**5. The picture of the Jenkinson's map. The description and analysis of the richness of the content**

#### **5.1. Historical background of the map**

From the historical point of view Jenkinson's map is the 16th century document of the epoch during the reign of Elizabeth I (1533–1603) in England and of Ivan IV Terrible (1530-1584) in Russia. To be more clear why the map had been depicted we have to go back to the epoch of Edward VI (1537-1553) and Mary Tudor (1516-1558). The date of the death of Edward is at the same time the date of establishing the Muscovy Company. The date of the death of Mary is in turn the period when our Jenkinson had been travelling on his first voyage to Russia (he left London on May 1557).

**Figure 4.** Ivan IV Terrible and Anthony Jenkinson (from the genuine map)

(1962). In the same year the book by Margaret B.G. Morton had been published, but rather from the Jenkinson's private life point of view. Then in turn we have works by: Rybakov, A. B. (1974), Sager, P. (1974), Bagrow L. (1975) and Oakeshott W. (1984) and finally by still uncertain to the original finding S.H. Baron, (1989) together with his several works connected with the epoch in question. So, these are all of the works issued before the genuine map has been found (1987), i.e. the period when none of the mentioned authors was aware of the original picture of the Jenkinson's map, i.e. the period when they had only two

In the year 1987 starts a new epoch for the Jenkinson's map. The second step of the author taken was to announce the subject of the rediscovery to Organizers of the next International Conference on History of Cartography, then it was to be in Amsterdam. Just after the announcement of the author's abstract of the subject, Canadian editor of *"Cartographica"*  Edward Dahl showed an interest in this exciting news. The editor needed the confirmation that the announcement on the genuine map in an Abstract is trustworthy. It was because of the next paper which professor Baron prepared for printing, still about the rendition of the Jenkinson map. Hence, professor Baron had to rework just before delivering the article (Baron S.H., 1989) to the editor and write in the footnote this sensational news, however as has been said, carefully informing on the new discovery. The presentation during the conference brought unexpected effect. Englishmen who noticed the genuine map reproduction in the poster session called: sensational, incredible, unbelievable. The first post conference publications on the discovery were: short article in conference book (Szykuła, K., 1989); conference account (Scott, V.G., 1989), and the same author short information with small reproduction of the rediscovered map (Scott, V.G., 1990), finally additional information (Barber P., 1989). At the same time in accounts by Eckhard Jäger (1989) and R.

In the meantime, there has been established a friendly scientific correspondence cooperation between Professor Baron and the author which resulted in the Professor's first article about the genuine copy (1993). He considered the relations between original and its renditions,

**5. The picture of the Jenkinson's map. The description and analysis of** 

From the historical point of view Jenkinson's map is the 16th century document of the epoch during the reign of Elizabeth I (1533–1603) in England and of Ivan IV Terrible (1530-1584) in Russia. To be more clear why the map had been depicted we have to go back to the epoch of Edward VI (1537-1553) and Mary Tudor (1516-1558). The date of the death of Edward is at the same time the date of establishing the Muscovy Company. The date of the death of Mary is in turn the period when our Jenkinson had been travelling on his first voyage to Russia

main existing renditions as a proof of the map's existence to their disposal.

W. Karrow (1989) the copy in question had been announced, too.

and tried to establish the real dating of the genuine copy.

**the richness of the content** 

(he left London on May 1557).

**5.1. Historical background of the map** 

Important dates for the mentioned period were following events as attachment of Khanate of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan Khanate (1556), as well as subordination by tsar the Nogai Orda and Khanate of Sibir. At the time the Russian neighborhood played an important role – Poland and Lithuania, for instance Ivan's suffering the defeat in the war with Livonia (1557/1558 – 1570). To have an access to the Baltic coast was the main reason of the battle at that time.

This short introduction to historical epoch of our map of Russia let us take a look at the map of this point of view. Historical content is reflected in numerous texts on the map, as well as, for instance in silhouettes of numerous khans which are placed in the right-hand part of the map in its south-eastern fragment of the territory. In the left-hand part of the map there is only one figure of khan -*"Ismail Sophi"* near the Ardevil town *("Ardabil"* in the map). This city is situated close to the other important city, Tabris (*"Tenbres"*) and in the western direction there is yet one more important city Kazvin *("Caby"* in the map).

Opposite to the left-hand side of the map, in the right-hand side, are five figures of khans. There are (going from the south): *"Kvrcot chan"*- to the north of *"montes paraponise"* , "Alie chan"– in *"Kirges"* region, *"Blag chan"*- in *"Boghar"* region*, "Azim chan"-* in *"Turkmen"* region and *"Aphis chan"- in "Taskent"* region, to the north of *"Ta kent"* city.

As far as the content on regions included is concerned the best idea is to quote full list mentioned in the bottom of the title cartouche, i.e. left hand corner of the map. This goes as follows:

*"Johannes Bailius Dei gratia, Magnus Imperator totius Ruβiae, Magnus Dux Vladimiriae, Mocoviae, Nouogardiae, Imperator Atrachaniae atque Liuoniae, magnus Dux Plarouiae,* 

*Smolenciae, Tueriae, Iogoriae, Permiae, Viatiae, Bolgoriae, etc. Imperator et magnus Dux Nouogardiae Niuociorum, Chernigouiae, Rezaniae, Volotiae, Erzeuiae, Bieliae, Jaroslauiae, Belozeriae, Vdoriae, Obdoriae, Condiniae, et aliarum multarum regionum Imperator atque …(?)totius Septentrionis dominus".* 

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 129

*unt"* (transl. "Samarcanda was a capitol of the entire Tartaria,

*on a Rege Per*

*ia, alijsque orbis tractibus"* (transl. "Boghar is the most

*tigijs. Hic conditus e*

*ima, aliquando Per*

*icaeque loquuntur. Frequentia hic* 

*trum illi finitimi* 

*ico adiuuantibus* 

*t =* 

*is fuit* 

*unt"* (transl.

