**3. Open Source tools in the methodologies applied to the study of territories and landscapes**

Researches on cultural heritage at a territorial scale involve several stages, according to the different methodologies applied in each case. They can be structured into three main groups of tasks: documentation, analysis, and management and dissemination processes.

#### **3.1. Documentation processes**

280 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

**Figure 1.** a) Combined techniques in use for subterranean heritage mapping. San Pedro de Rocas, Esgos, Spain (Task Group's Partner: *GIRAP Research Team*, University of La Coruña, Spain).

On top: Cross section of the rock church. The three hipogean chancels, which are connected, ventilated through a

Centre: Cross-elevation of the Romanesque façade. This longitudinal section omitting the 'new church', shows the old rock church with its two 12th century Romanesque façades –the central and the right ones-, and the niche with the

Below: Longitudinal section of the church. It depicts the bellfry on the rock at the right side; in the middle, the cross section of the 13th century 'new church' can be seen, with the metallic footbridge that leads to the rock church. The old

(Task Group's Partner: *GIRAP Research Team*, University of La Coruña, Spain).

skylight dug in the rock (broken lines) that nowadays is protected by an upper building.

skylight is placed over the rock church, currently protected with a modern upper structure.

tombs of the two recumbent knights.

b) Combined techniques in use for subterranean heritage mapping. San Pedro de Rocas, Esgos, Spain

(b)

A deep knowledge of the cultural objects requires previous and accurate measurements, reports and drawings.

Measurements of angles, areas, lenghts and distances must be managed to some level of quality (in terms of accuracy, availability, usability, and resilience). Apart from the traditional direct measuring methods, datasets and georeferencing can be achieved nowadays by means of several techniques and electronic devices. They can be lately transferred to a computer, and manipulated through CAD or GIS software, or by graphic or sound editors [5].

**Figure 2.** Abenójar, Ciudad Real. Natural resources as an essential part of the Cultural Heritage. Original scale 1:50.000 (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture Research Team*, University of Alcalá, Spain).

Thus, photogrammetry, angle and distance measuring with distance meters and GPS, or total stations, become useful tools with the adequate standalone or plugin software. Free software as Angle Meter, Distance Meter and GeoDistance provide easy to use tools to collect all these datasets [6].

Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography: Studies on the Cultural Heritage at a Territorial Scale 283

Successful methodologies to compare and georeference ancient maps are being currently applied [8, 9], and provide interesting conclusions about their accuracy. Other projects aim to reconstruct the history of the territories through ancient cartography, aerial photographs and field works [10, 11]. Their targets can be easily reached with the capabilities of free open

**Figure 4.** Francisco Coello 1868: *Map of the Province of Cadiz*, showing the *Via Augusta* between Jerez de la Frontera and Sanlúcar de Barrameda, lettered as "Vestigios de la Vía Romana " (remains of the Roman road) (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture Research Team*,

source tools as NorthGate's Kml Builder.

University of Alcalá, Spain).

Afterwards digital maps and plans can be drawn with free vector graphics editing programs as AutoCAD or Inkscape, which can easily integrate the measures and georeferences that were previously collected.

Depending on the type of heritage and the working scale, 2D and 3D designs as well as landscape drawings, can be produced in order to show their main characteristics and features with the required precision.

There are free specific tools for cartography and landscape as Cross GL Draw and Terragen. The first one is a general purpose 2D raster and vector graphics library. As a full featured vector graphics editor, it covers a wide range of utilization domains as business graphics, web graphics, DTP, cartography, printing, user interface graphics, serverside rendering, and many more. It is a useful tool to draw digital cartography and available for Windows platforms.

Terragen is a powerful solution for rendering and animating realistic landscapes and natural environments. It is useful in researches on landscape as a cultural heritage, and works both on Mac OS and Windows operating systems. Ancient maps are useful tools to study the historical features at a territorial scale. They provide interesting information about the history of the territory and the landscape, as they depict their main features, their topologic relationships, and the toponimy [7].

**Figure 3.** The *Via Augusta* near the Roman colony of *Hasta Regia*, Cádiz. Hypothetical reconstruction by means of aerial photographs (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture Research Team*, University of Alcalá, Spain).

