H., 1886). At the end of the 19th century we can notice a great interest by Russian scholars, as well. The leading one at that time was the scholar of Russian history of cartography Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kordt (1899), who has published absolutely fundamental work on the early maps of his country in which he included their reproductions, too. At the beginning of the 20th century another Russian historian of cartography H. von Michow (1906, pp. 22-25) showed the same interest, and in the interwar period also Leo Bagrow (1928) – the Russian emigrant settled in Germany and then Sweden. Again, after the World War II, we can observe an interest in our subject. There are articles by Dutch historian of cartography Johannes Keuning (1956), and by mentioned Leo Bagrow

<sup>8</sup> The map is known as well as "Dashkov map" because the only genuine copy survived in Dashkov collection in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

<sup>9</sup> Sketch map published by Petrus Kaerius entitled *"Ruſſia"* According to Wikipedia, the map is available in New York Public Library.

(1962). In the same year the book by Margaret B.G. Morton had been published, but rather from the Jenkinson's private life point of view. Then in turn we have works by: Rybakov, A. B. (1974), Sager, P. (1974), Bagrow L. (1975) and Oakeshott W. (1984) and finally by still uncertain to the original finding S.H. Baron, (1989) together with his several works connected with the epoch in question. So, these are all of the works issued before the genuine map has been found (1987), i.e. the period when none of the mentioned authors was aware of the original picture of the Jenkinson's map, i.e. the period when they had only two main existing renditions as a proof of the map's existence to their disposal.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 127

**Figure 4.** Ivan IV Terrible and Anthony Jenkinson (from the genuine map)

direction there is yet one more important city Kazvin *("Ca*

and *"Aphis chan"- in "Taskent"* region, to the north of *"Ta*

*coviae, Nouogardiae, Imperator A*

follows:

*Mo*

*"Johannes Ba*

Important dates for the mentioned period were following events as attachment of Khanate of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan Khanate (1556), as well as subordination by tsar the Nogai Orda and Khanate of Sibir. At the time the Russian neighborhood played an important role – Poland and Lithuania, for instance Ivan's suffering the defeat in the war with Livonia (1557/1558 – 1570). To have an access to the Baltic coast was the main reason of the battle at that time.

This short introduction to historical epoch of our map of Russia let us take a look at the map of this point of view. Historical content is reflected in numerous texts on the map, as well as, for instance in silhouettes of numerous khans which are placed in the right-hand part of the map in its south-eastern fragment of the territory. In the left-hand part of the map there is only one figure of khan -*"Ismail Sophi"* near the Ardevil town *("Ardabil"* in the map). This city is situated close to the other important city, Tabris (*"Tenbres"*) and in the western

Opposite to the left-hand side of the map, in the right-hand side, are five figures of khans. There are (going from the south): *"Kvrcot chan"*- to the north of *"montes paraponise"* , "Alie chan"– in *"Kirges"* region, *"Blag chan"*- in *"Boghar"* region*, "Azim chan"-* in *"Turkmen"* region

As far as the content on regions included is concerned the best idea is to quote full list mentioned in the bottom of the title cartouche, i.e. left hand corner of the map. This goes as

*ilius Dei gratia, Magnus Imperator totius Ruβiae, Magnus Dux Vladimiriae,* 

 *kent"* city.

*trachaniae atque Liuoniae, magnus Dux Pla*

*rouiae,* 

*by"* in the map).

In the year 1987 starts a new epoch for the Jenkinson's map. The second step of the author taken was to announce the subject of the rediscovery to Organizers of the next International Conference on History of Cartography, then it was to be in Amsterdam. Just after the announcement of the author's abstract of the subject, Canadian editor of *"Cartographica"*  Edward Dahl showed an interest in this exciting news. The editor needed the confirmation that the announcement on the genuine map in an Abstract is trustworthy. It was because of the next paper which professor Baron prepared for printing, still about the rendition of the Jenkinson map. Hence, professor Baron had to rework just before delivering the article (Baron S.H., 1989) to the editor and write in the footnote this sensational news, however as has been said, carefully informing on the new discovery. The presentation during the conference brought unexpected effect. Englishmen who noticed the genuine map reproduction in the poster session called: sensational, incredible, unbelievable. The first post conference publications on the discovery were: short article in conference book (Szykuła, K., 1989); conference account (Scott, V.G., 1989), and the same author short information with small reproduction of the rediscovered map (Scott, V.G., 1990), finally additional information (Barber P., 1989). At the same time in accounts by Eckhard Jäger (1989) and R. W. Karrow (1989) the copy in question had been announced, too.

In the meantime, there has been established a friendly scientific correspondence cooperation between Professor Baron and the author which resulted in the Professor's first article about the genuine copy (1993). He considered the relations between original and its renditions, and tried to establish the real dating of the genuine copy.
