**5.3. Mathematical basis of the map. Experimental attempt to the method of examining the differences of the old maps and their cartographical nets by means of the nets of triangles**

The distinctive feature of early maps are different scales on the same map. It is because the cartographers compiled different maps which were made by using a different scales. Hence, we can observe numerous errors in several parts of the maps. According to numerous measurements of the distances made by the author the average scale of Jenkinson's map occurred to be about 1: 5 083 871 (Szykuła, 1995). Whereas, the scale which has been counted on the basis of three scales on the map, i.e. in Russian miles, English and Spanish miles , according to professor Baron has been assessed to be between 1:6 000 000 to 1: 7 800 000 (Baron, 1993).

The other reason of the distortions in the early maps was obviously the imperfection of the measuring instruments used then. In 16th century there were used so-called logs for measuring the distances. Jenkinson used it for instance during his journey by Volga river, whereas for measuring the latitude he used so-called astrolabe, the most popular device in 16th century which enabled him to measure the position of the sun or stars. This instrument was still modernized and used until the 18th century. As far as the designation of the longitude is concerned, it was still a very difficult task at that time. Therefore Jenkinson in his map marked only latitudes on the frames of the map. The map has no cartographical net. It was the reason why the author used her own method in the form of a rectangular net to show the differences between the examined maps and in the same way to try to determine its projection. Simply because well-known distortion net is possible to be used only if the cartographical net is used. The method the author first time has shown in 1994 during the implementation of the grant Project given by so-called Polish "State Committee for Scientific Research" (in Polish KBN). Then, the author invented the method and shown in graphic form in two poster sessions on Zurich (1994) and Vienna Conference (Szykuła, K., 1995). Next in a sketch description in the publication from the national Conference in Pobierowo (Szykula, K., 2008). However, its final graphic result the author is going to present in her *"Monograph"* – then to be evidently proven by specialists of geodesy. Now short description should be presented to the readers to let them see what is a basic principle of this method.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 137

**Figure 8.** The triangle net from the Jenkinson genuine map - an initial (basic) figure to be compared with every other maps (the sketch and legend in Polish because it has been made in Polish Project then)

**Figure 9.** Triangle nets of the same region from maps of Russia by different authors (author of the whole conception Krystyna Szykuła, the triangle nets introduced to a computer program by Mariusz

Going back to our map, the above mentioned method clearly has shown the innovativeness of our genuine map and the similarities between renditions and the genuine copy of the Jenkinson map. Amazing similarity the author has found, too, if a figure of the one of contemporary maps of the territory in question has been taken. Then it evidently occurred that possibly Jenkinson used a similar or even the same projection which has been used in

From the geometrical point of view Jenkinson's map is undoubtedly quite innovative. The same conclusion concerns an orientation of the map when we compare two figures - taken

Ożarowski)

the contemporary map.

for instance from Jenkinson's and Wied's map.

The nets of triangles have been depicted on every one of the maps, including contemporary maps, which have been chosen to be compared with Jenkinson's and other 16th century maps of different authors. The number of triangles could be assumed by the author himself. In case of Jenkinson's map it has been used ten triangles. The points of cities, mouth of rivers and so on have been used as a vertexes of the triangles. The triangle nets to be compared were fixed in two position – first in natural position (according to the lower frame of the map), i.e. the given orientation and the second one according to one of the side of the triangle which has been chosen by the author, but fixed vertically for every one of the maps the same. In this way it was possible to observe how the whole given figure turned out and how subsequent triangles changed its angles, surfaces and sides of the triangles. Sometimes they changed not only their shape, but also vanished at all or they overlapped. Every figure with precisely measured angles of the triangles had been then introduced to the computer in a special Program. The results on the printed triangle nets were noticeable at the first glance. It was especially interesting when we turned the figures according to the same vertically fixed side of the given triangle. Then we could define closer an orientation of the map, as well as to compare the triangle nets depicted on contemporary maps, too.

Summing up the benefits of the method we can shortly mention them as follows: 1/ possibility to identify the non-existing projection, 2/ to notice the differences in the localization of the subsequent points as cities, mouth of rivers and so on, 3/ to define an orientation of the map and 4/ to find most uncorrected places in maps of our interest according to subsequent triangles.

this method.

