**6. References**


[10] Devara PCS, Raj PE, Dani KK, Pandithurai G, Kalapureddy MCR, Sonbawne SM, Rao YJ, Saha SK (2008) Mobile lidar profiling of tropical aerosols and clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 25: 1288–1295, doi:10.1175/2007JTECHA995.1.

70 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics

*Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India* 

C. S. Devara for their encouragement and support.

effects. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44: 7520-7540.

forcing of climate, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J, 251–280 p.

*Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India* 

*Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering,* 

Authors are thankful to the various Journals for allowing the use of published materials for this chapter. Figures used in this chapter are considered after taking permission from the respective Journals. SNT acknowledges the support under the program, Changing Water Cycle funded jointly by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, India and Natural Environment Research Council, UK. AKS thanks to Prof. B. N. Goswami, Director, IITM, Pune and Dr. P.

[1] Pöschl U (2005) Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health

[2] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by J. T. Houghton et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 881 p. [3] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) Climate change 2007: The physical science basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter 2, Cambridge Univ.

[4] Schwartz SE, et al. (1995) Group Report: Connections between aerosol properties and

[5] Panicker AS, Pandithurai G, Dipu S (2010) Aerosol indirect effect during successive contrasting monsoon seasons over Indian subcontinent using MODIS data. Atmos.

[6] Tripathi SN, Pattnaik A, Dey S (2007a) Aerosol indirect effect over Indo-Gangetic plain.

[7] Ganguly D, Ginoux P, Ramaswamy V, Dubovik O, Welton J, Reid EA, Holben BN (2009) Inferring the composition and concentration of aerosols by combining AERONET and MPLNET data: Comparison with other measurements and utilization to evaluate

[8] Dey S and Di Girolamo L (2010) A climatology of aerosol optical and microphysical properties over the Indian subcontinent from 9 years (2000–2008) of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data. J. Geophys. Res. 115: D15204,

[9] Moorthy KK, Babu SS, Satheesh SK (2007) Temporal heterogeneity in aerosol characteristics and the resulting radiative impact at a tropical coastal station—Part 1:

GCM output. J. Geophys. Res. 114: D16203, doi:10.1029/2009JD011895.

Microphysical and optical properties. Ann. Geophys. 25: 2293–2308.

Sagnik Dey

S.N. Tripathi

**Acknowledgement** 

**6. References** 

Press, New York, 129 p.

Environ. 44: 1937-1943.

Atmos. Environ. 41: 7037–7047.

doi:10.1029/2009JD013395.

	- [24] Srivastava AK, Tiwari S, Devara PCS, Bisht DS, Srivastava MK, Tripathi SN, Goloub P, Holben BN (2011a) Pre-monsoon aerosol characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: Implications to climatic impact. Ann. Geophys. 29: 789–804.

Aerosol Characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: Implications to Regional Climate 73

Total ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Rev. Geophys.

[40] Washington R, Todd M, Middleton NJ, Goudie AS (2003) Dust storm source areas determined by the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer and surface observations.

[41] Tripathi JK, Rajamani V (1999) Geochemistry of the loessic sediments on Delhi ridge, eastern Thar Desert, Rajasthan: Implications for exogenic processes. Chem. Geol. 155:

[42] Yadav S, Rajamani V (2003) Aerosols of NW India—A potential Cu source. Curr. Sci.

[43] Tripathi SN, et al. (2006) Measurements of atmospheric parameters during Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Programme Land Campaign II at a typical location in the Ganga basin: 1. Physical and optical properties. J. Geophys. Res. 111:

[44] Tare V, et al. (2006) Measurements of atmospheric parameters during Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Program Land Campaign II at a typical location in the Ganga Basin: 2. Chemical properties. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D23210,

[45] Nair VS, et al. (2007) Wintertime aerosol characteristics over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP): Impacts of local boundary layer processes and long‐range transport. J. Geophys.