*unt* 

> *us*

**Figure 5.** Northwards of the Caspian Sea in the genuine Jenkinson's map

*fuit, at nunc ruinis deformis iacet, una cum multis antiquitatis ue*

*Tartaris anno 1558 expugnata fuit"* (transl. "The city Corason had been captured in 1558 by the Persian king, who was supported by Tartars"), *"Shamarcandia olim totius Tartariae metropolis* 

*Tamerlanns ille, qui olim Turcarum Imperatorem Baiazitem captivi aureis catenis uinctum* 

now is in ruinous state, however with numerous ancient relics. It was founded by Tamerlan, who in early times conducted emperor of Turks Bajazyd, who was chained in golden

extentsive city, in early times it was subjected to Persians. The habitants are heretic Mahometans and they speak Persian. There are often trade fairs, /merchants/ come from China, India, Persia and from other districts of different countries"), *"Rex hic aduer*

still fighting against Khasack tribes. Once they have been close to be chase away"),

"This duke is still fighting with Hinduss, who are his neighbours from the south"),

Conclusion: these above mentioned descriptions placed in the map give us quite a rich

*carae princeps Mahumetanus est, ac cum Kirgijs bella mouet*" (transl. "Duke of Caskhara is

*idua bella mouet, quae gens nuper prope exterminata fuerat"* (transl. "This King is

*im amplexantur, Per*

Some other interesting descriptions are as follows: *"Vrbs Cora*

chains. The habitants are Mahometans"), *"Boghar urbs ampli*

*"Princeps hic cum Indis plurimae habet certamina, qui ad au*

Mahometan and he is fighting against Kirghiz").

material on history of the territory in question.

*circumtulit. Incolae mahumetani* 

*subdita. Ciues Mahumeticam here*

*Casachios a*

"*Ca*

*commercia, tum ex Cataya, India, Per*

As the historical description we can also consider the following one10: *"Haec pars Lituaniae, hic descripta, Imperatori Ruiae ubdita"* (transl. "this part of Lithuania, here depicted, is subordinated to tsar"). Similar description concerns the subordination of the part of Livonia.

One of the descriptions is a historical one only at its beginning: *"Permiani et Condoriani, aliquando Ethnici fuerunt, at nunc a Ruβorum Caeare perdomiti,…"* (transl."Permians and Condorians were in past times one nation, but now they have been conquered by Russian tsar").

The subsequent text of historical content is: "*Crimae unt Mahumetitae, quibus cum Mocouitis aiduum bellum intercedit*" (transl. "Crymens are Mahometans, who still proceed the war against Moscow"), "*Cazane Regnum Tartariae fuit Anno 1551 expugnatum ac Imperatori Ruβiae subiectum*" (transl. "Cazane kingdom was taken away from Tartaria and subjected to Russia in 1551"), "*Atracan Tartarorum regnum fuit anno 1554 ubactum, ac imperio Ruiae adiectum"* (transl. "Tartar region Astrakhan was conquered and attached to Russian Empire in 1554").

Here again there is only the beginning of the text which can be interesting from the historical point of view: *"Medi, Peraeque Mahumetani unt, aβidueque cum Turcis Tartarique pugna confligunt…"*(transl. "Meds and Persians are Mahometans, they are still fighting with Turkish Tartars").

Interesting is the description close to Caspian east coast region: "*Turcomannorum imperium inter quinque fratres et partitum, quorum qui primas tenet Azim Chan nominatus et. Reliquero, Sultani appellatur. Quique olum oppida uel potius catra subiectione et imperio suo tennet"* (transl. "Turkmens Empire is divided between five brothers, one of them, the leading one, is called Azim Khan, the next are designated Sultans. Only five towns or rather camps are subordinated to them").

The next text is to be continuation of the previous one and it goes: "*Horum Vrgence Principem locum tenet. Incolae Mahumeticam ectam agnocunt, uiuuntque iuxta Nagaiorum conuetudinem, ac cum Perarum Principe (uulgo Sophi nuncupato) continenter belligerantur*"(transl. "The period and place of the Urgench Duchy. Habitants practice the Mahometan religion, and live according to Nagai customs and with the duke of Persians (so called Sophi), they permanently wage the war").

<sup>10</sup> Every one of the texts quoted here is transliterated according to the originals. The two exceptions to the rule the author used are in the cases when the end of the word was for instance "rū". Than the form "rum" was used or instead of "e'" in text author used the end "ae".

For the translated texts of genuine Jenkinson's map from Latin to Polish the author wishes to thank Dr Wojciech Mrozowicz from Wrocław University Institute of History

**Figure 5.** Northwards of the Caspian Sea in the genuine Jenkinson's map

*hic descripta, Imperatori Ru*

to Russia in 1551"), "*A*

historical point of view: *"Medi, Per*

Empire in 1554").

Turkish Tartars").

*inter quinque fratres e*

*Sultani appellatur. Quique* 

subordinated to them").

*cum Per*

*locum tenet. Incolae Mahumeticam* 

permanently wage the war").

of "e'" in text author used the end "ae".

Mrozowicz from Wrocław University Institute of History

tsar").

*a* *…(?)totius Septentrionis dominus".* 

*iae* 

*aliquando Ethnici fuerunt, at nunc a Ruβorum Cae*

The subsequent text of historical content is: "*Crimae* 

*Smolenciae, Tueriae, Iogoriae, Permiae, Viatiae, Bolgoriae, etc. Imperator et magnus Dux Nouogardiae Niuociorum, Chernigouiae, Rezaniae, Volotiae, Erzeuiae, Bieliae, Jaroslauiae, Belozeriae, Vdoriae, Obdoriae, Condiniae, et aliarum multarum regionum Imperator atque* 

As the historical description we can also consider the following one10: *"Haec pars Lituaniae,* 

subordinated to tsar"). Similar description concerns the subordination of the part of Livonia. One of the descriptions is a historical one only at its beginning: *"Permiani et Condoriani,* 

Condorians were in past times one nation, but now they have been conquered by Russian