The other reason of the distortions in the early maps was obviously the imperfection of the measuring instruments used then. In 16th century there were used so-called logs for measuring the distances. Jenkinson used it for instance during his journey by Volga river, whereas for measuring the latitude he used so-called astrolabe, the most popular device in 16th century which enabled him to measure the position of the sun or stars. This instrument was still modernized and used until the 18th century. As far as the designation of the longitude is concerned, it was still a very difficult task at that time. Therefore Jenkinson in his map marked only latitudes on the frames of the map. The map has no cartographical net. It was the reason why the author used her own method in the form of a rectangular net to show the differences between the examined maps and in the same way to try to determine its projection. Simply because well-known distortion net is possible to be used only if the cartographical net is used. The method the author first time has shown in 1994 during the implementation of the grant Project given by so-called Polish "State Committee for Scientific Research" (in Polish KBN). Then, the author invented the method and shown in graphic form in two poster sessions on Zurich (1994) and Vienna Conference (Szykuła, K., 1995). Next in a sketch description in the publication from the national Conference in Pobierowo (Szykula, K., 2008). However, its final graphic result the author is going to present in her *"Monograph"* – then to be evidently proven by specialists of geodesy. Now short description should be presented to the readers to let them see what is a basic principle of

The nets of triangles have been depicted on every one of the maps, including contemporary maps, which have been chosen to be compared with Jenkinson's and other 16th century maps of different authors. The number of triangles could be assumed by the author himself. In case of Jenkinson's map it has been used ten triangles. The points of cities, mouth of rivers and so on have been used as a vertexes of the triangles. The triangle nets to be compared were fixed in two position – first in natural position (according to the lower frame of the map), i.e. the given orientation and the second one according to one of the side of the triangle which has been chosen by the author, but fixed vertically for every one of the maps the same. In this way it was possible to observe how the whole given figure turned out and how subsequent triangles changed its angles, surfaces and sides of the triangles. Sometimes they changed not only their shape, but also vanished at all or they overlapped. Every figure with precisely measured angles of the triangles had been then introduced to the computer in a special Program. The results on the printed triangle nets were noticeable at the first glance. It was especially interesting when we turned the figures according to the same vertically fixed side of the given triangle. Then we could define closer an orientation of the map, as

Summing up the benefits of the method we can shortly mention them as follows: 1/ possibility to identify the non-existing projection, 2/ to notice the differences in the localization of the subsequent points as cities, mouth of rivers and so on, 3/ to define an orientation of the map and 4/ to find most uncorrected places in maps of our interest

well as to compare the triangle nets depicted on contemporary maps, too.

according to subsequent triangles.

**Figure 8.** The triangle net from the Jenkinson genuine map - an initial (basic) figure to be compared with every other maps (the sketch and legend in Polish because it has been made in Polish Project then)

**Figure 9.** Triangle nets of the same region from maps of Russia by different authors (author of the whole conception Krystyna Szykuła, the triangle nets introduced to a computer program by Mariusz Ożarowski)

Going back to our map, the above mentioned method clearly has shown the innovativeness of our genuine map and the similarities between renditions and the genuine copy of the Jenkinson map. Amazing similarity the author has found, too, if a figure of the one of contemporary maps of the territory in question has been taken. Then it evidently occurred that possibly Jenkinson used a similar or even the same projection which has been used in the contemporary map.

From the geometrical point of view Jenkinson's map is undoubtedly quite innovative. The same conclusion concerns an orientation of the map when we compare two figures - taken for instance from Jenkinson's and Wied's map.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 139

