**1. Introduction**

152 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

1990. T. 22, nr pp. 81 – 82.

original form, i.e. in Polish!).

November 2007 pp. 13-16 in size A4.

*cartography, Belgeo 2008, pp. 325 - 340.* 

given on the national conference in Pobierowo).

pp. 7 – 31.

Abstracts, p.105, size of the book A4.

Tolstov, S.P. (1962). Po drevnim del'tam Oksa i Jaksarta, Moskva.1953, *Śladami cywilizacji* 

Vuylsteke, B. (1984). Het Theatrum orbis terrarum van Abraham Ortelius (1595). Een studie van decoratieve elementen en de gehistrieerde voorstelligen. Del 1-2, Leuven,

Vaughn, E.V. (1912). English Trading Expeditions into Asia under the Authority of the Muscovy Company (1557-1581), In:. Gerson, Armand J., Studies in the history of

(1989). *The Newly Jenkinson's Map of Russia of 1562.* W: 13th International Conference on the History of Cartography. Amsterdam and the Hague. June 26 to July 1, 1989. Abstracts.

(1990). *Odnalezienie mapy Rosji Jenkinsona z 1562 roku.* Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny.

(1995). *Jenkinson's Map of Russia of 1562. Further investigations.* W: 16th International Conference on the History of Cartography. Vienna (Austria), 11-16 September1995,

(1995). *Odnaleziona mapa Rosji Jenkinsona z 1562 roku. Pierwsza próba analizy mapy.* Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis nr 1678. Bibliothecalia Wratislaviensia. Wrocław 1995,T.2,

(2000). *Mapa Rosji Jenkinsona (1562) – kolejne podsumowanie wyników badań.* Czasopismo

(2005). *The Jenkinson Map of Russia (1562) A Research Summary.* Polish Library Today. Foreign Collections in Polish Libraries. Biblioteka Narodowa. Warszawa 2005, Vol.6, pp. 57 - 69 (It is an abbreviation of the previous above mentioned paper in Polish in "Czasopismo geograficzne", and without important illustrations). Therefore it is better to read it in

(2007). *Anthony Jenkinson's unique wall map of Russia (1562) and its influence on European cartography.* Abstract in: Formating Europe – Mapping a Continent, Proceedings of the 6th International BIMCC Conference at the Royal Library of Belgium Brussels 16

*(2008). Anthony Jenkinson's unique wall map of Russia (1562) and its influence on European* 

(2008). *Projekt monografii i faksymilowego wydania mapy Jenkinsona z 1562 roku.* W: Dawna mapa źródłem wiedzy o świecie. Pod redakcją Stanisława Alexandrowicza i Radosława Skryckiego. Szczecin 2008, s. 149 - 160 (the paper is a final result of author's lecture

(2009). Problem nazewnictwa geograficznego i celowości opracowania słownika nazw geograficznych na bazie XVI-wiecznej mapy Rosji Anthony'ego Jenkinsona. W: Ad fontes. Księga jubileuszowa ofiarowana profesor Oldze T. Mołczanowej pod redakcją naukową Ewy Komorowskiej i Patrycji Kamińskiej. Szczecin 2010, pp. 353 – 371.(2012).Sensacyjny nabytek kartograficznych zbiorów Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej we Wrocławiu – mapa zachodniej Rosji Anthony'ego Jenkinsona. 1562. Iluminacje.

Kwartalnik o iluminowanych manuskryptach. 1/2012 (1), pp 33 – 36.

*starożytnego Chorezmu* [transl. From Russian.], Czytelnik, Warszawa.

manuscript PhD Thesis, Museum Plantin-Moretus, Antwerpen.

English commerce in the Tudor period. 1912, Part III. Krystyna Szykuła's publications on the Jenkinson's map

Amsterdam 1989, pp. 109 - 111, Size of the book A4 .

Geograficzne, Wrocław 2000, T. 71, Z. 1, pp. 67 – 97.

