**Acknowledgement**

This research was partly supported by project PTDC/ECM/105446/2008, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and by the Operational Programme "Thematic Factors of Competitiveness" (COMPETE) through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The three first authors wish to acknowledge FCT Ph.D. grants SFRH/PROTEC/49736/2009, SFRH/PROTEC/67603/2010 and SFRH/PROTEC/ 67438/2010, respectively. The second and third authors also wish to express their gratitude to research group MED\_Soil of the Department of Crystallography, Mineralogy and Agricultural Chemistry of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Spain.

## **6. References**


João L. M. P. de Lima

**Acknowledgement** 

*Coimbra, Portugal* 

**6. References** 

73 (in Spanish).

Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 127-132.

*Geomorphology*, 39, pp. 211-219.

*Landscape Ecology*, 16, pp. 523-546.

dos Serviços Agrícolas, Lisbon (in Portuguese).

planning. *Landscape and Urban Planning*, 50, pp. 145-155.

Helena M. N. P. V. Fernandez and Fernando M. G. Martins

*Department of Civil Engineering, University of Algarve, Campus da Penha, Faro, Portugal* 

*IMAR – Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Campus II – University of Coimbra,* 

Agricultural Chemistry of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Spain.

This research was partly supported by project PTDC/ECM/105446/2008, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and by the Operational Programme "Thematic Factors of Competitiveness" (COMPETE) through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The three first authors wish to acknowledge FCT Ph.D. grants SFRH/PROTEC/49736/2009, SFRH/PROTEC/67603/2010 and SFRH/PROTEC/ 67438/2010, respectively. The second and third authors also wish to express their gratitude to research group MED\_Soil of the Department of Crystallography, Mineralogy and

Anaya-Romero M, Pino R, Jordán A, Zavala LM, Bellinfante NC (2005). Modelización del hábitat potencial de formaciones forestales en la provincia de Huelva. *Edafología*, 12, 65-

Anaya-Romero M, Jordán A, Zavala LM, Bellinfante NC (2004). A comparison of methods to predict the potential area of forest types in southern Spain, In: *Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forest Soils Under Global and Local Changes: From Research to Practice*, Institut Européen de la Forêt Cultivée, Bordeaux, September, 2004, pp. 119-120. Arnoldus HM (1978). An aproximation of the rainfall factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation, In: De Boodst M, Gabriels D, eds. *Assessments of erosion*, New York, John

Bastian O (2000). Landscape classification in Saxony (Germany) - a tool for holistic regional

Bocco G, Mendoza M, Velázquez A (2001). Remote sensing and GIS-based regional geomorphological mapping—a tool for land use planning in developing countries.

Brunner GW (2008). *HEC-RAS River Analysis System – Hydraulic Reference Manual v. 4.0*. US Army Corps of Engineers – Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA, USA. Burrough PA, Wilson JP, Van Gaans PFM, Hansen AJ (2001). Fuzzy k-means classification of topo-climatic data as an aid to forest mapping in the Greater Yellowstone Area, USA.

Cardoso J (1965). *Os Solos de Portugal, sua Classificação, Caracterização e Génese,* Direcção Geral


Feng X, Wang Y, Chen L, Fu B, Bai G (2010). Modelling soil erosion and its response to landuse changes in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. *Geomorphology*, 118, pp. 239-248.

GIS-Based Models as Tools for Environmental Issues: Applications in the South of Portugal 275

Kosmas C, Danalatos NG, Gerontidis S. (2000). The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under Mediterranean conditions. *Catena*, 40, pp. 3-

Lencastre A, Franco FM (1992). *Lições de Hidrologia,* Monte da Caparica, Universidade Nova

Lillesand TM, Kiefer RW, Chipman JW (2004). *Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation* (5th

MacMillan RA, Pettapiece WW, Nolan SC, Goddard TW (2000). A generic procedure for automatically segmenting landforms into landform elements using DEMs, heuristic

Maidment DR (ed.) (2000). *ArcGIS Hydro data model: Draft data model and manuscript,* 