*olem, uel rubrum pannum, de pertica* 

*upenum* 

*it migrandum, ip*

*equuntur."* (transl.: "Zlata

*imas, et maximi precij pelles Zebellinas Idole* 

*tina uero etiam cruda deuorant, sacrificij* 

*acrificio mactant, quorum* 

*tatua haec, ab* 

*umque* 

*anguine,* 

We can also notice the connections between animals and people in so-called numerous genre scenes. There are camps of Cossacks, Tartars, Samoyeds depending on the given region in the map. From the human figures there are mostly warriors of different kinds depending on the region they are depicting. The warriors are equipped with a bows. Especially in the left part of the map we can notice many warriors who are shooting with the bows. In the east in turn we have already mentioned procession of the figures of sitting khans. There are also some dog-teams or deer-teams in the north of the map territory and camel-teams in the middle of the map – north of the Caspian Sea. In this fragment of the map we can see herds of sheep and tarpans, too. In the south-eastern part there are even panthers in Tashkent region. In the east are hordes of Tartars living in characteristic tents. Worth to draw attention to are two-wheeled carts, to which camels are hitched. Numerous

There are three religious scenes. First of them in the upper right corner close to camp in "*Colmack*" region (the Khanate of Sibir at that time), is the scene where the group of a few believers worships the sun. The comment on the map to this scene goes as follows:

*adorant. In castris uitam ducunt, ac omnium animantium, erpenitum, uermiamque, ac proprio idiomate utuntur."* (transl. "Molgomzaians, Baidais, Colmachias, they are tribes, who worship the sun or a coat which is erected up on the perch. They lived in strongholds and use all the creatures as snakes and every of worms, as well as they use their own way of

The next object is worshipped by Samoyeds. It is so-called Golden Woman (Zlata Baba in Russian). The figure of the woman is sitting on some kind of pedestal and holding a small child. In Jenkinson's map it is situated in *"Obdora"* region, between the mouth of Ob toward the sea and the unnamed mountain range. Undoubtedly it is the North Ural. Quite a long description on the scene in Latin is placed on the opposite side of Ob river where we read:

*edet, puerum ad genua tenens, qui nepos dicitur,* 

*is faciendum, quoue* 

Baba (Golden Woman), is seated and holds a boy-known as the ancestor at her knees. Obdorians and Iogorians worship the statue of Golden Woman and offer her their most valuable animal skins. They sacrifice deer to her, smearing the mouth, eyes, and other parts of the goddess with the animals' blood. They eat the entrails raw. During the sacrificial ceremony, their priest asks the goddess for advice, and strange to believe - receives credible

Above mentioned pedestal with "Zlata Baba" has been used not only by Jenkinson but by Herberstein, Mercator and Wied in their maps as well. However, in every of these maps they differ from each other in subsequent representations. Accompanying descriptions on

*ponsa, certique euentus con*

*unt,* 

horses are used to horse riding, furnished with bows or lances.

"*Molgomzaiani, Baidai, Colmachij, Ethinici* 

speaking or language")

*Obdorianis, et Iogorianis, religio*

*t (aurea uetula)* 

answers, and certain incidents follow", see fig. 6)

*acerdos Idolum consulit, quid ip*

every of these representations on these maps are different as well.

*ulentibus dat re*

*e colitur. Qui laudati*

*imulachri membra ungunt. Inte*

*huic offerunt, una cum reliquis ferarum pellibus. Ceruos etiam* 

"*Zlata Baba id e*

*autem tempore,* 

*os, oculos, ac reliqua* 

*(dictu mirum) certa con*

**Figure 10.** Triangle nets depicted on maps of different authors being compared with Jenkinson's map. They are fixed vertically according to one common axis Moscow-Azov. The fragment of the poster presentation in mentioned Zurich and Vienna Conferences

#### **5.4. Ethnographic content on the Jenkinson's map, including its fauna**

As far as the ethnographic elements in Jenkinson's map are concerned, it is exceptionally rich, although this is rather typical for the 16th century maps. However, it can be an outstanding source of information for the specialists of different fields16. In this respect the genuine copy significantly dominates over its renditions. Although fauna is usually joined with physiography, however, in this article the author decided to join it with ethnography because the human being from the earliest times has lived with animals to use them as the means of transport and, unfortunately, as the foodstuffs, too. As the means of transport we can see numerous camels and as the means of food we can see hunters with their trophies.

<sup>16</sup> During the Polish Project 1994/1995 the author found interesting work in Antwerp Plantin Museum by B. Vuylsteke, entitled "Het Theatrum orbis terrarium van Abraham Ortelius (1595). Een studie van decoratieve elementen en de gehistreerde voorstellingen (unpublished Ph.D. thesis), Louvain 1984.