Successful methodologies to compare and georeference ancient maps are being currently applied [8, 9], and provide interesting conclusions about their accuracy. Other projects aim to reconstruct the history of the territories through ancient cartography, aerial photographs and field works [10, 11]. Their targets can be easily reached with the capabilities of free open source tools as NorthGate's Kml Builder.

282 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

collect all these datasets [6].

were previously collected.

features with the required precision.

relationships, and the toponimy [7].

*Team*, University of Alcalá, Spain).

Thus, photogrammetry, angle and distance measuring with distance meters and GPS, or total stations, become useful tools with the adequate standalone or plugin software. Free software as Angle Meter, Distance Meter and GeoDistance provide easy to use tools to

Afterwards digital maps and plans can be drawn with free vector graphics editing programs as AutoCAD or Inkscape, which can easily integrate the measures and georeferences that

Depending on the type of heritage and the working scale, 2D and 3D designs as well as landscape drawings, can be produced in order to show their main characteristics and

There are free specific tools for cartography and landscape as Cross GL Draw and Terragen. The first one is a general purpose 2D raster and vector graphics library. As a full featured vector graphics editor, it covers a wide range of utilization domains as business graphics, web graphics, DTP, cartography, printing, user interface graphics, serverside rendering, and many more. It is a useful tool to draw digital cartography and available for Windows platforms.

Terragen is a powerful solution for rendering and animating realistic landscapes and natural environments. It is useful in researches on landscape as a cultural heritage, and works both on Mac OS and Windows operating systems. Ancient maps are useful tools to study the historical features at a territorial scale. They provide interesting information about the history of the territory and the landscape, as they depict their main features, their topologic

**Figure 3.** The *Via Augusta* near the Roman colony of *Hasta Regia*, Cádiz. Hypothetical reconstruction by means of aerial photographs (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture Research* 

**Figure 4.** Francisco Coello 1868: *Map of the Province of Cadiz*, showing the *Via Augusta* between Jerez de la Frontera and Sanlúcar de Barrameda, lettered as "Vestigios de la Vía Romana " (remains of the Roman road) (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture Research Team*, University of Alcalá, Spain).

Terrestrial and aerial photographs can also be edited and manipulated with free programs as GIMP, Photoshop, or Image Analyzer, that run on Windows and Mac operating systems. They provide an array of useful features such as bitmap image viewing, management, comparison, resizing, cropping, warping, and colour adjustment.

Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography: Studies on the Cultural Heritage at a Territorial Scale 285

**Figure 6.** a) Plan of Cartagena, Murcia (Spain). Study of Cartagena's urban landscape colours (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage's Colour Research Team*, University of Valencia, Spain). In orange: Case studies in the city centre. b) Study of Cartagena urban landscape colours (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural* 

(b)

(a)

*Heritage's Colour Research Team*, University of Valencia, Spain).

In terrestrial photogrammetric works GIMP compensates easily perspectives, distortions caused by lens tilt, and eliminates len's *barrel distortion* and vignetting [12].

**Figure 5.** Accurate drawing of the 16th century façade of the Colegio de San Ildefonso (Alcalá de Henares, Spain), using photogrammetrical techniques (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture Research Team*, University of Alcalá, Spain).

Simultaneously, some researches require to collect other kind of data, which are related to perception. These relevant attributes of the cultural object must be also recorded, stored and drawn. Specific software and techniques are needed for studying some qualities as colour or textures [13], and there is also free image and photo open source software available to do it, as Photoshop and GIMPShop.

When tools for live video and sound recording are needed, Adapter free video and audio converter, and the audio editor Audacity, become useful free tools for studying soundscapes.

284 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

Terrestrial and aerial photographs can also be edited and manipulated with free programs as GIMP, Photoshop, or Image Analyzer, that run on Windows and Mac operating systems. They provide an array of useful features such as bitmap image viewing, management,

In terrestrial photogrammetric works GIMP compensates easily perspectives, distortions

**Figure 5.** Accurate drawing of the 16th century façade of the Colegio de San Ildefonso (Alcalá de Henares, Spain), using photogrammetrical techniques (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage and* 

Simultaneously, some researches require to collect other kind of data, which are related to perception. These relevant attributes of the cultural object must be also recorded, stored and drawn. Specific software and techniques are needed for studying some qualities as colour or textures [13], and there is also free image and photo open source software available to do it,

When tools for live video and sound recording are needed, Adapter free video and audio converter, and the audio editor Audacity, become useful free tools for studying

*sustainable architecture Research Team*, University of Alcalá, Spain).

as Photoshop and GIMPShop.

soundscapes.

comparison, resizing, cropping, warping, and colour adjustment.

caused by lens tilt, and eliminates len's *barrel distortion* and vignetting [12].