[46] Srivastava AK, Singh S, Tiwari S, Kanawade VP, Bisht DS (2012c) Variation between near-surface and columnar aerosol characteristics during winter and summer at Delhi in the Indo-Gangatic Basin. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 77: 57-

[47] Mishra SK, Dey S, Tripathi SN (2008) Implications of particle composition and shape to dust radiative effect: A case study from the Great Indian Desert. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35:

[48] Pandithurai G, Dipu S, Dani KK, Tiwari S, Bisht DS, Devara PCS, Pinker RT (2008) Aerosol radiative forcing during dust events over New Delhi, India. J. Geophys. Res.

[49] Gautam R, Hsu NC, Kafatos M, Tsay SC (2007) Influences of winter haze on fog/low cloud over the Indo-Gangetic plains. J. Geophys. Res. 112: D05207,

[50] Kar J, Deeter MN, Fishman J, Liu Z, Omar A, Creilson JK, Trepte CR, Vaughan MA, Winker DM (2010) Wintertime pollution over the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains as observed from MOPITT, CALIPSO and tropospheric ozone residual data. Atmos.

[51] Habib G, Venkataraman C, Chiapello I, Ramachandran S, Boucher O, Reddy MS (2006) Seasonal and interannual variability in absorbing aerosols over India derived TOMS: Relationship to regional meteorology and emissions. Atmos. Environ. 40: 1909–1921.

40(1): 1002, doi:10.1029/2000RG000095.

Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 93: 297–313.

D23209, doi:10.1029/2006JD007278.

Res. 112: D13205, doi:10.1029/2006JD008099.

L23814, doi:10.1029/2008GL036058.

doi:10.1029/2005JD007036.

Chem. Phys. 10: 12273–12283.

113: D13209, doi:10.1029/2008JD009804.

doi:10.1029/2006JD007279.

265–278.

66.

84(3): 278– 280.


Total ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Rev. Geophys. 40(1): 1002, doi:10.1029/2000RG000095.

[40] Washington R, Todd M, Middleton NJ, Goudie AS (2003) Dust storm source areas determined by the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer and surface observations. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 93: 297–313.

72 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics

28371–28398, doi:10.1029/2001JD900133.

Atmos. Res. 109-110: 64–75.

Environ. 38: 425– 433.

doi:10.1029/2004JD004924.

doi:10.1029/2008GL036967.

doi:10.1029/2011JD015809.

183–196.

Lett. 33: L08803, doi:10.1029/2005GL025278.

Geophys. Res. 115: D17208, doi:10.1029/2010JD013819.

Implications to climatic impact. Ann. Geophys. 29: 789–804.

[24] Srivastava AK, Tiwari S, Devara PCS, Bisht DS, Srivastava MK, Tripathi SN, Goloub P, Holben BN (2011a) Pre-monsoon aerosol characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin:

[25] Srivastava AK, Singh S, Tiwari S, Bisht DS (2012a) Contribution of anthropogenic aerosols in direct radiative forcing and atmospheric heating rate over Delhi in the Indo-Gangatic Basin. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19: 1144-1158, doi: 10.1007/s11356-011-0633-y. [26] Ramanathan V, et al. (2001) Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo‐Asian haze. J. Geophys. Res. 106(D22):

[27] Srivastava AK, Tripathi SN, Dey S, Kanawade VP, Tiwari S (2012b) Inferring aerosol types over the Indo-Gangetic Basin from ground based sunphotometer measurements.

[28] Guttikunda SK, Carmichael GR, Calori G, Eck C, Woo JH (2003) The contribution of

[29] Sharma M, Kiran YNVM, Shandilya KK (2003) Investigations into formation of atmospheric sulfate under high PM10 concentration. Atmos. Environ. 37: 2005–2013. [30] Monkkonen P, et al. (2004) Relationship and variations of aerosol number and PM10 mass concentrations in a highly polluted urban environment –New Delhi, India. Atmos.

[31] Dey S, Tripathi SN, Singh RP, Holben B (2004) Influence of dust storm on the aerosol parameters over the Indo-Gangetic basin. J. Geophys. Res. 109: D20211,

[32] Chinnam N, Dey S, Tripathi SN, Sharma M (2006) Dust events in Kanpur, northern India: chemical evidence for source and implications to radiative forcing. Geophys. Res.