We can also notice the connections between animals and people in so-called numerous genre scenes. There are camps of Cossacks, Tartars, Samoyeds depending on the given region in the map. From the human figures there are mostly warriors of different kinds depending on the region they are depicting. The warriors are equipped with a bows. Especially in the left part of the map we can notice many warriors who are shooting with the bows. In the east in turn we have already mentioned procession of the figures of sitting khans. There are also some dog-teams or deer-teams in the north of the map territory and camel-teams in the middle of the map – north of the Caspian Sea. In this fragment of the map we can see herds of sheep and tarpans, too. In the south-eastern part there are even panthers in Tashkent region. In the east are hordes of Tartars living in characteristic tents. Worth to draw attention to are two-wheeled carts, to which camels are hitched. Numerous horses are used to horse riding, furnished with bows or lances.

138 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

**Figure 10.** Triangle nets depicted on maps of different authors being compared with Jenkinson's map. They are fixed vertically according to one common axis Moscow-Azov. The fragment of the poster

As far as the ethnographic elements in Jenkinson's map are concerned, it is exceptionally rich, although this is rather typical for the 16th century maps. However, it can be an outstanding source of information for the specialists of different fields16. In this respect the genuine copy significantly dominates over its renditions. Although fauna is usually joined with physiography, however, in this article the author decided to join it with ethnography because the human being from the earliest times has lived with animals to use them as the means of transport and, unfortunately, as the foodstuffs, too. As the means of transport we can see numerous camels and as the means of food we can see hunters with their trophies.

16 During the Polish Project 1994/1995 the author found interesting work in Antwerp Plantin Museum by B. Vuylsteke, entitled "Het Theatrum orbis terrarium van Abraham Ortelius (1595). Een studie van decoratieve elementen en de

**5.4. Ethnographic content on the Jenkinson's map, including its fauna** 

presentation in mentioned Zurich and Vienna Conferences

gehistreerde voorstellingen (unpublished Ph.D. thesis), Louvain 1984.

There are three religious scenes. First of them in the upper right corner close to camp in "*Colmack*" region (the Khanate of Sibir at that time), is the scene where the group of a few believers worships the sun. The comment on the map to this scene goes as follows: "*Molgomzaiani, Baidai, Colmachij, Ethinici unt, olem, uel rubrum pannum, de pertica upenum adorant. In castris uitam ducunt, ac omnium animantium, erpenitum, uermiamque, ac proprio idiomate utuntur."* (transl. "Molgomzaians, Baidais, Colmachias, they are tribes, who worship the sun or a coat which is erected up on the perch. They lived in strongholds and use all the creatures as snakes and every of worms, as well as they use their own way of speaking or language")

The next object is worshipped by Samoyeds. It is so-called Golden Woman (Zlata Baba in Russian). The figure of the woman is sitting on some kind of pedestal and holding a small child. In Jenkinson's map it is situated in *"Obdora"* region, between the mouth of Ob toward the sea and the unnamed mountain range. Undoubtedly it is the North Ural. Quite a long description on the scene in Latin is placed on the opposite side of Ob river where we read: "*Zlata Baba id et (aurea uetula) edet, puerum ad genua tenens, qui nepos dicitur, tatua haec, ab Obdorianis, et Iogorianis, religioe colitur. Qui laudatiimas, et maximi precij pelles Zebellinas Idole huic offerunt, una cum reliquis ferarum pellibus. Ceruos etiam acrificio mactant, quorum anguine, os, oculos, ac reliqua imulachri membra ungunt. Intetina uero etiam cruda deuorant, sacrificij autem tempore, acerdos Idolum consulit, quid ipis faciendum, quoue it migrandum, ipumque (dictu mirum) certa conulentibus dat reponsa, certique euentus conequuntur."* (transl.: "Zlata Baba (Golden Woman), is seated and holds a boy-known as the ancestor at her knees. Obdorians and Iogorians worship the statue of Golden Woman and offer her their most valuable animal skins. They sacrifice deer to her, smearing the mouth, eyes, and other parts of the goddess with the animals' blood. They eat the entrails raw. During the sacrificial ceremony, their priest asks the goddess for advice, and strange to believe - receives credible answers, and certain incidents follow", see fig. 6)

Above mentioned pedestal with "Zlata Baba" has been used not only by Jenkinson but by Herberstein, Mercator and Wied in their maps as well. However, in every of these maps they differ from each other in subsequent representations. Accompanying descriptions on every of these representations on these maps are different as well.