(b)

**Figure 6.** a) Plan of Cartagena, Murcia (Spain). Study of Cartagena's urban landscape colours (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage's Colour Research Team*, University of Valencia, Spain). In orange: Case studies in the city centre. b) Study of Cartagena urban landscape colours (Task Group's Partner: *Cultural Heritage's Colour Research Team*, University of Valencia, Spain).

Legend (right drawing):


Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography: Studies on the Cultural Heritage at a Territorial Scale 287

**Figure 7.** Texture and colour data of the façade of San Juan de Letran; example of compensated distortions of a photograph (Task Group's Partner: *DAVAP Research Team*, University of Valladolid,

Researches on cultural heritage use to create 3D models, renderings and animations in order to explain and analyze its formal features and qualities, and recreate virtual walks around

Spain).

**3.2. Analysis processes** 

and inside the object that is being studied.

Modernist building



All these multiformat datasets previously collected are organized and stored in databases, that imply the use of general-purpose database management system.

As we have seen, databases related to Cultural Heritage involve multimedia contents, that must be processed, stored and disseminated. And there are some interesting and useful free multiformat databases (DBDesigner, Firebird, MySQL, OpenOffice.org BASE) that integrate database design, modeling, creation, and maintenance into a single, seamless environment. Some enable users to meet the database challenges of next generation web, cloud, and communications services with uncompromising scalability, uptime and agility. They are mainly developed for Windows, Unix and Linux.

**Figure 7.** Texture and colour data of the façade of San Juan de Letran; example of compensated distortions of a photograph (Task Group's Partner: *DAVAP Research Team*, University of Valladolid, Spain).

#### **3.2. Analysis processes**

286 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

1. Continuous abandonment of the academic traditional arrangement. Development of a free composition, particularly on ornamental tops.

 1.1 ART NOUVEAU adornment: curves and organic shapes prevail. 1.2 SEZESSION adornment: geometric shapes and brick bonding prevail.

2.1 Tendency to distinguish the features in the structure of the façade.

*S/S Munsell Notation*

Ceramic Green

Natural Stone

that imply the use of general-purpose database management system.

All these multiformat datasets previously collected are organized and stored in databases,

As we have seen, databases related to Cultural Heritage involve multimedia contents, that must be processed, stored and disseminated. And there are some interesting and useful free multiformat databases (DBDesigner, Firebird, MySQL, OpenOffice.org BASE) that integrate database design, modeling, creation, and maintenance into a single, seamless environment. Some enable users to meet the database challenges of next generation web, cloud, and communications services with uncompromising scalability, uptime and agility. They are

Frames Ochre 10 YR 9/1

Carpentry S/M Locksmith's Craft Grey Forge

 *Colour Family Variations*

**Parameters** -

Ochre 5 YR 9/1 9/2


 

 

Legend (right drawing):

**Structuring features**

**Ornamental features**

Legend (left drawing):

Modernist building

Street / Square **Mayor, no. 35** 

**Faces** 

2. Colour: polychromatic.

2.2 Use of diverse materials.

Plain

Adornments Ornamental

Elements

mainly developed for Windows, Unix and Linux.

1. Wealth of details, mainly Modernist.

Researches on cultural heritage use to create 3D models, renderings and animations in order to explain and analyze its formal features and qualities, and recreate virtual walks around and inside the object that is being studied.

**Figure 9.** 3D Modell of the Church of the Natividad in Villasandino, Spain. It is the cartographic basis of an architectural GIS (Task Group's Partner: *DAVAP Research Team*, University of Valladolid, Spain).

On the other hand, dissemination processes of the Cultural Heritage involve presentation, publishing and prepress, including geoportal design and maintenance. But nowadays dissemination becomes supported by using the Internet and digital storage media [14].

