**2. The map itself, its author, his travels and the differences among the genuine copy and its renditions. The importance of its recovery**

The map of Moscovia – today's western Russia, by Anthony Jenkinson with the 1562 date is hand-colored copper-cut and it measures 101,7 x 81,7 cm including 6 cm decorative border. It is considered by historians as a wall map and has been made in the north orientation.

© 2012 Szykuła et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2012 Szykuła et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Doubtful in this respect is only Finland Gulf (*"Sinus Finlandicus"* in the map), which is situated north-south instead of rather east-west.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 121

**Figure 2.** Ortelius' rendition, one of the edition in his *"Theatrum orbis Terrarum"* (here much enlarged to Jenkinson's original copy above – size of the map see in text). From Wrocław University Library

Characteristic feature of the genuine copy of the map in question is its unusually rich decorativeness. It is undoubtedly worth wider discussion. The variety of the content of the map we can study is especially interesting. There are ethnographic, religious, military and historical elements. Finally, the map can be examined in respect of its rich fauna, too. These features make the map an outstanding document of the epoch of the territory portrayed here. The decorative border with metal design is an additional element which makes the map even more interesting. We can find the special value of the map in the numerous texts distributed all over it. These decorative elements are of historical value, too. Mentioned texts

The author of the map in question – Anthony Jenkinson (1525/29/30?-1611) is one of the first English travelers, and simultaneously a member of the founded in the years 1552-1553 and chartered in 1555 Muscovy Company. The Company, the society of the English merchants has been later called the Russia Company, English Trading Company, Company of Merchant Adventures or differently. Its purpose was to penetrate and to explore the north-

Sebastian Cabot (ca. 1482 - 1557), Robert Thorn (1492-1532) and John Dee (1527-1608) were the first who became the impellers of this enterprise. As already mentioned, Jenkinson was

cartographic collection

are boxed in different cartouches.

east sea passage to reach China and India.

In the north part of the map there is today's north-western coast of Russia. Far eastern part of the coast in geographical sense reaches the Ural mountains and the lower course of the Ob river. The river discharges into so-called North Sea ("*Mare Septentrionale"*) – today's Kara Sea. The source of the Ob river in the map is in mysterious Chinese Lake *("Kitaia Lacvs"*). On the opposite side of the lake, i.e. from the south, the river continues its course, however not as the Ob but the Sur river, which bifurcates in its upper course in the *"Shamarghan"* and *"Baida"*regions. The tributary of the Sur is *"Amow"*river.

**Figure 1.** Jenkinson's genuine copy, 1562 (size of the map see in text). From Wrocław University Library cartographic collection

An eastern part of the map, i.e. east of Ob and Sur rivers, covers quite a wide space of this part of the map. However, geographically this is a rather poor fragment. Namely, there are only names of the following regions, going from the north: *"Casackia"*, "*Samoyeda*" and *"Molgomzaia", "Baida"* and *"Colmac".* In the south part of the map we can see the name *"Persia"* and in the lower right-hand corner there are *"Mhoghol"* and *"Kirges".* To the north there is *"Taskent",* where the Sur river takes its source. In the most south-eastern end of the map there is a city called *"Audeghen".* In south-western part is the Black Sea but it has been almost wholly covered by the cartouche with the dedication for the sponsor of the map. Above this cartouche we can read the names of *"Lithuania"* and *"Livonia".* In the western part is the above mentioned Finland Gulf and White Sea, named not as it is today but as the gulf of the "*North Sea*"("*Mare Septentrionale*" on the map)

Library cartographic collection

situated north-south instead of rather east-west.