[33] Gautam R, Liu Z, Singh RP, Hsu NC (2009) Two contrasting dust-dominant periods over India observed from MODIS and CALIPSO data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36: L06813,

[34] Gautam R, Hsu NC, Lau KM (2010) Pre-monsoon aerosol characterization and radiative effects over the Indo‐Gangetic Plains: Implications for regional climate warming. J.

[35] Eck T, et al (2010) Climatological aspects of the optical properties of fine/coarse mode

[36] Giles DM, et al. (2011) Aerosol properties over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain: A mesoscale perspective from the TIGERZ experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 116: D18203,

[37] Middleton NJ (1986) A geography of dust storms in southwest Asia. Int. J. Climatol. 6:

[39] Prospero JM, Ginoux P, Torres O, Nicholson SE, Gill TE (2002) Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7

aerosol mixtures. J. Geophy. Res. 115: D19205, doi:10.1029/2010JD014002.

[38] Sikka DR (1997) Desert climate and its dynamics. Curr. Sci. 72(1): 35–46.

megacities to regional sulfur pollution in Asia. Atmos. Environ. 37: 11–22.

	- [52] Tiwari S, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS, Bano T, Singh S, Behura S, Srivastava MK, Chate DM, Padmanabhamurty B (2009) Black carbon and chemical characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 at an urban site of North India. J. Atmos. Chem. 62(3): 193–209.

Aerosol Characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: Implications to Regional Climate 75

[67] Srivastava AK, Tiwari S, Bisht DS, Devara PCS, Goloub P, Li Z, Srivastava MK (2011c) Aerosol characteristics during the coolest June month over New Delhi, northern India.

[68] Dey S, Tripathi SN, Singh RP, Holben B (2006) Retrieval of black carbon and specific absorption over Kanpur city, Northern India during 2001-2003 using AERONET data.

[69] Russell PB, Bergstrom RW, Shinozuka Y, Clarke AD, De-Carlo PF, Jimenez JL, Livingston JM, Redemann J, Dubovik O, Strawa A (2010) Absorption Angstrom Exponent in AERONET and related data as an indicator of aerosol composition. Atmos.

[70] Moorthy KK, Babu SS, Satheesh SK (2005a) Aerosol characteristics and radiative impacts over the Arabian Sea during the inter-monsoon season: Results from ARMEX

[71] Ganguly D, Jayaraman A, Gadhavi H, Rajesh TA (2005a) Features in wavelength dependence of aerosol absorption observed over central India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32:

[72] Ganguly D, Gadhavi H, Jayaraman A, Rajesh TA, Mishra A (2005b) Single scattering albedo of aerosols over the central India: implications for the regional aerosol radiative

[73] Moorthy KK, et al. (2005b) Wintertime spatial characteristics of boundary layer aerosols over peninsular India. J. Geophys. Res. 110: D08207, doi:10.1029/2004JD005520. [74] Singh S, Singh B, Gera BS, Srivastava MK, Dutta HN, Garg SC, Singh R (2006) A study of aerosol optical depth in the central Indian region (17.3–8.6 oN) during ISRO-GBP field

[75] Ganguly D, Jayaraman A, Rajesh TA, Gadhavi H (2006) Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and non-foggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D15217, doi:10.1029/2005JD007029. [76] Niranjan K, Sreekanth V, Madhavan BL, Moorthy KK (2006) Wintertime aerosol characteristics at a north Indian site Kharagpur in the Indo-Gangetic plains located at the outflow region into Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D24209,

[77] Pant P, Hegde P, Dumka UC, Sagar R, Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK, Saha A, Srivastava MK (2006) Aerosol characteristics at a high-altitude location in central Himalayas: optical properties and radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D17206,

[78] Ramachandran S, et al. (2006) Aerosol radiative forcing during clear, hazy, and foggy conditions over a continental polluted location in north India. J. Geophys. Res. 111:

[79] Srivastava MK, Singh S, Saha A, Dumka UC, Hegde P, Singh R, Pant P (2006) Direct solar ultraviolet irradiance over Nainital, India, in the central Himalayas for clear-sky day conditions during December 2004. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D08201.

forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L18803, doi:10.1029/2005GL023903.