Third interesting religious scene is the picture in Kirgiz region as follows: "*Kirgesi gens et, quae cateruatim degit, id est in Hordis, aβidueque cum mhogholis gerit, habetque ritum itiumodi. Ipsorum untites aut acrificus, quo tempore rem diuinam peragit, anguine, lucte et fimo iumentorum acceptis, ac terrae mixtis, ac in uas quiddam infusis, una cum hoc arborem candit, atque hinc diu uel populum concionatus, in tultam plebeculum pergit. Populus uero in terram pronus, adorabunduque, aspersiunculam hanc pro deo colit: firmeque credit, nihil ee perinde alutare ac terram, pecus, armentaque et cum quis inter eos diem obit, loco epulture arboribus upendit*."(transl. "Kirgiz are tribes who live in teams, i.e. hordes, they still are at war with Mongols and practice their own ritual: their priests when they are serving the God make an offering. They take the blood, milk and cattle excrements, mix them together with a soil and pour to the dish. Then, the priest takes this mixture and climbs up a tree and next has a long teaching talk he spreads the mixture blessing the people. For the people who are bowing to the ground it means to be worshipping the idol (God?). He probably considers that it is more important to bless from up than from the ground every animal or people. As far as the dead people are concerned they are hanging here on the trees instead of being buried.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 141

Giacomo Gastaldi (1500 - 1566) – map of 1551 (in the map itself the 1550 date has been

When we are examining toponymy we take into account such physiographic elements as: mountains, rivers, lakes, gulfs or bays, islands, peninsulas but as well as names of cities, ethnic or administrative names and every other elements that bear the geographical names

The other phenomenon is when the names differ sometimes only in their orthography, but in some cases there are quite unrecognizable changes to the names. To mention some of them there are for instance: *"Kinieshma"* in temporary map, *"Kmysma"* in the Jenkinson's map, "*Kmÿshma*" in Ortelius' rendition and *"Kmijshma"* in de Jode's rendition. If we compare the genuine Jenkinson's map with Doetecum map there is for instance *"Choghloma"*

The case is very interesting if we compare Jenkinson's map with Wied's map. The latter used so-called Cyrillic script, not only for the names but for the quite comprehensive text

written).

in the maps.

in Jenkinson's and *"Czohloma"* in Doetecum map.

**Figure 11.** Fragment of the cartouche from the Wied's map of Russia

The names in question have double forms – in Latin and Cyrillic script. The next question is how the two editions of the Wied's map differ from each other. In his map of Moscovia

situated in the bottom of the map as well.

We can classify the signatures of the cities rather to decorative elements, however they were popular in 16th century maps. The examples can be picturesque signatures of *"Vtiuge"*  (Veliki Ustiug)*, "Tourhock"* (Toržok) or *"Cazane gorode"*(Kazan)

#### **5.5. Toponymy on the Jenkinson's map; the language and ortography**

Toponymy and the orthography on the Jenkinson's map has been already considered by the author in her article (Szykula, K., 2010), published in a special jubilee volume devoted to the 50th work anniversary of Professor of the Stettin University Olga Molchanova = Molczanowa or Molčanova (*Ad Fontes*, 2010).

In the first part of the paper the author shared with the readers her remarks, doubts and difficulties, which accompanied her during the creation of the dictionary being in preparation. The cause of the difficulties were the differences in the orthography on every of the examined maps. We sometimes meet interesting phenomenon on some of the maps where the represented region is not a native for given cartographer. This happens for instance in case of Mercator's and de Jode's map when they marked the same cities many times because of the different versions of their names they met on several maps. In Mercator's map it concerns for instance Polish city Bydgoszcz which takes following names to be in fact the same city. There are: "*Bromberg", "Bidgostia", "Bizgelaw"* and *"Biltgotz"*. In de Jode's rendition of Jenkinson's map there are in turn: "*Bobroueko", "Bobranko" and "Bobrouensko"* (to-day Bobruysk in Russian).