*iduum bellum intercedit*" (transl. "Crymens are Mahometans, who still proceed the war against Moscow"), "*Cazane Regnum Tartariae fuit Anno 1551 expugnatum ac Imperatori Ruβiae subiectum*" (transl. "Cazane kingdom was taken away from Tartaria and subjected

*tracan Tartarorum regnum fuit anno 1554* 

*adiectum"* (transl. "Tartar region Astrakhan was conquered and attached to Russian

Here again there is only the beginning of the text which can be interesting from the

*pugna confligunt…"*(transl. "Meds and Persians are Mahometans, they are still fighting with

Interesting is the description close to Caspian east coast region: "*Turcomannorum imperium* 

"Turkmens Empire is divided between five brothers, one of them, the leading one, is called Azim Khan, the next are designated Sultans. Only five towns or rather camps are

The next text is to be continuation of the previous one and it goes: "*Horum Vrgence Principem* 

and place of the Urgench Duchy. Habitants practice the Mahometan religion, and live according to Nagai customs and with the duke of Persians (so called Sophi), they

10 Every one of the texts quoted here is transliterated according to the originals. The two exceptions to the rule the author used are in the cases when the end of the word was for instance "rū". Than the form "rum" was used or instead

For the translated texts of genuine Jenkinson's map from Latin to Polish the author wishes to thank Dr Wojciech

*t partitum, quorum qui primas tenet Azim Chan nominatus e*

*arum Principe (uulgo Sophi nuncupato) continenter belligerantur*"(transl. "The period

*aeque Mahumetani* 

*olum oppida uel potius ca*

*ectam agno*

*cunt, uiuuntque iuxta Nagaiorum con*

*unt Mahumeti*

*ubdita"* (transl. "this part of Lithuania, here depicted, is

*are perdomiti,…"* (transl."Permians and

*tae, quibus cum Mo*

*ubactum, ac imperio Ru*

*unt, aβidueque cum Turcis Tartari*

*tra subiectione et imperio suo tennet"* (transl.

*couitis* 

> *iae*

*que* 

*t. Reliquero,* 

*uetudinem, ac* 

Some other interesting descriptions are as follows: *"Vrbs Coraon a Rege Perico adiuuantibus Tartaris anno 1558 expugnata fuit"* (transl. "The city Corason had been captured in 1558 by the Persian king, who was supported by Tartars"), *"Shamarcandia olim totius Tartariae metropolis fuit, at nunc ruinis deformis iacet, una cum multis antiquitatis uetigijs. Hic conditus et = Tamerlanns ille, qui olim Turcarum Imperatorem Baiazitem captivi aureis catenis uinctum circumtulit. Incolae mahumetani unt"* (transl. "Samarcanda was a capitol of the entire Tartaria, now is in ruinous state, however with numerous ancient relics. It was founded by Tamerlan, who in early times conducted emperor of Turks Bajazyd, who was chained in golden chains. The habitants are Mahometans"), *"Boghar urbs ampliima, aliquando Peris fuit subdita. Ciues Mahumeticam hereim amplexantur, Pericaeque loquuntur. Frequentia hic unt commercia, tum ex Cataya, India, Peria, alijsque orbis tractibus"* (transl. "Boghar is the most extentsive city, in early times it was subjected to Persians. The habitants are heretic Mahometans and they speak Persian. There are often trade fairs, /merchants/ come from China, India, Persia and from other districts of different countries"), *"Rex hic aduerus Casachios aidua bella mouet, quae gens nuper prope exterminata fuerat"* (transl. "This King is still fighting against Khasack tribes. Once they have been close to be chase away"), *"Princeps hic cum Indis plurimae habet certamina, qui ad autrum illi finitimi unt"* (transl. "This duke is still fighting with Hinduss, who are his neighbours from the south"), "*Cacarae princeps Mahumetanus est, ac cum Kirgijs bella mouet*" (transl. "Duke of Caskhara is Mahometan and he is fighting against Kirghiz").

Conclusion: these above mentioned descriptions placed in the map give us quite a rich material on history of the territory in question.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 131

Some information were repeated together with the development from one to the next generation. This happened with the presentation of the Oxus or Ougus river12 which was so depicted until the first quarter of the 18th century. As an example can be shown the map by Christfried Kircher of 1734 or J.B. Homann's map of *Kilania* (and different other dates of its

As far as the domestic Russian cartography is concerned, it is necessary to come back to the above mentioned Alexey V. Postnikov's article. We read there that the first document of Russian domestic cartography was so-called "*Nikon's latopis*". The earliest Russian maps initially were composed for small fragments of areas, for instance a vicinities of rivers, meadows, then strongholds, and finally cities. The last were created mainly for military needs. Road maps in turn were created for mission needs to be used by monks. The maps of northern sea lands were made because of sailors' and fishermen's needs. However, despite of existence of much information in Russian transmissions in maps and drawings, practically they had not survived. There are, however, many maps, which have been made by foreign cartographers, who in their diaries or accounts were writing about the politeness Russian natives showed towards the foreigners. They were particularly very helpful in every aspect in terrain. It is even possible that they served some sketch maps of a small parts of a given area like those experienced traders and voyagers of the Muscovy Company. Professor Postnikov writes about the Polish cartographer G. Maintsky, who, according to the Professor, was an author of the world map of 1100, where he already marked Russia as a country situated northerly of the Danube. The next cartographic document where the Russia territory is marked is the famous Ebstorf map of the end of 13th century. On the map Professor Postnikov notices fourteen times the different names

As far as the territory of South Asia is concerned, we should not forget about the voyages by 13th century latest half traveller Marco Polo (1254 – 1324). Together with his brother he passed the so-called Silk Road (south of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea) and reached China, and, like Jenkinson, later on, Marco Polo passed the same dangerous Bokhara, as well as

From the year 1459 comes the world map by Fra Mauro, however, there is a quite detailed fragment of territory of Russia which is therefore why it should be quoted here (Borodaev & Kontev, A. V., 2007). Very good picture of the part of the region in the book illustrates the fragment of the map (p. 20). We find the description on this map on the next page. On subsequent maps appear more detailed pictures of Sarmatia14 – for instance in 1513

14 Sarmatia is the region situated between Vistula river and Caspian Sea. This name became famous thanks to wellknown Polish classic writer Henryk Sienkiewicz. In 16th century there was another Polish writer – Matthaeus of Miechov (1457 - 1523, so called Miechowita in Polish), who described this region in his "Tractatus de duabus

editions)13.

connected with the region of Russia.

was a guest on the court of Great Khan of Persia.