Int. J. Remote Sens. 32(23): 8463–8483.

Field campaign. J. Atmos. Sci. 62: 192–206.

campaign. Atmos. Environ. 40: 6494–6503.

doi:10.1029/2006JD007635.

doi:10.1029/2005JD006768.

doi:10.1029/2005JD006141.

D20214.

L13821, doi:10.1029/2005GL023023.

Chem. Phys. 10: 1155–1169, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1155-2010.

Atmos. Env. 40(3): 445-456.


[67] Srivastava AK, Tiwari S, Bisht DS, Devara PCS, Goloub P, Li Z, Srivastava MK (2011c) Aerosol characteristics during the coolest June month over New Delhi, northern India. Int. J. Remote Sens. 32(23): 8463–8483.

74 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics

3490.1969.tb00489.x.

307: 1454–1456.

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014002.

doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0114-z.

Environ. Res. Lett. 5: 1-10.

doi:10.1038/448541a.

578.

225.

[52] Tiwari S, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS, Bano T, Singh S, Behura S, Srivastava MK, Chate DM, Padmanabhamurty B (2009) Black carbon and chemical characteristics of PM10 and

[53] Ram K, Sarin MM (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC,

[54] Mani A, Chacko O, Hariharan S (1969) A study of Ångström turbidity parameters from solar radiation measurements in India. Tellus 21: 829–843, doi:10.1111/j.2153-

[55] Moorthy KK, et al. (1999) Aerosol climatology over India: ISRO GBP MWR network and

[59] Venkataraman C, Habib G, Eiguren‐Fernandez A, Miguel AH, Friedlander SK (2005) Residential biofuels in South Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate. Science

[60] Arola A, Schuster G, Myhre G, Kazadzis S, Dey S, Tripathi SN (2011) Inferring absorbing organic carbon content from AERONET data. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 215–

[61] Devi JJ, Tripathi SN, Gupta T, Singh BN, Gopalakrishnan V, Dey S (2011) Observationbased 3-D view of aerosol radiative properties over Indian Continental Tropical

[62] Srivastava AK, Ram K, Pant P, Hegde P, Joshi H (2012d) Black carbon aerosols over central Himalayas: implications to climate forcing. Environ. Res. Lett. 7: 014002,

[63] Lau KM, Kim MK, Kim KM (2006) Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: The role of the Tibetan Plateau. Clim. Dyn. 26(7-8): 855-864,

[64] Lau KM, Kim MK, Kim KM, Lee WS (2010) Enhanced surface warming and accelerated snow melt in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau induced by absorbing aerosols.

[65] Pilewskie P (2007) Climate change: Aerosols heat up. Nature 448: 541-542,

[66] Ramanathan V, Ramana MV, Roberts G, Kim D, Corrigan C, Chung C, Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448: 575-

Convergence Zone: implications to regional climate. Tellus 63B: 971-989.

database. Rep. ISRO GBP SR‐03‐99, Indian Space Res. Org., Bangalore, India. [56] Devara PCS, Maheskumar RS, Raj PE, Pandithurai G, Dani KK (2002) Recent trends in aerosol climatology and air pollution as inferred from multi‐year lidar observations

over a tropical urban station. Int. J. Climatol. 22: 435–449, doi:10.1002/joc.745. [57] Singh S, Soni K, Bano T, Tanwar RS, Nath S, Arya BC (2010) Clear-sky direct aerosol radiative forcing variations over mega-city Delhi. Ann. Geophys. 28: 1157–1166. [58] Ram K, Sarin MM, Tripathi SN (2012) Temporal trends in atmospheric PM2.5, PM10, EC, OC, WSOC and optical properties: Impact of biomass burning emissions in the Indo-

PM2.5 at an urban site of North India. J. Atmos. Chem. 62(3): 193–209.

OC and WSOC over Northern India. J. Aerosol Sci. 41: 88–98.

