**7. Coclusion**

146 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

"*Kitaya*" in Wikipedia under the entry "*Kitay-gorod*".

shown in the Jenkinson's map. Whereas the existence of the camels and sheep on the same latitude as *"Kitaia Lacvs"* and between the mountains steppes indicate in turn the Altai mountains. Then, as we can see, solving the problem is not so easy and probably it will be never solved. Some final conclusion could be supported, too, by the description of the name

There is one more interesting geographically questionable element in Jenkinson's map. This is the Amu-Darya river which as Ougus flows into the Caspian Sea. The problem have been already interestingly and accurately described by many authors (Menn G.F.C., 1839, Alenicin V.D., 1879, Barthold W., 1910). As have been here already mentioned the representation of the mouth of Ougus river can still be found in the 18th century maps. The history of the mouth of Amu-Darya from the oldest times had been very accurately described by G.F.C. Menn in Latin20. There are some interesting testimonies which we can find in Herodot's work in following sentence (translated: "the biggest river in this region is "*Arakses"* or "*Oksos"* and that one of the branch flows into the Caspian Sea"). What is interesting, he also calls the river as "marshes of Aral". Alenicin in turn asks himself a question – which way Jenkinson has gone when, as he writes in his diary, he met so-called "priasna" water, i.e. sweet water. The author comes to conclusion that at some point Jenkinson had to confuse the directions of the world. Alenicin realized that if Jenkinson met a sweet water it could be neither the Aral Sea nor the Caspian Sea – it must have been probably Sary-Kamysh – a big lake situated between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea, because it goes from Mangyshlak peninsula across the Ust'- Urt'. On the 12 page of his book Alenicin writes about yet another conception. He there claims that in 1878 came into the Caspian Sea a branch of the river which probably reached it. Interesting description on Amow river (a tributary of the Sur river on Jenkinson's map) we read in already quoted geographical dictionary (transl.: *"Amou or Amu it is the river of Asia, which by our contemporary geographers is named Amu. Because "Ab" word in Persian means water or river. Arabs call it Gibon, but accurately Balkh, river Balkh, because it flows across city of the same name. The old called it Oxus and Bactus. This river flows out from the Imaus mountains and directs its course from the east to the west. As a matter of fact, when it comes close to the Khovarezm country, it runs in meander way, and seems to flow to its source direction, however it comes back again, and flows into Caspian Sea in the west").* It is worth here to quote before mentioned Menn (G.F.C., 1839). In his book in the chapter I entitled *"Oxi fluminis vetustae navigationis in mare Caspium documenta"* on 5th page we read (transl.:"…Oxus flows into the Caspian Sea across Scythia…" W. Barthold (1910, s. 68), who discusses the Jenkinson's map writes (in transl.: "south branch flows to the lengthened gulf of the Caspian Sea, i.e. Sary-Kamysh" (see Tolstov 1962, pp. 261-267*)* where the author writes that the river Amu-daria at the beginning of the 10th century had flown into the Caspian Sea*.* This Russian archeologist Tolstov (1953, p. 62) recalls Jenkinson's opinions from his diary, which are opposite to his map's picture. Namely, Jenkinson claims that the water in his times did not flow into the Caspian Sea as it was in the early times. So

20 For translation of the fragment of this interesting work I would here like to express my gratitude to Aleksandra

Krajczyk, the teacher of Latin at the University of Wrocław.

In the article, the author tried to show a kind of sketch of the further full *Monograph* on the Jenkinson's map. The first conclusion which is easily noticeable is that the subject in question constitutes an inexhaustible material for investigation from different points of view. What one could notice if we enter more deeply into some of the described questions is that every one of them opens new paths to be further investigated. After all, we have here following questions: the history of geographical discoveries in Asia, relations between the two continents, Europe and Russia in relation to Asia, and next the subsequent regions – their history, ethnography, especially connected with Cossacks and Tartars, the history of links between England and Russia21, history of Persia, including the history of consecutive khans. In this subject it is difficult to neglect the Russian relations to the western frontier states or historical regions which, especially at that times, were Lithuania and Poland. Characteristic and equally very interesting is that the stories of several regions and states connects with one another. Thanks to this phenomenon new topics still emerge and it is difficult to resist them. New and equally very interesting riddles still arise. The sources which needed to be compared were very exciting for the author. Such was for instance the story of the course of the Amu-Darya river and the Aral Sea in connection with the *"Kitaia Lacus"* as well. Very interesting is the interdisciplinary character of the subject in question, too. For instance, some evidence is the participation of the archeologists in the examination of the bed of the Amu-Darya river, its significance and results. To continue the idea presented by the author it could be also worth using the infra-red pictures to confirm one more argument for the theory of the old river-bed of Amu-Darya. We can say the same about the other questions considered here. The long-lasting investigation of the author and the rich literature create valuable occasion for scientific contacts with other authors in the world. It was a very valuable exchange with mentioned here Professor S.H. Baron, Dr. K.

<sup>21</sup> This investigation entitled "*Cartographical links between England and Russia in mid of 16th century"* has been carried out in the British Academy Project by the author together with Magdalena Peszko in 2011.

Mayers and Dr. Osipov Igor A. (2008 and 2009). We can notice that the papers by many other scholars of the western Europe and of the USA already mentioned here that were issued brought benefits for the subject considered here from the time since the Jenkinson's map has been rediscovered (1987). The subsequent papers by the author during the period as well tried to enlarge the field of the investigation and still are bringing new reflections.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 149

All reproduced photographs presented in this Chapter were made by Krystyna Szykuła.

*Wrocław University Library Department of the Cartographical Collection (retired), Wrocław, Poland* 

For supporting of every works connected with the library collections, author of the Chapter wish to thank to her Director Grażyna Piotrowicz and her Successors in the Department of Cartographic Collections of Wrocław University Library – Anna Osowska and to Dariusz

*A book of Heraldry, (*1566). (manuscript) Cambrigde University Library. Kk.I.26., found

Alenicin, V.D. (1879). Neskol'ko zamiečanij o putešestvii Dženkinsona v' Chivu v' 1559

Alexandrowicz, S. (1989). *Rozwój kartografii Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego od XV do połowy XVIII wieku*. Wyd. 2 popr., Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, ISBN 83-232-0239-7,

Bagrow, L. (1928). *Anthony Jenkinson*, [w:] *A. Ortelius Catalogus Cartographorum*. 1.Teil: Ergänzungsheft 199 zu Petermanns Mitteilungen, Justus Perthes, Gotha, pp. 120 – 121.

**Author details** 

Krystyna Szykuła

**8. References** 

**Acknowledgement** 

Przybytek – the Head of the Department.

during the Polish KBN Project 1994/1995

godu, V. Bezobrazov i K º, S. Peter'Burg.

ISSN 0554-8217, Poznań.

Therefore the author hopes that the full version of *Monograph* will bring much more valuable results and will do its good for the Jenkinson's map and its examination.

At the end, summing up the benefit of the rediscovered genuine copy of the map in question we should answer the question "what has its recovery brought?" There are as follows:


All reproduced photographs presented in this Chapter were made by Krystyna Szykuła.