This chapter presents a Mobile Slide Monitor (MSM) which can be used for fast geographic positioning of some objectives or of some of their components that are situated at great distances from the roadways, (buildings, terrain markings) or are inaccessible in a direct mode, (dams, bridges, heaps of debris). The system assures an accurate geo-referencing of the off-road objective characteristics, an important problem for the infrastructure management at the level of public works administration.

The main applications of this MSM equipment are to estimate and alert, in due time, the occurrence of great proportion accidents caused by breaking down of civil constructions (buildings, bridges, tunnels, dams). These accidents are due to natural causes such as landslides and floods, in the areas with a high risk, or due to some human interventions such as the erroneous emplacement of some new constructions, the erroneous designing or even due to the oldness of some constructions.

Moreover, the bridges are part of a country's transportation infrastructure and are typically assessed and maintained by the authorities responsible for the appropriate transportation sector (road or rail). Nowadays, the deterioration of bridge structures is a serious problem due to issues related to modern society; reliance on the automobile, the increased bridge traffic, the environmental pollution, and the use of potentially corrosive substances (e.g. cleaning and de-icing). Bridge monitoring is necessary to ensure the safety of those who either use, or are affected by the structure itself, and the maintenance of the sector is usually part of the legislature governing.

Therefore the main objective of the present chapter is to describe a mobile laboratory for the monitoring of constructions deformations in the incipient phases, deformations that are due

© 2012 Stoica et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2012 Stoica et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

to terrain sliding from natural or human causes. As opposed to the systems which achieve in static regime the stability monitoring of the constructions by using some precision optical systems or GPS equipments with differential regime functioning but to which the follower receiver is attached in a fixed montage on the surveyed construction, the proposed mobile monitoring system permits that the measurements be rapidly performed, at a preset time interval, with a reduced cost on a multitude of objectives and with a minimum delay between the moment of some defection apparition and the moment of its identification and alarming.

GPS Positioning of Some Objectives Which are Situated

at Great Distances from the Roads by Means of a "Mobile Slide Monitor – MSM" 155

It is also important to integrate hazard risk management into the economic development process. Emergency planning and risk mitigation need to be an integral part of the rural and

**Develop a catastrophe risk financing strategy.** Countries need to develop and introduce targeted risk financing strategies for dealing with catastrophic events that can have a severe impact on their economies. The strategy would address the funding gap caused by the need to recover economic losses and meet social obligations and other responsibilities, following a catastrophic event. Developing a risk financing strategy is particularly important for

Therefore, the Regional Public Administrations from a country, which has more or less accentuated risk for the natural disasters, may have at their disposal the possibility to verify, at pre-established time intervals, the real state of the geological formations or of the

The main application of the MSM equipment presented here, is the estimation and the alerting in due time regarding the risk of great proportion accidents, by break down of civil constructions due to some natural causes, such as landslides and floods, in areas with high

The final result will be the achievement of a Geographic Informational System (GIS), which will have to integrate all the information and the all types of data, which are needed for the natural disasters management, from the prognosis to the post-factum measurements. Moreover, besides the hazard maps which must be elaborated for the all regions of the respective country, the local authorities must, also, draw up risk maps which refer to the

Usually, the measurement of superficial displacement is the simplest way to observe the history of a landslide and to analyze the kinematics of the movement, so the investigation of the terrains sliding movements permits, also, the detection of possible precursor elements of

In the past, a various surveying techniques were used to detect the superficial movements of unstable area. For examples, tapes and wire devices were used to measure changes in distance, between terrain points or crack walls. Levels, theodolites, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM), and total station measurements provide both the coordinates and changes of target, control points and landslide features. In addition, aerial or terrestrial photogrammetry provides point coordinates, contour maps and cross-section of the

urban development process, with the participation of all the stakeholders.

countries exposed to catastrophic earthquakes.

building, which is suspected to be in danger.

most exposed areas to the natural calamities.

**3.1. Existing fixed mapping equipments** 

risk of accidents.

**3. State of the art** 

the mass movements.

landslides.