Gangetic Plain. Environ. Sci. and Tech. 46: 686-695.

	- [80] Rengarajan R, Sarin MM, Sudheer AK (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India. J. Geophys. Res. 112: D21307.

Aerosol Characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: Implications to Regional Climate 77

[95] Badarinath KVS, Kharol SK, Sharma AR, Roy PS (2009) Fog over Indo-Gangetic Plains—A study using multi-satellite data and ground observations. IEEE J. Selec. Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 2(3): 185–195, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2019830. [96] Eck T, et al (2012) Fog- and cloud-induced aerosol modification observed by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). J. Geophys. Res. 117: D07206, doi:10.1029/2011JD016839. [97] Kar J, Jones DBA, Drummond JR, Attie JL, Liu J, Zou J, Nichitiu F, Seymour MD, Edwards DP, Deeter MN, Gille JC, Richter A (2008) Measurement of low altitude CO over the Indian subcontinent by MOPITT. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D16307,

[98] Dey S and Di Girolamo L (2011) A decade of change in aerosol properties over the Indian subcontinent. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38: L14811, doi:10.1029/2011GL048153. [99] Reddy MS and Venketaraman C (2002a) Inventories of aerosols and sulphur dioxide emissions from India: I. Fossil fuel combustion. Atmos. Environ. 36: 677–697. [100] Reddy MS and Venketaraman C (2002b) Inventories of aerosols and sulphur dioxide

[101] Ramanathan V, et al. (2005) Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian

[102] Massie ST, Torris O, Smith SJ (2004) Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) observations of increases in Asian aerosol in winter from 1979 to 2000. J. Geophys. Res.

[103] Wild M, Gilgen H, Roesch A, Ohmura A, Long CN, Dutton EG, Forgan B, Kallis A, Russak V, Tsvetkov A (2005) From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in surface

[104] Kumari BP, Londhe AL, Daniel S, Jadhav DB (2007) Observational evidence of solar dimming: Offsetting surface warming over India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L21810,

[105] Badarinath KVS, Sharma AR, Kaskaoutis DG, Kharol SK, Kambezidis HD (2010) Solar dimming over the tropical urban region of Hyderabad, India: Effect of increased cloudiness and increased anthropogenic aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 115: D21208,

[106] Streets DG, Wu Y, Chin M (2006) Two‐decadal aerosol trends as a likely explanation of the global dimming/brightening transition. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33: L15806,

[107] Porch W, Chyleka P, Dubeya M, Massie S (2007) Trends in aerosol optical depth for

[108] Kaul DS, Gupta T, Tripathi SN, Tare V, Collett Jr JL (2011) Secondary Organic Aerosol: A comparison between foggy and non-foggy days. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45: 7307–7313. [109] Venkataraman C, Habib G, Kadamba D, Shrivastava M, Leon JF, Crouzille B, Boucher O, Streets DG (2006) Emissions from open biomass burning in India: Integrating the inventory approach with high resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active‐fire and land cover data. Global Biogeochem. Cycles

emissions from India: II. Biomass combustion. Atmos. Environ. 36: 699–712.

climate and hydrological cycle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 102: 5326-5333.

solar radiation. Science 308: 847–850, doi:10.1126/science.1103215.

doi;10.1029/2007JD009362.

109: D18211, doi:10.1029/2004JD004620.

doi:10.1029/2007GL031133.

doi:10.1029/2009JD013694.

doi:10.1029/2006GL026471.

cities in India. Atmos. Environ. 41: 7524–7532.

20: GB2013, doi:10.1029/2005GB002547.


[95] Badarinath KVS, Kharol SK, Sharma AR, Roy PS (2009) Fog over Indo-Gangetic Plains—A study using multi-satellite data and ground observations. IEEE J. Selec. Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 2(3): 185–195, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2019830.

76 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics

absorption. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 1173–1187.

India). Atmos. Env. 41(32): 6909-6915.

doi:10.1029/2008GL034944.

Science 117 (Sp. Iss. 1): 263-271.

27(12): 2323–2329, doi:10.1080/01431160500043665.

temperature over Delhi. Curr. Sci. 93: 314–322.