*"Baida"*regions. The tributary of the Sur is *"Amow"*river.

gulf of the "*North Sea*"("*Mare Septentrionale*" on the map)

Doubtful in this respect is only Finland Gulf (*"Sinus Finlandicus"* in the map), which is

In the north part of the map there is today's north-western coast of Russia. Far eastern part of the coast in geographical sense reaches the Ural mountains and the lower course of the Ob river. The river discharges into so-called North Sea ("*Mare Septentrionale"*) – today's Kara Sea. The source of the Ob river in the map is in mysterious Chinese Lake *("Kitaia Lacvs"*). On the opposite side of the lake, i.e. from the south, the river continues its course, however not as the Ob but the Sur river, which bifurcates in its upper course in the *"Shamarghan"* and

**Figure 1.** Jenkinson's genuine copy, 1562 (size of the map see in text). From Wrocław University

An eastern part of the map, i.e. east of Ob and Sur rivers, covers quite a wide space of this part of the map. However, geographically this is a rather poor fragment. Namely, there are only names of the following regions, going from the north: *"Casackia"*, "*Samoyeda*" and *"Molgomzaia", "Baida"* and *"Colmac".* In the south part of the map we can see the name *"Persia"* and in the lower right-hand corner there are *"Mhoghol"* and *"Kirges".* To the north there is *"Taskent",* where the Sur river takes its source. In the most south-eastern end of the map there is a city called *"Audeghen".* In south-western part is the Black Sea but it has been almost wholly covered by the cartouche with the dedication for the sponsor of the map. Above this cartouche we can read the names of *"Lithuania"* and *"Livonia".* In the western part is the above mentioned Finland Gulf and White Sea, named not as it is today but as the

**Figure 2.** Ortelius' rendition, one of the edition in his *"Theatrum orbis Terrarum"* (here much enlarged to Jenkinson's original copy above – size of the map see in text). From Wrocław University Library cartographic collection

Characteristic feature of the genuine copy of the map in question is its unusually rich decorativeness. It is undoubtedly worth wider discussion. The variety of the content of the map we can study is especially interesting. There are ethnographic, religious, military and historical elements. Finally, the map can be examined in respect of its rich fauna, too. These features make the map an outstanding document of the epoch of the territory portrayed here. The decorative border with metal design is an additional element which makes the map even more interesting. We can find the special value of the map in the numerous texts distributed all over it. These decorative elements are of historical value, too. Mentioned texts are boxed in different cartouches.

The author of the map in question – Anthony Jenkinson (1525/29/30?-1611) is one of the first English travelers, and simultaneously a member of the founded in the years 1552-1553 and chartered in 1555 Muscovy Company. The Company, the society of the English merchants has been later called the Russia Company, English Trading Company, Company of Merchant Adventures or differently. Its purpose was to penetrate and to explore the northeast sea passage to reach China and India.

Sebastian Cabot (ca. 1482 - 1557), Robert Thorn (1492-1532) and John Dee (1527-1608) were the first who became the impellers of this enterprise. As already mentioned, Jenkinson was

not the first voyager who travelled to Russia. Earlier there were two brothers – Stephen Borough (1525 - 1584) and William Borough (1536- 1599) who undertook the task to pass the way to mouth of the Ob river. Richard Chancellor (1520-1556) and Sir Hugh Willoughby (1516-1554), the explorers of the northern part of Russia were the next travelers, but unfortunately they both perished in their voyages.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 123

map has been recovered, too, to be Reginald Wolf(ius) - Dutchman, settled in England since 1530, d. 1573. He was the member of the Muscovy Company, as well, in the following years: 1559, 1564, 1567 and 1572. In the letter we can find one more interesting person, Jan de (van) Schille (1533 - 1586), who was an Antwerp painter and engraver and could be also engaged in creating the genuine map, maybe even responsible for the decorative part of it. In the letter he is the person who was allowed by Wolfius to keep one of the 25 copies of the map. The original copy of the letter quoted in Hessels's Ortelius' correspondence, too (Hessels J.H., 1887, letter number 43) had been indicated by Peter Barber – then the Head of the British Library Manuscript Department (Barber, P., 1989). Unfortunately, the letter is still the only document in which genuine Jenkinson's map had been mentioned, and even not quite directly. We can only presume that mentioned 25 copies were not a full size of its edition, and therefore ask where is the rest (if there were any at all) of the 24 copies which are