Oliveira AM, Santos RL (2009). Análise comparativa entre fatiamento e a classificação de imagens aplicada ao mapeamento das unidades de vertentes em Feira de Santana-BA. *Proceedings of the XIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Geografia Física Aplicada*, Universidade

PAP/RAC (1997). *Guidelines for mapping and measurement of rainfall-induced erosion processes in* 

Pimentel D (2006). Soil erosion: a food and environmental threat. *Environment, Development* 

Pino R, Anaya-Romero M, Cubiles de la Vega MD, Pascual Acosta A, Jordán A, Bellinfante NC (2010). Predicting the potential habitat of oaks with data mining models and the R

Prasad T (1997). GIS Applications for Flood Simulation and Management, In: Misra B, ed. *Geographic Information System and Economic Development: Conceptual Applications*, New

Pruski FF, Nearing MA (2002). Climate-induced changes in erosion during the 21st. century

Rouse JW, Hass RH, Schell JA, Deering DW (1974). *Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation (Greenwave effect) of nature vegetation*, NASA/GSFCT Type III Final Report,

Sallun AEM, Suguio K, Filho WS (2007). Geoprocessing for Alto Rio Paraná Allogroup

StatSoft, Ltd (2001). *STATISTICA (data analysis software system), v.6 users manual*, Statsoft Inc.

Teng Z, Xuezhi C, Ruoyin L, Guoan T (2009). Landform classification based on hillslope units from DEMs. *Proceedings of the 30th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing,* Beijing,

Umbelino G, Carvalho R, Antunes A (2009). Uso da Cartografia Histórica e do SIG para a reconstituição dos caminhos da Estrada Real. *Revista Brasileira de Cartografia,* 61(1), pp.

for eight U.S. locations. *Water Resources Research*, 38(12), pp. 1298-1308.

Cartography (SP, PR e MS). *Revista Brasileira de Cartografia*, 59, pp. 289-299. SROA (1970). *Carta de Solos de Portugal*. Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura, Lisbon.

17.

de Lisboa (in Portuguese).

edition), New York, John Wiley and Sons Inc.

rules and fuzzy logic. *Fuzzy Sets and Systems*, 113, 81–109.

*Proceedings of the GIS Hydro 2000*. San Diego, June 2000.

Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Julho, 2009 (in Portuguese).

system. *Environmental Modelling & Software*, 25, pp. 826-836

*the Mediterranean coastal areas*, Split, UNEP/FAO.

*and Sustainability*, 8, pp. 119-137.

Delhi, Mittal Publications, pp. 49–56.

Greenbelt.

Tulsa.

October, 2009.

63-70 (in Portuguese).


Kosmas C, Danalatos NG, Gerontidis S. (2000). The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under Mediterranean conditions. *Catena*, 40, pp. 3- 17.

274 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

*Information Science*, 25 (6), pp. 1011-1023.

*American Geographers*, 44, pp. 34-42.

*Revista de Ciências Agrárias*, 33(1), pp. 236-246.

Madrid, July, 2005, pp. 701-706 (in Spanish).

239-248.

2000.

2000.

Lisbon (in Portuguese).

Feng X, Wang Y, Chen L, Fu B, Bai G (2010). Modelling soil erosion and its response to landuse changes in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. *Geomorphology*, 118, pp.

Fernandez HM (2004). *Aplicação da Geostatística na Criação de um Modelo Digital de Terreno*

Flanagan DC, Renschler CS, Cochrane TA (2000). Application of the WEPP model with digital topographic information, In: Parks BO, Clarke KM, Crane MP, eds. *Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling: Problems, Prospectus, and Needs for Research*, Banff, September,

Gerçerk D, Toprak V, Strobl J (2011). Object-based classification of landforms based on their local geometry and geomorphometric context. *International Journal of Geographical* 

Gonçalves MC, Ramos TB, Martins JC, Kosmas C (2010). Use of PESERA and MEDALUS models to assess soil erosion risks and land desertification in Vale do Gaio watershed.