According to Jessop [15], the presence of maps -and other cultural heritage informations- on the web, promotes "heritage material to new audiences, both specialists and general, across

Books' editors as Scribus and SIGIL, as well as other office tools for document production and data processing (OpenOffice, AbiWord, LibreOffice, NeoOffice for Mac, among others) are suitable for a wide variety of word processing tasks, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases and more. They store all the data in an international standard format

There are also free multiplatform web editors, i.e. tools used to create and upgrade documents directly on the web. Browsing features are seamlessly integrated with the editing and remote access features in an uniform environment. Some combine web file management and easy-touse WYSIWYG web page editing, and have been designed to be extremely easy to use, making them ideal for non-technical computer users who want to create an attractive, professionallooking web site without needing to know HTML or web coding. Thus, the web becomes a

The offer of free software is wide (Amaya, Aptana, Kompozer, and Nvu can be mentioned), but MapServer is a specific program for publishing spatial data and interactive mapping applications to the web, running on all major platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X).

and can also read and write files from other common office software packages.

space for collaboration, and not just a one-way publishing medium.

many social and cultural groups."

**Figure 8.** 3D Modell of Paestum, Italy (Task Group's Partner: *DAVAP Research Team*, University of Valladolid, Spain).

There are also free multiplatform tools available to achieve these targets as 3D Studio Max, Blender, Open FX and SketchUp, which provide powerful, integrated 3D modelling, animation, rendering, and compositing tools. Some include full renderer and raytracing engines, NURBS support, kinematics-based animation, morphing, and extensive plugin APIs. Plugin capabilities include image post processor effects such as lens flare, and depth of field.

For particular illumination effects, Lightsmark provides real time global illumination, colour bleeding, and penumbra shadows.

Useful tools to study the territory and the landscape are GIS, that are used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics and maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. They allow to work with detailed maps in raster, vector, or database format. Among them must be mentioned Quantum GIS, GRASS GIS, GDAL, OpenEV, Thuban, and JUMP.

Virtual Terrain Project osters the creation of tools for easily constructing any part of the real world in interactive, 3D digital form. For Digital Terrain Models (DTM) can be also used the above mentioned Terragen free software.

Finally, SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses) is an open source GIS application with an emphasis on grid and raster functions: digital terrain analysis, geostatistics, and image processing.

#### **3.3. Management and dissemination processes**

Project management can be successfully developed with OpenProj, which is a desktop project management application similar to Microsoft Project with a familiar user interface, and even opens existing MS Project files. It is interoperable with Project, Gantt Charts, and PERT charts. For Mac OS X.

288 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

Valladolid, Spain).

bleeding, and penumbra shadows.

OpenEV, Thuban, and JUMP.

statistics, and image processing.

PERT charts. For Mac OS X.

above mentioned Terragen free software.

**3.3. Management and dissemination processes** 

of field.

**Figure 8.** 3D Modell of Paestum, Italy (Task Group's Partner: *DAVAP Research Team*, University of

There are also free multiplatform tools available to achieve these targets as 3D Studio Max, Blender, Open FX and SketchUp, which provide powerful, integrated 3D modelling, animation, rendering, and compositing tools. Some include full renderer and raytracing engines, NURBS support, kinematics-based animation, morphing, and extensive plugin APIs. Plugin capabilities include image post processor effects such as lens flare, and depth

For particular illumination effects, Lightsmark provides real time global illumination, colour

Useful tools to study the territory and the landscape are GIS, that are used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics and maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. They allow to work with detailed maps in raster, vector, or database format. Among them must be mentioned Quantum GIS, GRASS GIS, GDAL,

Virtual Terrain Project osters the creation of tools for easily constructing any part of the real world in interactive, 3D digital form. For Digital Terrain Models (DTM) can be also used the

Finally, SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses) is an open source GIS application with an emphasis on grid and raster functions: digital terrain analysis, geo-

Project management can be successfully developed with OpenProj, which is a desktop project management application similar to Microsoft Project with a familiar user interface, and even opens existing MS Project files. It is interoperable with Project, Gantt Charts, and

**Figure 9.** 3D Modell of the Church of the Natividad in Villasandino, Spain. It is the cartographic basis of an architectural GIS (Task Group's Partner: *DAVAP Research Team*, University of Valladolid, Spain).