As far as the above mentioned differences in arrangement and the content of cartouches are concerned – in Ortelius' rendition the title cartouche is placed in the left hand bottom corner, but on the genuine map in the upper left corner. Close to the title cartouche in genuine copy there is another very important one in which all the regions belonging to Moscovia at that time are mentioned. De Jode's title is also placed in the left upper corner but only with the name of Jenkinson (without information on Henry Sidney). The latter is distinguished only by name in Ortelius' title cartouche. Then we can read the comprehensive

As far as the dimensions of the three maps are concerned they go are as follows: the genuine copy – 101,7 x 81,7 cm.4, Ortelius' rendition – 44 x 35,3 cm5, and de Jode's – 26,3 x 32,6 cm6. Quite a long in size horizontally is one more rendition, by brothers Jan and Lucas Deutecum (Doetecum, too) – 104 x 50 cm7, which the author kindly received from Dr Aleksy K. Zajcev.

**3. How and where the Jenkinson's map of "Moscovia" has been found?** 

This coincidence took place in the author's domestic city, Wrocław (Poland). It was during a visit in the cathedral library, that the head of the library informed her about one lady, who brought him a 16th century map. It was obviously extremely exciting news for the author. The owner of the map, the lady who was a teacher in one of the Wrocław high schools, decided to sell it. That is why she brought the map to the author (then the head of the Wrocław University Library Department of the Cartographic Collection). An expertise has

4"*Nova absolutaque Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae, descriptio. Authore' Antonio Jenkinsono Anglo, Clemente Adamo èdita, et a* 

5"*Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae descriptio. Auctore Antonio Ienkensono Anglo, edita Londini Anno. 1562 et dedicata illustriβ:* 

<sup>7</sup>*"Regionum Septentrionalium, Moscoviam, Rutenos, Tartaros, eorumque hordas comprehendentium, ex Antonij Jenkensonij et Sigismundi liberi Baronis ab Herberstein itinerariis, nova descriptio. 1569; Joa. & Lucas Duetecum tgraefscap vä Holland Anno 1569 geprint i Hollant in des Gravenhage. 1569; Joa. & Lucas Duetecum tgraefscap vä Holland Anno 1569 geprint i Hollant in* 

6"*Moscoviae Maximi amplissimi que Ducatus Chorographica descriptio. Authore Anthonio Iankinsono Anglo"* 

dedication to this noble man, as the sponsor of the map, only in its genuine copy.

missing, if we take into account only those mentioned in the letter.

*Nicolao Reinoldo Londinensi aeri insculpta. Anno salutis, 1562"*

*D. Henrico Sÿdneo Walliae praesidi"*

*des Gravenhage.* 

Anthony Jenkinson was the trustworthy agent of the Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603, dominated 1558 - 1603). He began his journeys in 1557. First of them were in 1557-1560. The next: 1561-1563 (to London 28 Sept. 1564), 1566 - 1567 and the latest 1571 - 1572. His map is dated back to the 1562, however, when we take into account the examinations by Samuel H. Baron's (1989)1 and Krystyna Szykuła's, (2000)2, the map in question has been probably published between 1567 and 1569.

An exciting moment when the genuine copy of the map has been rediscovered was finally that could be compared with the existing renditions, i.e. made by Abraham Ortelius (1527 - 1598) and Gerard de Jode (1509 - 1591). It was especially exciting because of the different representations by Ortelius and de Jode which differ with one another. Namely de Jode's picture displays only, even not in whole, the left-hand part of the original. Before the genuine copy was recognized, scholars had discussed who of these two cartographers has been right. Finally today we know that Ortelius' representation was correct in respect to the territorial range.

The size of the three maps – the prototype and its renditions was the essential distinction to be seen at first glance, because of the quite other way of situating the title and dedication cartouche. The existence of the dedication has been only mentioned by Ortelius, but we can learn about its content as recently as from the genuine copy. The same concerns the content of boxed texts, decorative elements and borders – much more of them and changed in style in the genuine copy of the map. An appearance of the quite new creators in the main title cartouche was of the most importance issue. Namely, both of the creators of renditions placed Jenkinson as an author in their cartouches, but only Ortelius additionally included the name of Henry Sidney (1529-1586), the sponsor of the genuine map to whom the above mentioned dedication has been devoted by the editor Clement Adams (1519? – 1587). The second unknown yet to us was an engraver Nicolaus Reinoldus (Nicolas Reynold). We already know him thanks to his letter mentioned in the Introduction, unfortunately undated, which has been estimated to be written about 15733. The name of the printer of the