New Delhi, 167 p.

India. J. Geophys. Res. 112: D21307.

of California, San Diego, USA, 14 p.

7299.

[80] Rengarajan R, Sarin MM, Sudheer AK (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North

[81] Ramanathan V, Rehman IH, Ramanathan N (2010) Project Surya Prospectus. University

[82] Rehman IH, Ahmed T, Praveen PS, Kar A, Ramanathan V (2011) Black carbon emissions from biomass and fossil fuels in rural India. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 7289–

[83] Praveen PS, Ahmed T, Kar A, Rehman IH, Ramanathan V (2012) Link between local scale BC emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains and large scale atmospheric solar

[84] Tripathi SN, Dey S, Tare V, Satheesh SK, Lal S, Venkataramni S (2005b) Enhanced layer of black carbon in a north Indian industrial city. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32(12): L12802. [85] Tripathi SN, Srivastva AK, Dey S, Satheesh SK, Krishnamoorthy K (2007b) The vertical profile of atmospheric heating rate profile due to black carbon at Kanpur (Northern

[86] Satheesh SK, et al. (2009) Vertical structure and horizontal gradients of aerosol extinction coefficients over coastal India inferred from airborne lidar measurements during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosol, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB) field

[87] Moorthy KK, Satheesh SK, Babu SS, Dutt CBS (2008) Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB): An Overview. J. Earth. Sys. Sci. 117: 243-262. [88] Nair VS, Babu SS, Moorthy KK (2008) Aerosol characteristics in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB: Spatial distribution and latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D15208. [89] Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK, Babu SS, Vinoj V, Dutt CBS (2008) Climate implications of large warming by elevated aerosol over India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L19809,

[90] Satheesh SK, Vinoj V, Moorthy KK (2010) Radiative effects of aerosols at an urban location in southern India: Observations versus model. Atmos. Environ. 44: 5295-5304. [91] Babu SS. et al. (2008) Aircraft measurements of aerosol black carbon from a coastal location in the north-east part of peninsular India during ICARB. J. Earth System

[92] Department of Science and Technology (DST), Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) Programme (2008) Science Plan, Indian Clim. Res. Programme, Gov. of India,

[93] Prasad AK, Singh RP, Singh A (2006) Seasonal climatology of aerosol optical depth over the Indian subcontinent: Trend and departures in recent years. Int. J. Remote Sens.

[94] Jenamani RK (2007) Alarming rise in fog and pollution causing a fall in maximum

campaign. J. Geophys. Res. 114: D05204, doi:10.1029/2008JD011033.

	- [110] Beegum IN, Moorthy KK, Babu SS, Satheesh SK, Vinoj V, Badarinath KVS, Safai PD, Devara PCS, Singh S, Vinod, Dumka UC, Pant P (2009) Spatial distribution of aerosol black carbon over India during pre-monsoon season. Atmos. Environ. 43: 1071–1078.

Aerosol Characteristics over the Indo-Gangetic Basin: Implications to Regional Climate 79

[124] Singh S, Singh R, Rao VUM (2004) Temporal dynamics of dew and fog events and their impact on wheat productivity in semi-arid region of India, Third International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection and Dew, NetSys Int. (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town, South

(http://www.up.ac.za/academic/geog/meteo/EVENTS/fogdew2003/PAPERS/C65.pdf). [125] Sarkar S, Chokngamwong R, Cervone G, Singh RP, Kafatos M (2006) Variability of aerosol optical depth and aerosol forcing over India. Adv. Space Res. 37(12): 2153– 2159. [126] Ali K, Momin GA, Tewari S, Safai PD, Chate DM, Rao PSP (2004) Fog and precipitation chemistry at Delhi, north India. Atmos. Environ. 38: 4215–4222. [127] Hameed S, Mirza MI, Ghauri BM, Siddiqui ZR, Javed R, Khan AR, Rattigan OV, Qureshi S, Husain L (2000) On the widespread winter fog in Northeastern Pakistan and

[128] Das SK, Jayaraman A, Mishra A (2008) Fog-induced variations in aerosol optical and physical properties over the Indo-Gangetic Basin and impact to aerosol radiative

[129] Hess M, Koepke P, Schultz I (1998) Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: the

[130] McComiskey A, Schwartz SE, Schmid B, Guan H, Lewis ER, Ricchiazzi P, Ogren JA (2008) Direct aerosol forcing: Calculation from observables and sensitivities to inputs. J.