On the other hand, dissemination processes of the Cultural Heritage involve presentation, publishing and prepress, including geoportal design and maintenance. But nowadays dissemination becomes supported by using the Internet and digital storage media [14].

According to Jessop [15], the presence of maps -and other cultural heritage informations- on the web, promotes "heritage material to new audiences, both specialists and general, across many social and cultural groups."

Books' editors as Scribus and SIGIL, as well as other office tools for document production and data processing (OpenOffice, AbiWord, LibreOffice, NeoOffice for Mac, among others) are suitable for a wide variety of word processing tasks, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases and more. They store all the data in an international standard format and can also read and write files from other common office software packages.

There are also free multiplatform web editors, i.e. tools used to create and upgrade documents directly on the web. Browsing features are seamlessly integrated with the editing and remote access features in an uniform environment. Some combine web file management and easy-touse WYSIWYG web page editing, and have been designed to be extremely easy to use, making them ideal for non-technical computer users who want to create an attractive, professionallooking web site without needing to know HTML or web coding. Thus, the web becomes a space for collaboration, and not just a one-way publishing medium.

The offer of free software is wide (Amaya, Aptana, Kompozer, and Nvu can be mentioned), but MapServer is a specific program for publishing spatial data and interactive mapping applications to the web, running on all major platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X).

## **4. Members, partners, and initiatives**

#### **4.1. Members**

The Task Group is currently hosted by the University of Alcalá (Spain), and is composed by the following international teams of researchers:

Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography: Studies on the Cultural Heritage at a Territorial Scale 291

 Politecnico di Milano (Italy), II School of Architecture: 'Management and Urban Cultural Politics' research group. Director: Ph. D. Alessandro De Masi (alessandro.demasi@unina.it). As a member of UNESCO Forum, he is on the international research team for the 'Rural Vernacular Heritage 2007-2012' created by

The team participates in international research projects with the Universities of Naples and Florence (Italy), the Simmons College of Boston (USA), and the West University of

They work mainly on architectural and urban restoration, as well as on indutrial

The team focuses mainly on the documentation and analysis of the architecture and the archaeology using combined techniques (photogrammetry, direct measuring, radar).

They usually collaborate with the School of Architecture of Rabat (Morocco) and the University of Bologna (Italy), leading projects about sustainable tourism, cultural landscapes, and databases of the architectural heritage in Andalusia (Spain) and the valley

Their main contributions are on the field of the sustainable rehabilitation of the cultural

The Institute is a centre with a long-established tradition in teaching interiors' design, fashion design, graphic and industrial design. According to their targets, they educate

IADE, Institución Artística de Enseñanza (Madrid, Spain). Director: Diego García de

There are some international teams of researchers that use to collaborate with the Task

 University of Málaga (Spain), Technical School of Architecture Research Group. Director: Dr. Arch. Guido Cimadomo (cimadomo@uma.es). Researchers: Arch. Javier Castellano,

of Mgoun (Morocco), and about the european colonialism in Granada (Nicaragua). University Antonio de Nebrija (Madrid, Spain), Technical School of Architecture: 'Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering' research group. Director: Dr. Arch. Carlos González-Bravo (cgonzabr@nebrija.es). Team: Arch. Loreto Barrios, Arch. Emilio

 Università di Chieti-Pescara, Facoltà di Architettura: 'Theory and Practice in Conservation'. Director: Prof. Dr. Arch. Claudio Varagnoli (cvaragnoli@tiscali.it).

 University of A Coruña (Spain), Technical School of Architecture: 'GIRAP Group for the Representation of the Architectural Heritage'. Director: Prof. Dr. Arch. Jose Antonio Franco Taboada (jafranco@udc.es). Researchers: Dr. Arch. Antonio Amado, Dr. Arch.

Juan Manuel Franco, Dr. Arch. Antonia Pérez, Dr. Arch. Santiago Tarrio.

They are currently collaborating with the University of Puerto Rico.

heritage, and the researches on green contruction solutions.

Castro (IADE@IADE.ES) (Website: http://www.iade.es/).

on the benefits of using open source software. New members and collaborations are always wellcome.

Arch. Antonio Álvarez, Arch. Jonathan Ruiz, and Arch. Dolores Goyanes.

UNESCO World Heritage Centre (France).

heritage, focusing on the materials and their qualities.

'Neofit Rilisky' (Bulgaria).