<sup>1</sup> The date has been established by Professor regarding the journeys of Thomas Southam and John Spark, quoted in their account, in early English: "*The way discouered by water by vs Thomas Southam, and Iohn Sparke, from the towne of Colmogro, vnto the citie of Nouogrode in Russia, conteining many particulers of the way, and distance of miles as hereafter foloweth. Anno 1566" (*Hakluyt, 1589, p. 390)

<sup>2</sup>The date has been established by the author according to *"A book of heraldry"* at Cambridge University Library, call number Kk. I. 26 (Szykula, K., 2000). One of the coats of arms have been conferred to Henry Sidney in 1566 and visually it is undoubtedly connected with the composed under the dedication in the genuine map

<sup>3</sup> In the light of the recovered map the date is now not possible to be correct, because of the date of the Ortelius' first edition *"Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (1570),* where the rendition has been included. The possible date must be previous to the first edition, then about 1569 (?). The date 1573 had been estimated before the genuine map has been recovered and placed in Hessels J.H., 1887 (the mentioned printed collection of the Ortelius' correspondence)

map has been recovered, too, to be Reginald Wolf(ius) - Dutchman, settled in England since 1530, d. 1573. He was the member of the Muscovy Company, as well, in the following years: 1559, 1564, 1567 and 1572. In the letter we can find one more interesting person, Jan de (van) Schille (1533 - 1586), who was an Antwerp painter and engraver and could be also engaged in creating the genuine map, maybe even responsible for the decorative part of it. In the letter he is the person who was allowed by Wolfius to keep one of the 25 copies of the map. The original copy of the letter quoted in Hessels's Ortelius' correspondence, too (Hessels J.H., 1887, letter number 43) had been indicated by Peter Barber – then the Head of the British Library Manuscript Department (Barber, P., 1989). Unfortunately, the letter is still the only document in which genuine Jenkinson's map had been mentioned, and even not quite directly. We can only presume that mentioned 25 copies were not a full size of its edition, and therefore ask where is the rest (if there were any at all) of the 24 copies which are missing, if we take into account only those mentioned in the letter.

122 Cartography – A Tool for Spatial Analysis

published between 1567 and 1569.

*foloweth. Anno 1566" (*Hakluyt, 1589, p. 390)

territorial range.

unfortunately they both perished in their voyages.

not the first voyager who travelled to Russia. Earlier there were two brothers – Stephen Borough (1525 - 1584) and William Borough (1536- 1599) who undertook the task to pass the way to mouth of the Ob river. Richard Chancellor (1520-1556) and Sir Hugh Willoughby (1516-1554), the explorers of the northern part of Russia were the next travelers, but

Anthony Jenkinson was the trustworthy agent of the Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603, dominated 1558 - 1603). He began his journeys in 1557. First of them were in 1557-1560. The next: 1561-1563 (to London 28 Sept. 1564), 1566 - 1567 and the latest 1571 - 1572. His map is dated back to the 1562, however, when we take into account the examinations by Samuel H. Baron's (1989)1 and Krystyna Szykuła's, (2000)2, the map in question has been probably

An exciting moment when the genuine copy of the map has been rediscovered was finally that could be compared with the existing renditions, i.e. made by Abraham Ortelius (1527 - 1598) and Gerard de Jode (1509 - 1591). It was especially exciting because of the different representations by Ortelius and de Jode which differ with one another. Namely de Jode's picture displays only, even not in whole, the left-hand part of the original. Before the genuine copy was recognized, scholars had discussed who of these two cartographers has been right. Finally today we know that Ortelius' representation was correct in respect to the