[131] Ganguly D and Jayaraman A (2006) Physical and optical properties of aerosols over an urban location in western India: implications for shortwave radiative forcing. J.

[132] Ganguly D, Jayaraman A, Rajesh TA, Gadhavi H (2006) Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and non-foggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 111: D15217, doi:10.1029/2005JD007029. [133] Pandithurai G, Pinker RT, Takamura T, Devara PCS (2004) Aerosol radiative forcing over a tropical urban site in India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31: L12107,

[134] Badarinath KVS, Latha KM (2006) Direct radiative forcing from black carbon aerosols

[135] Babu SS, Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK (2002) Aerosol radiative forcing due to enhanced black carbon at an urban site in India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(18): 1880,

[136] Ramana MV, Ramanathan V, Podgorny IA, Pradhan BB, Shrestha B (2004) The direct observations of large aerosol radiative forcing in the Himalayan region. Geophys. Res.

[137] Ramachandran S (2003) Aerosol radiative forcing over Bay of Bengal and Chennai: Comparison with maritime, continental, and urban aerosol models. J. Geophys. Res.

[138] Satheesh SK (2002) Radiative forcing by aerosols over Bay of Bengal region. Geophys.

software package OPAC. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79: 831–844.

Geophys. Res. 113: D09202, doi:10.1029/2007JD009170.

Geophys. Res. 111: D24207, doi:10.1029/2006JD007393.

over urban environment. Adv. Space. Res. 37(12): 2183–2188.

Africa, 11 – 15 Oct.

India. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27: 1891–1894.

forcing. Ann Geophys. 26: 1345–1354.

doi:10.1029/2004GL019702.

doi:10.1029/2002GL015826.

110: D21206, doi:10.1029/2005JD005861.

Res. Lett. 29(22): 2083, doi:10.1029/2002GL015334.

Lett. 31: L05111.


[124] Singh S, Singh R, Rao VUM (2004) Temporal dynamics of dew and fog events and their impact on wheat productivity in semi-arid region of India, Third International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection and Dew, NetSys Int. (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa, 11 – 15 Oct.

78 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics

Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 7515–7531.

11221, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11209-2010.

Chem. Phys. 10: 4583–4596.

162: 1609–1626.

D19302.

(in press).

101: 835–843.

[110] Beegum IN, Moorthy KK, Babu SS, Satheesh SK, Vinoj V, Badarinath KVS, Safai PD, Devara PCS, Singh S, Vinod, Dumka UC, Pant P (2009) Spatial distribution of aerosol black carbon over India during pre-monsoon season. Atmos. Environ. 43: 1071–1078. [111] Bonasoni P, et al. (2010) Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m).

[112] Decesari S, et al. (2010) Chemical composition of PM10 and PM1 at the high-altitude Himalayan station Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) (5079m a.s.l.). Atmos.

[113] Gobbi GP, Angelini F, Bonasoni P, Verza GP, Marinoni A, Barnaba F (2010) Sunphotometry of the 2006-2007 aerosol optical/radiative properties at the Himalayan Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079ma.s.l.). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 11209–

[114] Ramanathan V, Ramana MV (2005) Persistent, widespread, and strongly absorbing haze over the Himalayan foothills and the Indo-Gangetic plains. Pure Appl. Geophys.

