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**Chapter 10** 

© 2012 Held et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Held et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Review of Aerosol Observations by** 

**Lidar and Chemical Analysis in** 

Gerhard Held, Andrew G. Allen, Fabio J.S. Lopes,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50737

**1. Introduction** 

shown in Figure 1.

Ana Maria Gomes, Arnaldo A. Cardoso, Eduardo Landulfo

Large-scale forest fires in the tropics, emitting vast amounts of aerosols and trace gases, drew the attention of scientists around the world in the late 80s and early 90s. A number of international collaborative research projects, such as TRACE-A (Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic, [1]) and SAFARI-92 (South African Fire-Atmosphere Research Initiative, [2]), were initiated under the auspices of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme to investigate biomass burning emissions and their longrange transport. One of the areas of great interest was the Amazon region (Figure 1), which later led to the creation of the international Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA, [3]) in Brazil in 1998. Several intense observation campaigns were dedicated, not only to rainfall measurements by radar and storm structure, but also to biomass burning, monitoring of emissions and transport of aerosols and their impact on the vegetation and population of the region. However, monitoring of background concentrations of aerosols, deploying stacked filter units, had already been initiated in 1990 at the "Sierra do Navio" site (Amapá, about 190 km north of the equator) and in Cuiabá (Mato Grosso), a town located in the Brazilian savannah [4]. The location of both sites is

São Paulo is Brazil´s most populous State, with approximately 42 million inhabitants (21,5% of Brazil's total population) in an area of 249 000 km². The region is diverse in terms of its geography, natural environment and economy, and can be broadly classified into three main zones. In the southeast, the Atlantic coastal strip is separated from the remainder of the State by the scarp of the Serra do Mar, containing Brazil´s largest remaining areas of

**the State of São Paulo, Brazil** 