The size of the three maps – the prototype and its renditions was the essential distinction to be seen at first glance, because of the quite other way of situating the title and dedication cartouche. The existence of the dedication has been only mentioned by Ortelius, but we can learn about its content as recently as from the genuine copy. The same concerns the content of boxed texts, decorative elements and borders – much more of them and changed in style in the genuine copy of the map. An appearance of the quite new creators in the main title cartouche was of the most importance issue. Namely, both of the creators of renditions placed Jenkinson as an author in their cartouches, but only Ortelius additionally included the name of Henry Sidney (1529-1586), the sponsor of the genuine map to whom the above mentioned dedication has been devoted by the editor Clement Adams (1519? – 1587). The second unknown yet to us was an engraver Nicolaus Reinoldus (Nicolas Reynold). We already know him thanks to his letter mentioned in the Introduction, unfortunately undated, which has been estimated to be written about 15733. The name of the printer of the

1 The date has been established by Professor regarding the journeys of Thomas Southam and John Spark, quoted in their account, in early English: "*The way discouered by water by vs Thomas Southam, and Iohn Sparke, from the towne of Colmogro, vnto the citie of Nouogrode in Russia, conteining many particulers of the way, and distance of miles as hereafter*

2The date has been established by the author according to *"A book of heraldry"* at Cambridge University Library, call number Kk. I. 26 (Szykula, K., 2000). One of the coats of arms have been conferred to Henry Sidney in 1566 and

3 In the light of the recovered map the date is now not possible to be correct, because of the date of the Ortelius' first edition *"Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (1570),* where the rendition has been included. The possible date must be previous to the first edition, then about 1569 (?). The date 1573 had been estimated before the genuine map has been recovered

visually it is undoubtedly connected with the composed under the dedication in the genuine map

and placed in Hessels J.H., 1887 (the mentioned printed collection of the Ortelius' correspondence)

As far as the above mentioned differences in arrangement and the content of cartouches are concerned – in Ortelius' rendition the title cartouche is placed in the left hand bottom corner, but on the genuine map in the upper left corner. Close to the title cartouche in genuine copy there is another very important one in which all the regions belonging to Moscovia at that time are mentioned. De Jode's title is also placed in the left upper corner but only with the name of Jenkinson (without information on Henry Sidney). The latter is distinguished only by name in Ortelius' title cartouche. Then we can read the comprehensive dedication to this noble man, as the sponsor of the map, only in its genuine copy.

As far as the dimensions of the three maps are concerned they go are as follows: the genuine copy – 101,7 x 81,7 cm.4, Ortelius' rendition – 44 x 35,3 cm5, and de Jode's – 26,3 x 32,6 cm6. Quite a long in size horizontally is one more rendition, by brothers Jan and Lucas Deutecum (Doetecum, too) – 104 x 50 cm7, which the author kindly received from Dr Aleksy K. Zajcev.

## **3. How and where the Jenkinson's map of "Moscovia" has been found?**

This coincidence took place in the author's domestic city, Wrocław (Poland). It was during a visit in the cathedral library, that the head of the library informed her about one lady, who brought him a 16th century map. It was obviously extremely exciting news for the author. The owner of the map, the lady who was a teacher in one of the Wrocław high schools, decided to sell it. That is why she brought the map to the author (then the head of the Wrocław University Library Department of the Cartographic Collection). An expertise has

<sup>4&</sup>quot;*Nova absolutaque Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae, descriptio. Authore' Antonio Jenkinsono Anglo, Clemente Adamo èdita, et a Nicolao Reinoldo Londinensi aeri insculpta. Anno salutis, 1562"*

<sup>5&</sup>quot;*Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae descriptio. Auctore Antonio Ienkensono Anglo, edita Londini Anno. 1562 et dedicata illustriβ: D. Henrico Sÿdneo Walliae praesidi"*

<sup>6&</sup>quot;*Moscoviae Maximi amplissimi que Ducatus Chorographica descriptio. Authore Anthonio Iankinsono Anglo"* 