Strasburg edition of "*Geography"* by Ptolemaeus.

12 The name Oxus is the Arabic name of Ougus (more read later on) 13 This map has been kindly indicated by Professor Alexander Podosinov

**Figure 6.** Right hand lower part of the genuine map

## **5.2. Genuine map from the geographical point of view with a short introduction of the history of cartography of Russia**

To examine the subject of the Jenkinson's map from the geographical point of view, it is worth devoting some place to history of cartography of Russia. Obviously, this field is best known by native scholars. One of them is for instance Professor Alexey V. Postnikov. Before we take into account his publication from 2000, we should go back to the ancient times. Here should be mentioned for example Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 – 480 BC), Herodot from Halicarnassus (c. 484 – 425 BC), Dicearchus of Messana (c. 350 – 285 BC) or Eratostenes (c. 276 – 196 BC) and of course many others. On the map of the world by Dicaearchus it is the most amazing because already depicted in south-north extension of the Caspian Sea, and as we know this error was presented on early maps up until the beginning of the 18th century, for instance on J.B. Homann's map in 1720 ("*Generalis Totius Impeii Moscoviti"*). As well as on the Dicaearchus map, there is already a symbol of the cartographic net in form of two perpendicular lines – the meridian which crosses Rhodos Island and parallel, so called diaphragma, which start from Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar), and it runs to the Himalaya Mountains. The proper shape of Caspian Sea was undoubtedly known by ancient people, what we can learn from the article by Leo Bagrow11.

On the maps of ancient geographers and cartographers untill the times of Claudius Ptolemaeus (100 – c.168) one may observe the development of geographical knowledge.

<sup>11</sup> Bagrow, L., *Italians on the Caspian,* Imago Mundi 13, pp. 2-10

Some information were repeated together with the development from one to the next generation. This happened with the presentation of the Oxus or Ougus river12 which was so depicted until the first quarter of the 18th century. As an example can be shown the map by Christfried Kircher of 1734 or J.B. Homann's map of *Kilania* (and different other dates of its editions)13.

130 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

**Figure 6.** Right hand lower part of the genuine map

**of the history of cartography of Russia** 

people, what we can learn from the article by Leo Bagrow11.

11 Bagrow, L., *Italians on the Caspian,* Imago Mundi 13, pp. 2-10

**5.2. Genuine map from the geographical point of view with a short introduction** 

To examine the subject of the Jenkinson's map from the geographical point of view, it is worth devoting some place to history of cartography of Russia. Obviously, this field is best known by native scholars. One of them is for instance Professor Alexey V. Postnikov. Before we take into account his publication from 2000, we should go back to the ancient times. Here should be mentioned for example Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 – 480 BC), Herodot from Halicarnassus (c. 484 – 425 BC), Dicearchus of Messana (c. 350 – 285 BC) or Eratostenes (c. 276 – 196 BC) and of course many others. On the map of the world by Dicaearchus it is the most amazing because already depicted in south-north extension of the Caspian Sea, and as we know this error was presented on early maps up until the beginning of the 18th century, for instance on J.B. Homann's map in 1720 ("*Generalis Totius Impeii Moscoviti"*). As well as on the Dicaearchus map, there is already a symbol of the cartographic net in form of two perpendicular lines – the meridian which crosses Rhodos Island and parallel, so called diaphragma, which start from Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar), and it runs to the Himalaya Mountains. The proper shape of Caspian Sea was undoubtedly known by ancient

On the maps of ancient geographers and cartographers untill the times of Claudius Ptolemaeus (100 – c.168) one may observe the development of geographical knowledge. As far as the domestic Russian cartography is concerned, it is necessary to come back to the above mentioned Alexey V. Postnikov's article. We read there that the first document of Russian domestic cartography was so-called "*Nikon's latopis*". The earliest Russian maps initially were composed for small fragments of areas, for instance a vicinities of rivers, meadows, then strongholds, and finally cities. The last were created mainly for military needs. Road maps in turn were created for mission needs to be used by monks. The maps of northern sea lands were made because of sailors' and fishermen's needs. However, despite of existence of much information in Russian transmissions in maps and drawings, practically they had not survived. There are, however, many maps, which have been made by foreign cartographers, who in their diaries or accounts were writing about the politeness Russian natives showed towards the foreigners. They were particularly very helpful in every aspect in terrain. It is even possible that they served some sketch maps of a small parts of a given area like those experienced traders and voyagers of the Muscovy Company. Professor Postnikov writes about the Polish cartographer G. Maintsky, who, according to the Professor, was an author of the world map of 1100, where he already marked Russia as a country situated northerly of the Danube. The next cartographic document where the Russia territory is marked is the famous Ebstorf map of the end of 13th century. On the map Professor Postnikov notices fourteen times the different names connected with the region of Russia.

As far as the territory of South Asia is concerned, we should not forget about the voyages by 13th century latest half traveller Marco Polo (1254 – 1324). Together with his brother he passed the so-called Silk Road (south of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea) and reached China, and, like Jenkinson, later on, Marco Polo passed the same dangerous Bokhara, as well as was a guest on the court of Great Khan of Persia.

From the year 1459 comes the world map by Fra Mauro, however, there is a quite detailed fragment of territory of Russia which is therefore why it should be quoted here (Borodaev & Kontev, A. V., 2007). Very good picture of the part of the region in the book illustrates the fragment of the map (p. 20). We find the description on this map on the next page. On subsequent maps appear more detailed pictures of Sarmatia14 – for instance in 1513 Strasburg edition of "*Geography"* by Ptolemaeus.