Mitre.

**4.2. Partners** 

Group activities. Among them, the

 University of Alcalá (Spain), Department of Architecture, Technical School of Architecture and Geodesy: Research Group 'Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture'(http://www2.uah.es/cipa\_opensource\_taskgroup). Director: Prof. Dr. Arch. Pilar Chias (pilar.chias@uah.es). Researchers: Master in Civil Engineering Tomás Abad, Prof. Dr. Ing. León González Sotos, Dr. Arch. Ernesto Echeverría, Dr. Arch. Enrique Castaño, Dr. Arch. Fernando Da Casa, Ph. D. Ángeles Layuno, Dr. Ing. Raúl Fernández del Castillo, Dr. Ing. Francisco Maza, Arch. Manuel de Miguel, Arch. Paz Llorente.

Their main research subjects are focused on cultural heritage documentation and dissemination, mainly at architectural, urban and territorial scales, including landscape studies. They lead and participate in many national and international research projects, and develop different methodologies to be applied to the documentation and dissemination of the cultural heritage at territorial, urban and architectural scales. They also collaborate with other Universities as the University of Grenoble (France), the CUJAE in Havanna and the University of Oriente (Santiago de Cuba).

These methodologies use free open-source CAD software for cultural heritage documentation, as well as databases, digital cartography, terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, and GIS for cultural heritage management.

They are also leading an important effort in order to disseminate all data and informations related to cultural heritage via Internet. As an example can be cited the Ancient Spanish Cartography e-Library (http://www.ielat.es/).


They all are members of the Assoziazione Internazionale dei Design.

The team is developing some experiences on drawing and documenting the cultural heritage of the Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) by means of different techniques, including colour charts, architectural design, terrestrial photogrammetry, and CAD.

 Politecnico di Milano (Italy), II School of Architecture: 'Management and Urban Cultural Politics' research group. Director: Ph. D. Alessandro De Masi (alessandro.demasi@unina.it). As a member of UNESCO Forum, he is on the international research team for the 'Rural Vernacular Heritage 2007-2012' created by UNESCO World Heritage Centre (France).

The team participates in international research projects with the Universities of Naples and Florence (Italy), the Simmons College of Boston (USA), and the West University of 'Neofit Rilisky' (Bulgaria).


They are currently collaborating with the University of Puerto Rico.


Their main contributions are on the field of the sustainable rehabilitation of the cultural heritage, and the researches on green contruction solutions.

 IADE, Institución Artística de Enseñanza (Madrid, Spain). Director: Diego García de Castro (IADE@IADE.ES) (Website: http://www.iade.es/). The Institute is a centre with a long-established tradition in teaching interiors' design, fashion design, graphic and industrial design. According to their targets, they educate on the benefits of using open source software.

New members and collaborations are always wellcome.

#### **4.2. Partners**

290 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

Arch. Juan Serra.

**4.1. Members** 

**4. Members, partners, and initiatives** 

the following international teams of researchers:

The Task Group is currently hosted by the University of Alcalá (Spain), and is composed by

 University of Alcalá (Spain), Department of Architecture, Technical School of Architecture and Geodesy: Research Group 'Cultural Heritage and sustainable architecture'(http://www2.uah.es/cipa\_opensource\_taskgroup). Director: Prof. Dr. Arch. Pilar Chias (pilar.chias@uah.es). Researchers: Master in Civil Engineering Tomás Abad, Prof. Dr. Ing. León González Sotos, Dr. Arch. Ernesto Echeverría, Dr. Arch. Enrique Castaño, Dr. Arch. Fernando Da Casa, Ph. D. Ángeles Layuno, Dr. Ing. Raúl Fernández del Castillo, Dr. Ing. Francisco Maza, Arch. Manuel de Miguel, Arch. Paz Llorente. Their main research subjects are focused on cultural heritage documentation and dissemination, mainly at architectural, urban and territorial scales, including landscape studies. They lead and participate in many national and international research projects, and develop different methodologies to be applied to the documentation and dissemination of the cultural heritage at territorial, urban and architectural scales. They also collaborate with other Universities as the University of Grenoble (France), the

CUJAE in Havanna and the University of Oriente (Santiago de Cuba).

photogrammetry, and GIS for cultural heritage management.

