**9. References**

#### **Journal**

[8] TOUTIN, T. & CHENG, P. (2002) Comparision of Automated Digital Elevation Model Extraction Results Using Along-Track ASTER and Across-Track SPOT Stereo Images. SPIE Journal, Optical Engeneering, 41 (9), p. 2102-2106.

[9] TOUTIN, T. (2004) Comparison of Stereo-Extracted DTM from Different High-Resolution Sensors: SPOT-5, EROS-A, IKONOS-II, and QuickBird. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 42(10):2121-2129.

#### **Online journal**

198 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

geometry.

**Author details** 

**Acknowledgement** 

preparation.

**Journal** 

**9. References** 

It is interesting that we are quickly reaching the point of discussing ethical and legal issues, such as the new limitations for the progress of orbital imaging at still greater detail levels,

In the case of Brazil, as in any other country, there is a choice of sensors which for several reasons become interesting, and which naturally prevail over the remaining, responding for the great majority of applications. In this investigation, we seek to focus those cases, trying to contribute for greater clarification regarding the potential and limitations of each option, limiting ourselves in this first approach to geometric issues. The 10 sensors presented here constitute the first phase of our investigation line, which will have continuity in the assessment of new sensors, such as Rapideye, Terrasar-X and Worldview 2. Another effort that is being developed, but which is still in an initial phase, is the diligent assessment of the potential of those products for extraction of the cartographic elements, a term which we call interpretability, whose scale of attendance tends to be less than the one defined by

The organization of the assessments carried out in three classes of scales was considered important for a better orientation of applications by the users. The limits adopted, using as important threshold the 1:25,000 scale, represent mapping challenges in Brazil, whose scarcity at this level of detail is immense. Considering the country's growth, the demand for reliable georeferenced information has increased a lot, which may translate a greater concern for its attendance by specialized institutions of the sector and, on the other hand, unfortunately, the explosion of individualized, and standalone solutions, in most cases, without the necessary control and knowledge. It is sought therefore, to contribute for the

*Departamento de Geografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rua Athos da Silveira Ramos, CCMN, Cidade Universitária, CEP 21941-590 – Rio de Janeiro, Brasil* 

Our thanks to the Research Center Leopoldo Americo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Petrobras, which supported this research by providing the resources necessary for its

[8] TOUTIN, T. & CHENG, P. (2002) Comparision of Automated Digital Elevation Model Extraction Results Using Along-Track ASTER and Across-Track SPOT Stereo Images.

which reflect problems such as invasion of privacy and national security.

awareness of the community in general regarding those issues.

Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz and Rafael Silva de Barros

SPIE Journal, Optical Engeneering, 41 (9), p. 2102-2106.


#### **Theses**

	- [12] BARROS, R. S. (2006) Avaliação da Altimetria de Modelos Digitais de Elevação Obtidos a Partir de Sensores Orbitais. [Rio de Janeiro], 2006 XIX, 172p.(IGEO/ UFRJ), D.Sc., Geografia, Tese – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IGEO.

**Chapter 9** 

© 2012 Fotsing et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Fotsing et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Contribution of SAR Radar Images for** 

**the Cartography: Case of Mangrove** 

Janvier Fotsing, Emmanuel Tonye, Bernard Essimbi Zobo,

and the Mount Cameroon region (Akono et al., 2005, 2006; Talla, 2008).

With the advent of new satellite sensors of type synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (ERS-1 and ERS-2, JERS-1, and RADARSAT), a large number of satellite images are currently available. However, radar remote sensing has a major drawback which is the difficulty to extract the information it contains. Since 1992, several works are conducted with the radar images on Cameroon to study the ecosystem of the coastal zone (Baltzer et al., 1996; Rudant et al., 1997)

Texture analysis is a robust approach of processing satellite radar images. It is a set of mathematical techniques to quantify the different gray levels present in an image in terms of intensity or roughness and distribution. Several methods of texture analysis exist and can be classified into two broad categories: structural methods and statistical methods (Haralick et al., 1979). Structural methods are used for describing the texture by defining primitives and "rules" of arrangement between them. Statistical methods are used for study the relations between a pixel and its neighborhood. They are defined according to different orders: 1, 2, 3, ...,n. The second order is the most classic, based on co-occurrence matrices. Obtaining these matrices is very time-consuming calculation, which has prompted researchers to not usually go beyond the second order in the evaluation of textural parameters and provides high order information to lower levels (Li, 1994). The matrices of order greater than two are called matrices of frequency. In texture analysis, the interest of researchers is moving increasingly towards optimization methods of evaluation time statistical parameters. Indeed, (Unser, 1995) replaced the co-occurrence matrix by the sum and histograms difference that define the main axes of the probabilities of second order stationary processes.

**and Post Eruptive Regions** 

Narcisse Talla Tankam and Jean-Paul Rudant

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48073

**1. Introduction** 

[13] CRUZ, C. B. M. (2000) As bases operacionais para a modelagem e implementação de um banco de dados geográfico - um exemplo aplicado à bacia de Campos, RJ. [Rio de Janeiro], IGEO/ UFRJ), D.Sc., Geografia, Tese – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IGEO.

#### **Annals**


**Chapter 9** 