<sup>12</sup> The name Oxus is the Arabic name of Ougus (more read later on)

<sup>13</sup> This map has been kindly indicated by Professor Alexander Podosinov

<sup>14</sup> Sarmatia is the region situated between Vistula river and Caspian Sea. This name became famous thanks to wellknown Polish classic writer Henryk Sienkiewicz. In 16th century there was another Polish writer – Matthaeus of Miechov (1457 - 1523, so called Miechowita in Polish), who described this region in his "Tractatus de duabus

16th Century is a golden age of very comprehensive geographical works where the maps became quite often illustrations of the texts. The most famous is so-called *"Cosmography"* by Sebastian Münster (1488 – 1552). In its first edition of 1544 in Basilea we can find the map of Moscovia, as well. However, the real cartography of Russia begins from Dmitry Gerasimov (c.1465 – c.1535), who was the Russian ambassador. He passed his observations on Moscovia to Paolo Jovio15 (1483 – 1552). Next, Battista Agnese (1500 – 1564) published the Jovius map in his Venice edition of 1554 (reproduction of the map in Szykula's article, 2000).

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 133

Moscovia three times. This shows his great and rather correct knowledge of the way in question, to Persia, too. Some proof makes, too, his detailed diary in which we read about his numerous measurements along the way, by log (distances) and astrolabe (latitudes). He also gives many concrete data on estimated value of latitudes as well as distances in miles or in number of days. The north orientation of his map is the next proof of the modern attitude to cartography, however, known already from the Ptolemaeus atlas, but more innovative to Wied's map, which is, according to its author, an eastern one, but south-eastern because of

The visual eastern border of the left half of the map reaches the lower course of the Ob river, *"Tiumen"*region, east coast of Caspian Sea, crosses the *"Ougus"*river, and in the southern part of the territory reaches the north end of the Persia and Hindukush mountains, where river Ougus takes its source. As far as the descriptions of the rivers here is concerned, the author asks the reader to be understanding if she will not always follow the principle to describe them from the upper course as it is usually practiced. To continue the subject and going from the south-eastern part there is the Black Sea but it is covered by the cartouche containing the comprehensive dedication to Henry Sidney, as the sponsor of the map. We can only notice the north part of the Sea, i.e. Azov Sea *("Palus Meotis"* in the map*).* In the

Into the Azov Sea flows Don river (*"don uel tanais fl.")*. Then it turns to the north-eastern direction, where from the west it leaves the *"Crimea"* region. Further the river passes

*tines uel neper"* in the map). The river goes

some elements on the map.

**Figure 7.** White Sea region on the genuine map

western part of the Sea is the Dnieper river *("Biri*

from the north reaching its source in the non-existing *"volock"* lake.

The next important map of Russia was prepared by Baron Sigismund Herberstein (1486 – 1566). It is the result of his travels to Russia. He was an Austrian diplomat and the messenger of the emperor Maximilian I (1459 – 1519). The map has been made in wood by Augustin Hirschfogel in 1546, and published in 1549 in the book by Herberstein *"Rerum Moscoviticarum commentarii*" and it is the first comprehensive report on the Moscovia State.

Dates 1537, 1542, 1555 and 1570 are the years of subsequent editions of the map by Anton Wied. This one has been made on basis of an information by I(van?) V(asilevich?) Liacky.

Now it is time when the Jenkinson's map should be already described from the geographical point of view. The left-hand half of the map which has been already mentioned in this respect is the richer one than the right. The latter is not only poorer in those physiographical elements but generally speaking in most degree erroneous in its representation. On the other hand it is richer in decorative components. As was already mentioned, the Ortelius rendition is the most faithful to the original map, especially at its left hand part. Vaughan, Earnest Vancourt (1912) was the one who very accurately analyzed Ortelius' rendition.

Obviously many other historians were engaged in analyzing the map, too, but still before the original has been found. After the discovery of the genuine copy of Jenkinson's map we can find the first descriptions on the relation between genuine copy and the Ortelius' rendition: Szykula, K., (1989) in the conference book and Baron S.H., (1993) more comprehensive description. Next in: Szykula K. (1995), Szykula K. (2000).

Now to attempt to analyze the genuine copy in this respect, it is worth remembering some common opinion which was expressed by many scholars, that the north-western part of the map has been made by Jenkinson on the basis of the manuscript map by William Borough (1558) – reproduction in Szykula's, K. (2000), south-western part on the basis of Anton Wied's, but the most erroneous east part by Anthony Jenkinson himself. Obviously, it would be nothing strange that Jenkinson should use the existing maps of his predecessors, but on the other hand such an opinion is to some degree rather unjust. At first, because he himself personally first overcame the roads so far inside Russia and as a first Englishman reached Buchara region at the time - previously Bokhara region have been reached only by Marco Polo. Before the map has been depicted, he has been exploring the western region of

Sarmatiis" (1517) where he paid attention to the error made by Ptolemaeus regarding the Ripheans and Hyperboreans mountains in lower Moscovia state. However, later on Herberstein in his work (1549) identified them as Ural mountains.

<sup>15</sup> See Rybakov B.A., *Novoodkrytaja karta Moskovii 1525 g.* Otečestvennye archivy, 4. pp. 3-8

Moscovia three times. This shows his great and rather correct knowledge of the way in question, to Persia, too. Some proof makes, too, his detailed diary in which we read about his numerous measurements along the way, by log (distances) and astrolabe (latitudes). He also gives many concrete data on estimated value of latitudes as well as distances in miles or in number of days. The north orientation of his map is the next proof of the modern attitude to cartography, however, known already from the Ptolemaeus atlas, but more innovative to Wied's map, which is, according to its author, an eastern one, but south-eastern because of some elements on the map.

**Figure 7.** White Sea region on the genuine map

132 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

mountains.