In the mentioned article the author was comparing the toponymy on different 16th century maps in their relation to the Jenkinson's map. Examined in this respect were Wied's map, by brother's Doetecum (so called Daškov17 = Dashkow map), Sigismund Herberstein and

<sup>17</sup> Pavel Jakovlevich Dashkov (1849-1910) was the bibliographer and collector of the historical documents to St. Petersbourg in which the Doetecum map has survived and now is in the State Historical Museum in Moscow.

Giacomo Gastaldi (1500 - 1566) – map of 1551 (in the map itself the 1550 date has been written).

140 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

*tes aut* 

(Veliki Ustiug)*, "Tour*

or Molčanova (*Ad Fontes*, 2010).

*hinc diu uel populum concionatus, in* 

*"Bobrouensko"* (to-day Bobruysk in Russian).

*Ipsorum unti*

*adorabundu*

*u*

Third interesting religious scene is the picture in Kirgiz region as follows: "*Kirge*

*iumentorum acceptis, ac terrae mixtis, ac in uas quiddam infusis, una cum hoc arborem* 

*terram, pecus, armentaque et cum quis inter eos diem obit, loco* 

*quae cateruatim degit, id est in Hordis, aβidueque cum mhogholis gerit, habetque ritum i*

*que, aspersiunculam hanc pro deo colit: firmeque credit, nihil e*

*acrificus, quo tempore rem diuinam peragit,* 

*tultam plebeculum* 

*pendit*."(transl. "Kirgiz are tribes who live in teams, i.e. hordes, they still are at war with Mongols and practice their own ritual: their priests when they are serving the God make an offering. They take the blood, milk and cattle excrements, mix them together with a soil and pour to the dish. Then, the priest takes this mixture and climbs up a tree and next has a long teaching talk he spreads the mixture blessing the people. For the people who are bowing to the ground it means to be worshipping the idol (God?). He probably considers that it is more important to bless from up than from the ground every animal or people. As far as the dead people are concerned they are hanging here on the trees instead of being buried.

We can classify the signatures of the cities rather to decorative elements, however they were popular in 16th century maps. The examples can be picturesque signatures of *"V*

Toponymy and the orthography on the Jenkinson's map has been already considered by the author in her article (Szykula, K., 2010), published in a special jubilee volume devoted to the 50th work anniversary of Professor of the Stettin University Olga Molchanova = Molczanowa

In the first part of the paper the author shared with the readers her remarks, doubts and difficulties, which accompanied her during the creation of the dictionary being in preparation. The cause of the difficulties were the differences in the orthography on every of the examined maps. We sometimes meet interesting phenomenon on some of the maps where the represented region is not a native for given cartographer. This happens for instance in case of Mercator's and de Jode's map when they marked the same cities many times because of the different versions of their names they met on several maps. In Mercator's map it concerns for instance Polish city Bydgoszcz which takes following names to be in fact the same city. There are: "*Bromberg", "Bidgostia", "Bizgelaw"* and *"Biltgotz"*. In de

In the mentioned article the author was comparing the toponymy on different 16th century maps in their relation to the Jenkinson's map. Examined in this respect were Wied's map, by brother's Doetecum (so called Daškov17 = Dashkow map), Sigismund Herberstein and

17 Pavel Jakovlevich Dashkov (1849-1910) was the bibliographer and collector of the historical documents to St. Petersbourg in which the Doetecum map has survived and now is in the State Historical Museum in Moscow.

*hock"* (Toržok) or *"Cazane gorode"*(Kazan)

**5.5. Toponymy on the Jenkinson's map; the language and ortography** 

Jode's rendition of Jenkinson's map there are in turn: "*Bobroue*

*si gens et,* 

*anguine, lucte et fimo* 

*pergit. Populus uero in terram pronus,* 

*e perinde* 

*ko", "Bobran*

*ko" and* 

*tiumodi.* 

*epulture arboribus* 

*candit, atque* 

*tiuge"* 

*alutare ac* 

When we are examining toponymy we take into account such physiographic elements as: mountains, rivers, lakes, gulfs or bays, islands, peninsulas but as well as names of cities, ethnic or administrative names and every other elements that bear the geographical names in the maps.

