**Author details**

178 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

**the MSM accuracy data** 

Hinueber E., iMAR GmbH, 2005)

**7. Conclusions** 

**Figure 22.** The diagram for the target height *Th* computing.

*L*1 *h*

*T*1

*L*1

Explorer's GNSS decoder automatically extracts the IMU data.

**6. Inertial Explorer post-processing software for the final perfection of** 

Waypoint Products Group's **Inertial Explorer** post-processing software suite integrates rate data from six degrees of freedom IMU sensor arrays with GNSS information processed with an integrated GNSS post-processor (same as GrafNav's). Inertial Explorer use strapdown accelerometer (Δν) and angular rate (Δθ) information to produce high rate coordinate and attitude information from a wide variety of IMUs. (Kennedy S. NovAtel Inc., Canada &

O.P.

*Th*

<sup>1</sup> *h*

*T*

Inertial Explorer implements either a loose coupling of the GNSS and inertial data or tightly coupled (TC) processing that uses GPS carrier phase to limit error during periods where satellite tracking is limited or variable (even if only 2 or 3 satellites are visible). It is important to time-tag the inertial measurements to the GPS time frame during the data collection process. Proper synchronization is vital. Otherwise, the IMU data will not process. In NovAtel's SPAN system, IMU data is automatically synchronized and the Inertial

In order to increase up to 200 – 300 meters, the distance up to which the sighted targets from the terrain can be positioned, it resorts to the use of a single digital camera of high resolution in a fixed montage on a lab vehicle, instead of two cameras which usually are used in the case of classical stereo photogrammetric systems and for which the measurement basis is limited by the montage distance between the two cameras on the lab vehicle, respectively by Axente Stoica, Dan Savastru and Marina Tautan *National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics – INOE 2000, Romania* 

### **8. References**


American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Caporali A. (2008) . System and Method For Monitoring and Surveying Movements of the Terrain, Large Infrastructures and Civil Building Works In General, Based Upon the Signals Transmitted by the GPS Navigation Satellite System. Patent application number: 20080204315 (Este (Padova), IT) Assignees: HSEPA-Sistemi Elettronici Per Automazione S.p.A.

**Chapter 8** 

© 2012 Madureira Cruz and Silva de Barros, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is

© 2012 Madureira Cruz and Silva de Barros, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Contribution of New Sensors to Cartography** 

Different cartographic representations are considered fundamental for the Geographic Science, whose characteristics are related, almost always, with the need for representation and analysis of spatially distributed phenomena. Therefore, it is fundamental that the cartographic bases are available, meeting the needs regarding the accuracy and updating, in

Generation and maintenance of these bases are considered as highly complex, considering all the planialtimetric information that they should contain, mainly in the case of a large country as Brazil, whose territory extends for about 8.5 million km², with many areas of difficult access. Furthermore, there is a need for concern also with the thematic maps, whose origins depend on the cartographic bases themselves, which operate as spatial reference, besides other inputs originated normally from field surveys and remote sensing. The diversity of these maps is enormous, creating an immense variety of methods and specialists

With all this progress, cartography is presenting growing changes in the form of preparation and divulging of its products. The availability of new technologies, for acquisition, storage and dissemination of spatial data, made the use of maps and images increasingly popular, reaching not only government organizations and private companies, as habitual, but also individual users. On the other hand, this same technological progress has entailed a new context of methodological solutions, some of which presenting themselves as interesting alternatives for the process of maps generation, despite presenting also many future challenges. Changes to the way work is carried out are fundamental to attend viable solutions in ongoing applications, in the long-term, that also require a high level of quality,

It is a fact that the consolidation of the Information Technology in practically all areas of knowledge, with the consequent cost reduction regarding software and hardware, was

Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz and Rafael Silva de Barros

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48258

involved in their preparation.

**1. Introduction** 

different scales.

properly cited.

as those involving systematic cartography.