16th Century is a golden age of very comprehensive geographical works where the maps became quite often illustrations of the texts. The most famous is so-called *"Cosmography"* by Sebastian Münster (1488 – 1552). In its first edition of 1544 in Basilea we can find the map of Moscovia, as well. However, the real cartography of Russia begins from Dmitry Gerasimov (c.1465 – c.1535), who was the Russian ambassador. He passed his observations on Moscovia to Paolo Jovio15 (1483 – 1552). Next, Battista Agnese (1500 – 1564) published the Jovius map

The next important map of Russia was prepared by Baron Sigismund Herberstein (1486 – 1566). It is the result of his travels to Russia. He was an Austrian diplomat and the messenger of the emperor Maximilian I (1459 – 1519). The map has been made in wood by Augustin Hirschfogel in 1546, and published in 1549 in the book by Herberstein *"Rerum Moscoviticarum commentarii*" and it is the first comprehensive report on the Moscovia State.

Dates 1537, 1542, 1555 and 1570 are the years of subsequent editions of the map by Anton Wied. This one has been made on basis of an information by I(van?) V(asilevich?) Liacky.

Now it is time when the Jenkinson's map should be already described from the geographical point of view. The left-hand half of the map which has been already mentioned in this respect is the richer one than the right. The latter is not only poorer in those physiographical elements but generally speaking in most degree erroneous in its representation. On the other hand it is richer in decorative components. As was already mentioned, the Ortelius rendition is the most faithful to the original map, especially at its left hand part. Vaughan, Earnest Vancourt (1912) was the one who very accurately analyzed Ortelius' rendition.

Obviously many other historians were engaged in analyzing the map, too, but still before the original has been found. After the discovery of the genuine copy of Jenkinson's map we can find the first descriptions on the relation between genuine copy and the Ortelius' rendition: Szykula, K., (1989) in the conference book and Baron S.H., (1993) more

Now to attempt to analyze the genuine copy in this respect, it is worth remembering some common opinion which was expressed by many scholars, that the north-western part of the map has been made by Jenkinson on the basis of the manuscript map by William Borough (1558) – reproduction in Szykula's, K. (2000), south-western part on the basis of Anton Wied's, but the most erroneous east part by Anthony Jenkinson himself. Obviously, it would be nothing strange that Jenkinson should use the existing maps of his predecessors, but on the other hand such an opinion is to some degree rather unjust. At first, because he himself personally first overcame the roads so far inside Russia and as a first Englishman reached Buchara region at the time - previously Bokhara region have been reached only by Marco Polo. Before the map has been depicted, he has been exploring the western region of

Sarmatiis" (1517) where he paid attention to the error made by Ptolemaeus regarding the Ripheans and Hyperboreans mountains in lower Moscovia state. However, later on Herberstein in his work (1549) identified them as Ural

comprehensive description. Next in: Szykula K. (1995), Szykula K. (2000).

15 See Rybakov B.A., *Novoodkrytaja karta Moskovii 1525 g.* Otečestvennye archivy, 4. pp. 3-8

in his Venice edition of 1554 (reproduction of the map in Szykula's article, 2000).

The visual eastern border of the left half of the map reaches the lower course of the Ob river, *"Tiumen"*region, east coast of Caspian Sea, crosses the *"Ougus"*river, and in the southern part of the territory reaches the north end of the Persia and Hindukush mountains, where river Ougus takes its source. As far as the descriptions of the rivers here is concerned, the author asks the reader to be understanding if she will not always follow the principle to describe them from the upper course as it is usually practiced. To continue the subject and going from the south-eastern part there is the Black Sea but it is covered by the cartouche containing the comprehensive dedication to Henry Sidney, as the sponsor of the map. We can only notice the north part of the Sea, i.e. Azov Sea *("Palus Meotis"* in the map*).* In the western part of the Sea is the Dnieper river *("Biritines uel neper"* in the map). The river goes from the north reaching its source in the non-existing *"volock"* lake.

Into the Azov Sea flows Don river (*"don uel tanais fl.")*. Then it turns to the north-eastern direction, where from the west it leaves the *"Crimea"* region. Further the river passes *"Mordva"* and *"Reza"* regions crossing two lakes – smaller one *"Iuan ozera"* and the larger one *"ploglar ozera".* Finally it reaches the smallest of them *"rezanskoy ozera".* 

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 135

*ow".* Close to the upper course of

*i"*) at the south-eastern end of the map. There is

*amar fl.")* as the

*ur"* flows into the

*hy".* Close to the

*are"* and

the western half of the map is Kama river *("Cama fl.")* and Samara river *("*

*Lacvs"*). From the opposite side of the lake the river called by Jenkinson *"*

cities: *"Co*

the *"ur"* river is *"Ta*

Hindukush mountains *("montes paraponi*

with the ethnographic content of the map.

**means of the nets of triangles** 

(Baron, 1993).

easternmost tributaries of the Volga river.As has been said, the right hand half of the map is quite a controversial one. It has to be remembered it had been taken into consideration by Ortelius, too, but neglected in de Jode's rendition. In an eastern part of the western Jenkinson's map territory we have only the lower course of the Ob. In the map it flows to North Sea if we translate "*Mare Septentrionale"*, but its source is in the Chinese Lake ("*Kitaia* 

lake*.* Its source in the map is in Tashkent as far as to Tashkent *("Taskent"*) and probably it is to-day Sir-Darya river with its tributary Zeravshan *("Amov fl.")* Today Zeravshan is the tributary of Amu-Darya river*.* In the map *"Amow"* river flows around three relatively big

*"ardock"* is situated in the southern part of the map and the source of this river is in

the name *"Mhoghol"* and *"Kirges",* too, in the right lower corner of the fragment. In this

*"Vrgencz",* and in bifurcation of two rivers *"ardock"* and *"Ougus"* is the city *"Cante".*