Guo JC (2006). *Urban Hydrology and Hydraulic Design*. Water Resources Publication, ISBN-

Hammond EH (1954). Small scale continental landform maps. *Annals of the Association of* 

Hammond EH (1964). Classes of landsurface form in the forty-eight states, USA. *Annals of* 

Herrington L, Pellegrini G (2000). An advanced shape of country classifier: extraction of surface features from DEMs., In: Parks BO, Clarke KM, Crane MP, eds. *Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling: Problems, Prospectus, and Needs for Research*, Banff, September,

IGeoE (2004). *Carta Militar de Portugal à escala 1:25000*. Instituto Geográfico do Exército,

Jordán A, Zavala LM, Bellinfante NC, González-Peñaloza FA (2005). Cartografía semicuantitativa del riesgo de erosión en suelos mediterráneos, In: Jiménez-Ballesta, R, ed., *Proceedings of the II Simposio Nacional sobre Control de la Degradación de Suelos*,

Jordán A, Zavala LM, Anaya-Romero M, Bellinfante NC (2007a). Propuesta de un Modelo de Distribución de Especies Forestales en el parque Natural Sierra de Aracena y el Andévalo Occidental (Huelva, España), In: Bellinfante NC, Jordán A, eds. *Tendencias Actuales de la Ciencia del Suelo*, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, pp. 993-1002 (in Spanish). Jordán A, Zavala LM, Peñaloza FG, Bellinfante NC (2007b). Elaboración de un modelo de geoformas del terreno, In: Bellinfante NC, Jordán A, eds. *Tendencias Actuales de la Ciencia* 

Koop E, Sobral M, Soares T, Woerner M (1989). *Os Solos do Algarve e Suas Características*,

13 978-1-887201-48-3, ISBN-10 1-887201-48-3, Highlands Ranch, CO.

*the Association of American Geographers*, Map Supplement No. 54.

*del Suelo*, Universidad de Sevilla. Seville. pp. 792-803 (in Spanish).

Direcção Regional de Agricultura do Algarve, Faro (in Portuguese).

Fournier F (1960). *Climat et érosion*. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (in French).

(MSc Thesis). Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon (in Portuguese).


Williams J, Nearing MA, Nicks A, Skidmore E, Valentine C, King K, Savabi R (1996). Using soil erosion models for global change studies. *Journal of Soil and Water Conservation*, 51 (5), pp. 381-385.

**Chapter 12** 

© 2012 Chias and Abad, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Chias and Abad, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography:** 

The Task Group 2 "Open Source in use for the cultural heritage communication process" [1] is hosted by CIPA, the International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry, one of the international committees of ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). The main targets of the Task Group are related to the study and dissemination of the Cultural Heritage, considered from a wide perspective according to UNESCO's definition

This scope includes "the entire corpus of material signs –either artistic or symbolic- handed on by the past to each culture and, therefore, to the whole of humankind" [3]. Thus, Cultural Heritage consists of more than *monuments* (architectural works, sculpture and painting elements, archaeological structures, ancient books, manuscripts, maps and charts), but of *groups of buildings* (historical towns, industrial heritage, historical infrastructures), and *sites* (cultural landscapes, natural values). Physical artifacts and intangible attributes inherited from past generations must be maintained for the future generations, and accordingly, their

Due to the different particular types of cultural objects, different approaches, tools and techniques must be developed to get an accurate knowledge of them. Aspects and disciplines concomitant with the preservation and conservation of tangible and intangible culture include archival science, art and architectural conservation, audio recording, digital data collection, storage and management, and architectural, urban and landscape drawing, among others. From a multidisciplinary approach, the Task Group 2 aims to develop an intensive promotion of Open Source software as free alternate tools for all researches on Cultural Heritage, which are useful in every stage involved in the processes of knowledge,

documentation, management, and dissemination of cultural heritage.

**Studies on the Cultural Heritage** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**at a Territorial Scale** 

Pilar Chias and Tomas Abad

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48211

[2], and the current EU legal framework.

knowledge must be widely disseminated.

**1. Introduction** 


Pilar Chias and Tomas Abad

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48211