<sup>7</sup>*"Regionum Septentrionalium, Moscoviam, Rutenos, Tartaros, eorumque hordas comprehendentium, ex Antonij Jenkensonij et Sigismundi liberi Baronis ab Herberstein itinerariis, nova descriptio. 1569; Joa. & Lucas Duetecum tgraefscap vä Holland Anno 1569 geprint i Hollant in des Gravenhage. 1569; Joa. & Lucas Duetecum tgraefscap vä Holland Anno 1569 geprint i Hollant in des Gravenhage.* 

shown that just found genuine map is the one used by Ortelius and de Jode as the basic picture to their most popular renditions. Additionally in the famous *History of Cartography (*Bagrow, L. & R.A. Skelton, 1964, p. 172**)** , there is only one sentence on the genuine map – *"the map not survived and it is known only from the copies in the atlases of Ortelius and de Jode"*. Then the conclusion was quite clear – that is the only copy of the map in the world! What is yet more interesting, before bringing the map to the University Library the owner has been showing it in some eminent libraries but nobody showed any interest in this map. Because of the great interest of the author finally it had been purchased by the Wrocław University Library.

Unexpected 16th Century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing – Anthony Jenkinson's Map of Russia, 1562 125

**4. How could Jenkinson's map be examined by scholars if the genuine copy of the map has been lost immediately after its printing? (About the** 

Undoubtedly we have to remember that it happened thanks to above mentioned famous cartographer Abraham Ortelius as the creator of the first Atlas *"Theatrum Orbis terrarum"* to which the Jenkinson's map had been incorporated, too. Although he did not use it in an original form, however, thanks to him the knowledge on the map and its author has survived. On the other hand, to include the map in its original big size was even technically not possible. He was then obliged to reduce its format, as well as to limit its decorative elements and the number of boxed texts. However, he never limited the geographical content of the maps he reworked. He also always put the original authors in them, in spite of his own authorship as the new author of rendition. The engraver of Ortelius' rendition

Apart from the Ortelius' and de Jode's renditions, another one had been made by above mentioned Deutecum brothers with the date 15698. As well as rather mysterious is the Ortelius' rendition reworked by Antonio Possevino (1533/34 --1611), in 1587 edition of his book (reproduction of the map in : Szykula, K., 2000, p. 79). One more rendition, has been published by B. Langens much later than the first edition of Ortelius' Atlas in Amsterdam

The first historian of cartography who revealed his interest in Jenkinson's map was Richard Hakluyt (1552 – 1616). It resulted in the comprehensive edition of the book entitled *"The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nations"*(1589), where he included Jenkinson's accounts from his diary about his journeys. Among them he placed the description on the journey by the first Russian ambassador in England during the reign of Mary Tudor. The interest in the period of journeys and Jenkinson's map has reappeared and raised in 19th century. It was the topic which became the fundament of the work by Edward Delmar Morgan and Charles Henry Coote and resulted in their book published in 1886 – *"Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen"(*  Morgan, E.D. & Coote*,* H., 1886). At the end of the 19th century we can notice a great interest by Russian scholars, as well. The leading one at that time was the scholar of Russian history of cartography Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kordt (1899), who has published absolutely fundamental work on the early maps of his country in which he included their reproductions, too. At the beginning of the 20th century another Russian historian of cartography H. von Michow (1906, pp. 22-25) showed the same interest, and in the interwar period also Leo Bagrow (1928) – the Russian emigrant settled in Germany and then Sweden. Again, after the World War II, we can observe an interest in our subject. There are articles by Dutch historian of cartography Johannes Keuning (1956), and by mentioned Leo Bagrow

8 The map is known as well as "Dashkov map" because the only genuine copy survived in Dashkov collection in

9 Sketch map published by Petrus Kaerius entitled *"Ruſſia"* According to Wikipedia, the map is available in New York

**development of the examination by numerous scholars)** 

was Franciscus (Frans) Hogenberg.

(1598)9 .

Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

Public Library.

According to information of the owner, the present map has been used by her for years as a didactic (teaching) aid on her history lessons. Because of its big size it has been folded twice and finally brought in a plastic bag, simply because the lady was not aware of its value. To the question of how the map ended up in a teacher's hands, she answered that it was a gift from her pupil, who found it after the World War II, probably in some cellar or attic!

**Figure 3.** The content of the dedication by the editor Clement Adams to Henry Sidney – the sponsor of the Jenkinson map. Below Sidney's coat of arms