*"montes paraponise"* there is a city *"balgh".* In the east we have a city *"Audeghen"*, and a

fragment of the map there are also the names of the regions: "*Taskent", "Marghan", "Tvrkmen", "Boghar", "Kiata",* and as the biggest one *"Tartaria".* Further:*"Cassac", Molgomzaia", "Baida", "Colmack"* and again the biggest ones *"Samoieda"* and *"Tvmen*"(to the west of *"Kitaia Lacvs")* and finally below *"Tumen"- "Nagaia"* region. At the end of this subchapter worth mentioning is one more physiographic element - clusters of forests in Jenkinson's map. Here they are represented very picturesquely by smaller or wider clusters of the forests in the form of the trees which are not distinguished as the deciduous or coniferous forests, but overlapped one on another. Fauna, the topic which somebody would include in the physiographic elements, here is to be reviewed together

**5.3. Mathematical basis of the map. Experimental attempt to the method of examining the differences of the old maps and their cartographical nets by** 

The distinctive feature of early maps are different scales on the same map. It is because the cartographers compiled different maps which were made by using a different scales. Hence, we can observe numerous errors in several parts of the maps. According to numerous measurements of the distances made by the author the average scale of Jenkinson's map occurred to be about 1: 5 083 871 (Szykuła, 1995). Whereas, the scale which has been counted on the basis of three scales on the map, i.e. in Russian miles, English and Spanish miles , according to professor Baron has been assessed to be between 1:6 000 000 to 1: 7 800 000

part of the map, to begin from the west, are marked following cities: *"Shay*

Further on the river Ougus there is *"Caracoll"* and to the south *"kw*

little higher to the west there are: *"Samarcandia"* and *"Ar*

*in","ghudowa"*and Bokhara *("Boghar").*The Ougus river with its tributary

*kent*", and close to the river *"Amow" – "kyrmina".* In this right hand

Between the two mentioned seas runs two mountain ranges marked with small hillocks, which are almost for sure Kaukaz mountains. The name of this region is marked *"Chirkassi Petigorski*". Below is Kura river (*"Cirus fl.").* To finish the description of the left lower part of the map, it is worth mentioning the cities of the region, but they will be included in the "*Dictionary"* of further *"Monography* ". In this chapter there should be yet considered Kaspian Sea *("Mare Caspium")* with the estuary of Volga river. It changes its names *("Volga fl"* or *"Volga Rha uel Edel fl."* or *"volgha fl.")*. The another one is Ural river mouth *("bogthiar"*  & *"Yaik fl.").* However, coming back to the course of proper Volga going from its estuary in Caspian Sea - its first half of the course is better shown than in other early maps, however we can say that there is not one Volga river! The proper course of Volga river goes from the Caspian Sea under the name *"volga fl.* and *"Volga fl."".* Then from Kazan *("Cazane gorode")* it turns by 900 angle to the west to Nizhny Novgorod *("Ninougorod"*), next it takes the name *"Volga, Rha, uel Edel, fl.".* Between the city Balachna (*"Balaghna")* and Kastroma *("Catrome")* the river takes back the name of *"volga fl."* and just behind *Yaroslav* (*"yearaslaue")* it bifurcate into two Volga rivers. One of them flows to the south *("volga, rha, uel edel, fl.")* and finishes its course in mysterious *"volock lacus"* going subsequently through Yaroslav city (*"yearoslaue")* "finishing" its proper course to Tver *("Tuer")* and then to *"volock lacus"*as *"volga, rha, vel edel, fl."*. The other one *("volgha fl")* reaches White See (*"biatla ozera")*. In the mentioned *"volock lacus"* are also sources of so-called western Dvina and Dnieper river. *"Duina fl"* flows through Vitebsk city *("Widepky").* To-day it flows to the Riga Gulf and its source it takes in the Valdai hills (Latvia).Coming back to the Caspian Sea from Volga toward the east is the river Ural, which today flows through Nagaya region (*"Nagaia*"), and in a wider sense Tartaria. In this quarter of the map – in the east side we have yet today Kara-Bogaz Gulf, in the shape of widely extent and long mouth of the Ougus river (Amu-Daria). In this part of the map we have many different regions. Going from the south there are*: "Petigorski", "Astracan", "Chirkassi", Crimea", Mordva", "Rezane", "Volodemer", "Novogardia", "Ceremise Gorni", " "Ceremise Lowgovoi", "Casane", "Vstimia", "Vologda", "Cargapolia", "Meschora", "Dvina", "Permia", "Condora",* and *"Obdora".* Coming back to the north-western border of the quarter of the map there is east part of Livonia *("Livonia")* and Lithuania *("Litvania").* Neva river flows into Finland Gulf *("Sinus Finlandicus").* In the map Neva takes name of *"volgha fl."*As far as the west-northern part of the western half of the map is concerned, there is one more Volga river but this one are today's Neva and Svir rivers. There are equally two well known lakes Ladoga and Onega, but in Jenkinson's map they change places and sizes with each other. Namely, Onega Lake ("*Ourhock lacus*") is larger than Ladoga Lake ("*Vladicoy lacus*"). Further to the north is situated White Lake *("biatla ozera"*), which is on the way of Onega river (*"Onega fl."*) and the river finally flows correctly to the bay of White Sea, today's Onega Bay. In the north-east fragment of the western half of the map there are yet three great rivers – North Dvina *("duina"*), Mezen river *("mezena fl")* and Petshora river *("Pechora fl.")*. The fourth river Ob makes some kind of the border between west and east half of the Jenkinson map. All of the rivers mentioned here have its own tributaries in the map, but not every one of them is named. One more river in the western half of the map is Kama river *("Cama fl.")* and Samara river *("amar fl.")* as the easternmost tributaries of the Volga river.As has been said, the right hand half of the map is quite a controversial one. It has to be remembered it had been taken into consideration by Ortelius, too, but neglected in de Jode's rendition. In an eastern part of the western Jenkinson's map territory we have only the lower course of the Ob. In the map it flows to North Sea if we translate "*Mare Septentrionale"*, but its source is in the Chinese Lake ("*Kitaia Lacvs"*). From the opposite side of the lake the river called by Jenkinson *"ur"* flows into the lake*.* Its source in the map is in Tashkent as far as to Tashkent *("Taskent"*) and probably it is to-day Sir-Darya river with its tributary Zeravshan *("Amov fl.")* Today Zeravshan is the tributary of Amu-Darya river*.* In the map *"Amow"* river flows around three relatively big cities: *"Coin","ghudowa"*and Bokhara *("Boghar").*The Ougus river with its tributary *"ardock"* is situated in the southern part of the map and the source of this river is in Hindukush mountains *("montes paraponii"*) at the south-eastern end of the map. There is the name *"Mhoghol"* and *"Kirges",* too, in the right lower corner of the fragment. In this part of the map, to begin from the west, are marked following cities: *"Shayare"* and *"Vrgencz",* and in bifurcation of two rivers *"ardock"* and *"Ougus"* is the city *"Cante".* Further on the river Ougus there is *"Caracoll"* and to the south *"kwhy".* Close to the *"montes paraponise"* there is a city *"balgh".* In the east we have a city *"Audeghen"*, and a little higher to the west there are: *"Samarcandia"* and *"Arow".* Close to the upper course of the *"ur"* river is *"Takent*", and close to the river *"Amow" – "kyrmina".* In this right hand fragment of the map there are also the names of the regions: "*Taskent", "Marghan", "Tvrkmen", "Boghar", "Kiata",* and as the biggest one *"Tartaria".* Further:*"Cassac", Molgomzaia", "Baida", "Colmack"* and again the biggest ones *"Samoieda"* and *"Tvmen*"(to the west of *"Kitaia Lacvs")* and finally below *"Tumen"- "Nagaia"* region. At the end of this subchapter worth mentioning is one more physiographic element - clusters of forests in Jenkinson's map. Here they are represented very picturesquely by smaller or wider clusters of the forests in the form of the trees which are not distinguished as the deciduous or coniferous forests, but overlapped one on another. Fauna, the topic which somebody would include in the physiographic elements, here is to be reviewed together with the ethnographic content of the map.