The other phenomenon is when the names differ sometimes only in their orthography, but in some cases there are quite unrecognizable changes to the names. To mention some of them there are for instance: *"Kinieshma"* in temporary map, *"Kmysma"* in the Jenkinson's map, "*Kmÿshma*" in Ortelius' rendition and *"Kmijshma"* in de Jode's rendition. If we compare the genuine Jenkinson's map with Doetecum map there is for instance *"Choghloma"* in Jenkinson's and *"Czohloma"* in Doetecum map.

The case is very interesting if we compare Jenkinson's map with Wied's map. The latter used so-called Cyrillic script, not only for the names but for the quite comprehensive text situated in the bottom of the map as well.

**Figure 11.** Fragment of the cartouche from the Wied's map of Russia

The names in question have double forms – in Latin and Cyrillic script. The next question is how the two editions of the Wied's map differ from each other. In his map of Moscovia

published in 1542 there is the city *"Wollozeck"* , but in the edition from 1570 – there is the version *"Wolloek"*. Interesting as well as is the name of then north sea in Jenkinson's and Wied's maps. Jenkinson called it *"Mare Septentrionale"*, whereas Wied (1542) – *"Mare Sarmacia".* 

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 143

have their mouth: so called western Dvina, Volga and Dnieper. This information has been used again by famous Polish cartographer Bernard Wapowski. He placed the lake in question in his not surviving map of the Northern Sarmatia. Then, the information has been taken over again by Wied and placed in his map. Finally, the lake's name has been retaken by Jenkinson. According to Professor Alexandrowicz (1989) the name of the lake comes from the city *"Wyšnij Woloček"* (Wyshni Wolochek). In turn in above mentioned map from 1525 (Gerasimow-Jovius-Agnese map) this lake is called *"Palus magna",* and there meets Volgha, Dnieper, Dvina, and additionally to Jenkinson's representation – the Neva river. Professor Samuel H. Baron (1993, p. 58, footnote 10) gives some other conception. He claims that this mistake comes from Gerasimov and then from Münster's map. This mistake could be also explained by the translation of the word *"volock"*– in Russian language it means "the carriage across the river". Then, it could be understood as the lake, especially that the terrain on which the lake is situated is full of marshes. The lake could be also identified with mentioned here Fronovo Lake, which is also mentioned by Jovius (Baron, S.H., 1986) and was confirmed above by the quotation from the Bruzen de la Martiniere Lexicon on the lake. The next problematical element worth to be considered here is *"Kitaia Lacvs"* which has been already discussed several times in many articles, and which representation has been depicted on numerous maps. The number of conceptions, too, was presented. However, in spite of so many theories, which based on quite a real research results, it is difficult to resist an impression that both in shape and in its relation with the river Sur (Sir-Darya today), the lake can be automatically associated with the Aral Sea. Especially that it does not exist at all

in its proper place in the Jenkinson's genuine map.

**Figure 12.** "Kitaia Lacvs" and Ob river in Jenkinson's map

Quite different but interesting is the attitude of the Russian scholars to this open question. In *"Zapiski"* by Herberstein (Gerberstein, S., 1988, footnote 546, 547), there are following theories presented by different scholars. As far as the Zajsan lake is concerned it has been

Jenkinson's map in relation to Herbestein's and Doetecum map gave interesting results in case of the name "Kiev": in Jenkinson's the name of the city is *"Kiou"*, in Herberstein – "*Kiow"*, and in Doetecum – *"Kioff".* In Wied's map we have even a typical Polish letter "ę" in the sentence *"Dux Mocovię tranfert".* To summarize, the mentioned subject has been here only touched. In *"Monograph",* however, it will be obviously extended. As far as the Borough's manuscript map is concerned we can find the similarities, but not in every respect. There are some cities or other geographical names which significantly differ geographically. We then may raise the question if Jenkinson used Borough's map at all as a model in this small north-western part of Russia.