[115] Srivastava AK, Pant P, Hegde P, Singh S, Dumka UC, Naja M, Singh N, Bhavanikumar Y (2011d) Influence of south Asian dust storm on aerosol radiative forcing at a high-

[116] Kumar R, et al. (2011) First ground based observations of influences of springtime Northern Indian biomass burning over the central Himalayas. J. Geophys. Res. 116:

[117] Srivastava AK, Singh S, Pant P, Dumka UC (2012e) Characteristics of black carbon over Delhi and Manora Peak-a comparative study. Atmos. Sci. Let., doi: 10.1002/asl.386

[118] Mishra SK, Tripathi SN, Aggarwal A, Arola A (2012) Optical properties of accumulation mode polluted mineral dust: Effects of particle shape, hematite content

[119] Bond TC, Streets DG, Yarber KF, Nelson SM, Woo J, Klimont Z (2004) A technology‐ based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. J.

[120] Chandra S, Satheesh SK, Srinivasan J (2004) Can the mixing state of black carbon aerosols explain the mystery of 'excess' atmospheric absorption?. Geophys. Res. Lett.

[121] Xue M, Ma J, Yan P, Pan X (2011) Impacts of pollution and dust aerosols on the atmospheric optical properties over a polluted rural area near Beijing city. Atmos. Res.

[122] Das SK, Jayaraman A (2011) Role of black carbon in aerosol properties and radiative forcing over western India during pre-monsoon period. Atmos. Res. 102: 320–334. [123] National Carbonaceous Aerosols Programme (NCEP), Science Plan, Indian Network

for Climate Change Assessment (2011) Gov. of India, New Delhi, 44 p.

and semi-external mixing with carbonaceous species. Tellus (accepted).

Geophys. Res. 109: D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697.

31: L19109, doi:10.1029/2004GL020662.

altitude station in central Himalayas. Int. J. Remote Sens. 32(22): 7827–7845.

(http://www.up.ac.za/academic/geog/meteo/EVENTS/fogdew2003/PAPERS/C65.pdf).

	- [139] Satheesh SK, Ramanathan V, Holben BN, Moorthy KK, Loeb NG, Maring H, Prospero JM, Savoie D (2002) Chemical, microphysical, and radiative effects of Indian Ocean aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 107: 4725, doi:10.1029/2002JD002463.

**1. Introduction**

Sanat Kumar Das

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48722

exclusive understanding of climate change.

In recent times, atmospheric aerosols are receiving increasing attention as they directly affect the Earth's radiation balance by altering incoming shortwave solar radiation that can cause positive (heating) or negative (cooling) radiative forcing depending on their scattering and absorption properties, the reflectivity of the underlying surface [10, 24] and the position of aerosols with respect to the global cloud coverage [8, 88]. Aerosols also affect the outgoing longwave radiation by absorption, emission and scattering. Presently, effects of radiative forcing of atmospheric aerosols on climate is a subject of great concern to atmospheric researchers. An accurate quantification of the aerosol direct radiative forcing is critical for the interpretation of existing climate records and also for the projection of future climate change [11, 47]. Significant amount of atmospheric radiative forcing causes high atmospheric heating due to strong absorption of solar radiation which can change the regional atmospheric stability and may alter the large scale circulation and the hydrological cycle, enough so, apparently, to account for observed temperature and precipitation changes in China and India [1, 46, 62, 70]. Therefore, the effect of aerosols on the radiation budget in terms of radiative forcing calculations is challenging and demanding, especially on the regional scale for the

**Natural vs Anthropogenic Background** 

**Chapter 4**

**Aerosol Contribution to the Radiation** 

**Budget over Indian Thar Desert** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

The uncertainties involved in the climate models are mainly due to optical properties of aerosols on the regional scale, specially underestimated absorption of solar radiation by aerosols, both, naturally and anthropogenically produced [34], their residence time [57, 58], etc, which arise mostly due to lack of observations. Black carbon (BC) or soot and dust aerosols are playing the leading role in aerosol interaction with the solar radiation due to their strong absorption properties. BC comes into the atmosphere during combustion of fossil fuels, principally, diesel and coal, and from biomass burning. BC demands large attention due to its strong absorption of incoming solar radiation and produces positive radiative forcing which is sometimes comparable to the forcing of the green-house gas methane [31].

> ©2012 Das, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Sunilkumar et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Rashki et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Mkoma et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Jiménez-Escalona and Peralta, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, Lopes et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

©2012 Das, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