134 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

*"Mordva"* and *"Reza"* regions crossing two lakes – smaller one *"Iuan ozera"* and the larger

Between the two mentioned seas runs two mountain ranges marked with small hillocks, which are almost for sure Kaukaz mountains. The name of this region is marked *"Chirkassi Petigorski*". Below is Kura river (*"Cirus fl.").* To finish the description of the left lower part of the map, it is worth mentioning the cities of the region, but they will be included in the "*Dictionary"* of further *"Monography* ". In this chapter there should be yet considered Kaspian Sea *("Mare Caspium")* with the estuary of Volga river. It changes its names *("Volga fl"* or *"Volga Rha uel Edel fl."* or *"volgha fl.")*. The another one is Ural river mouth *("bogthiar"*  & *"Yaik fl.").* However, coming back to the course of proper Volga going from its estuary in Caspian Sea - its first half of the course is better shown than in other early maps, however we can say that there is not one Volga river! The proper course of Volga river goes from the Caspian Sea under the name *"volga fl.* and *"Volga fl."".* Then from Kazan *("Cazane gorode")* it

*"Volga, Rha, uel Edel, fl.".* Between the city Balachna (*"Balaghna")* and Kastroma *("Ca*

the river takes back the name of *"volga fl."* and just behind *Yaroslav* (*"yearaslaue")* it bifurcate into two Volga rivers. One of them flows to the south *("volga, rha, uel edel, fl.")* and finishes its course in mysterious *"volock lacus"* going subsequently through Yaroslav city (*"yearoslaue")* "finishing" its proper course to Tver *("Tuer")* and then to *"volock lacus"*as *"volga, rha, vel edel, fl."*. The other one *("volgha fl")* reaches White See (*"biatla ozera")*. In the mentioned *"volock lacus"* are also sources of so-called western Dvina and Dnieper river.

source it takes in the Valdai hills (Latvia).Coming back to the Caspian Sea from Volga toward the east is the river Ural, which today flows through Nagaya region (*"Nagaia*"), and in a wider sense Tartaria. In this quarter of the map – in the east side we have yet today Kara-Bogaz Gulf, in the shape of widely extent and long mouth of the Ougus river (Amu-Daria). In this part of the map we have many different regions. Going from the south there are*: "Petigorski", "Astracan", "Chirkassi", Crimea", Mordva", "Rezane", "Volodemer", "Novogardia", "Ceremise Gorni", " "Ceremise Lowgovoi", "Casane", "Vstimia", "Vologda", "Cargapolia", "Meschora", "Dvina", "Permia", "Condora",* and *"Obdora".* Coming back to the north-western border of the quarter of the map there is east part of Livonia *("Livonia")* and Lithuania *("Litvania").* Neva river flows into Finland Gulf *("Sinus Finlandicus").* In the map Neva takes name of *"volgha fl."*As far as the west-northern part of the western half of the map is concerned, there is one more Volga river but this one are today's Neva and Svir rivers. There are equally two well known lakes Ladoga and Onega, but in Jenkinson's map

they change places and sizes with each other. Namely, Onega Lake ("*Our*

*("biatla ozera"*), which is on the way of Onega river (*"Onega fl."*) and the river finally flows correctly to the bay of White Sea, today's Onega Bay. In the north-east fragment of the western half of the map there are yet three great rivers – North Dvina *("duina"*), Mezen river *("mezena fl")* and Petshora river *("Pechora fl.")*. The fourth river Ob makes some kind of the border between west and east half of the Jenkinson map. All of the rivers mentioned here have its own tributaries in the map, but not every one of them is named. One more river in

*nougorod"*), next it takes the name

*coy lacus*"). Further to the north is situated White Lake

*hock lacus*") is

*ky").* To-day it flows to the Riga Gulf and its

*trome")*

one *"ploglar ozera".* Finally it reaches the smallest of them *"rezanskoy ozera".* 

turns by 900 angle to the west to Nizhny Novgorod *("Ni*

*"Duina fl"* flows through Vitebsk city *("Widep*

larger than Ladoga Lake ("*Vladi*