Ancient Spanish Cartography e-Library (http://www.ielat.es/).

They all are members of the Assoziazione Internazionale dei Design.

These methodologies use free open-source CAD software for cultural heritage documentation, as well as databases, digital cartography, terrestrial and aerial

They are also leading an important effort in order to disseminate all data and informations related to cultural heritage via Internet. As an example can be cited the

The team is developing some experiences on drawing and documenting the cultural heritage of the Comunidad Valenciana (Spain) by means of different techniques, including colour charts, architectural design, terrestrial photogrammetry, and CAD.

 University of Valladolid (Spain), Technical School of Architecture: 'LFA-DAVAP Laboratory of Photogrammetry' (http://www.uav.es/davap/). Director: Dr. Arch. Juan José Fernández Martín (juanjo@ega.uva.es); Coordinator: Dr. Arch. Jesús San José Alonso (lfa@ega.uva.es); Research director: Dr. Math. Javier Finat (jfinat@agt.uva.es). Since 1995, this team is leading an important documentation and dissemination programme about the cultural heritage mainly in the Comunidad de Castilla y León (Spain), but also in Italy. They currently use both terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. Politechnical University of Valencia, Technical School of Architecture: 'Colour' and 'Photogrammetry' research groups. Research directors: Prof. Ph. D. Ángela García Codoñer (angarcia@ega.upv.es) and Prof. Dr. Arch. Pablo Navarro (pnavarro@ega.upv.es). Researchers: Dr. Arch. Jorge Llopis, Dr. Arch. Ana Torres, Dr.

> There are some international teams of researchers that use to collaborate with the Task Group activities. Among them, the

 ICA Commission on Maps and the Internet (http://maps.unomaha.edu/ica/): chaired by Rex Cammack (rcammack@unomaha.edu), works on cartographic presentation, communication and processing methods.

Open Source Tools, Landscape and Cartography: Studies on the Cultural Heritage at a Territorial Scale 293

*Technical School of Architecture and Geodesy, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain* 

Castilla-La Mancha, and the Benjamin Franklin Institute (University of Alcalá).

http://www2.uah.es/cipa\_opensource\_taskgroup/index.html and also

[updated 2012 March 28; cited 2012 April 7]. Available from:

http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf

VSMM / CIPA / ICOMOS (2008). P. 125-130.

cited 2012 April 7]. Available from:

Researches developed by the Team of Alcalá are supported by the Junta de Comunidades de

[1] Open Source in use for the Cultural Heritage communication processes. [Internet] 2012

[2] UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and natural Heritage [Internet] 1972 [updated 2012 Jan 20; cited 2012 April 7]. Available from:

[3] ICCROM Working Group 'Heritage and Society' [Internet]. 2005 [updated 2012 Jan 20;

http://cif.icomos.org/pdf\_docs/Documents%20on%20line/Heritage%20definitions.pdf [4] UNESCO (1954) Convention Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed

[5] Chías P, Abad T (2008) A GIS in Ancient Cartography: A New Methodology for the online accessibility to the Cartographic Digital Libraries. In: Ioannides M, Addison A, Georgopoulos A, Kalisperis L, editors, VSMM 2008. Digital Heritage. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia*.* Limassol, Ciprus:

[6] Franco JA, Tarrio S (2008) Monasterios y Conventos de Galicia*.* La Coruña: Xunta de

[7] Bitelli G, Cremonini S, Gatta G (2009) Ancient map comparisons and georeferencing techniques: a case study from the Po River Delta (Italy). e-Perimetron 4 (4): 221-233. Available: http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol\_4\_4/Vol4\_4.htm. Accessed: 2012 Jan 20. [8] Chías P, Abad T (2011) The Bay of Cadiz: Fortified territory and landscape. In: Chías P, Abad T, editors, The Fortified Heritage. Cadiz and the Caribbean: A Transatlantic

[9] Chías P, Abad T (2010) The nautical charts of the Spanish Mediterranean coasts in the 18th and 19th centuries: digital methods to compare the cartographical techniques of the main European Navies. e-Perimetron 5 (2): 49-57. Available: http://www.e-

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**Author details** 

Pilar Chias and Tomas Abad

http://cipa.icomos.org/

Conflict. The Hague, §1.

**Acknowledgement** 

**6. References** 

Galicia.
