**Author details**

310 Atmospheric Aerosols – Regional Characteristics – Chemistry and Physics

industrialized Paraiba Valley (after [22]).

geographic distribution within the State of São Paulo.

**7. Final considerations** 

**Figure 26.** Lightning density (flashes per km2 per year) during the period 1999 - 2008 for the eastern part of the State of São Paulo, which includes the major urban complexes, as well as the highly

This Chapter provides a review of all relevant historical data concerning the nature, concentrations and impacts of atmospheric aerosols in southeast Brazil. Highlights are the characterization of chemical, physical and optical properties of aerosols, as well as their

A significant reduction of mean annual PM10 concentrations could be noticed from 1998 onwards, confirming the success of the implementation of stringent air quality control measures, administered by CETESB. However, within the industrial suburb of Cubatão, confined in a valley, concentrations are still about twice the PQAr. After 2002, the annual mean PM10 concentrations in the RMSP and the interior of the state show relatively little year to year variation, but remain mostly below the Annual Standard (PQAr = 50 μg.m-3).

At present, sugar cane burning, together with the re-suspension of soil dust that is inevitable during the harvesting process, is a major influence on aerosol concentrations, size distribution and dry deposition in rural regions of São Paulo State. However, in this region (and elsewhere in Brazil), the practice of pre-harvest burning is being eliminated. Recent legislation (State Law no. 11.241/02) envisages the complete cessation of the practice in mechanizable areas by 2021 and in non-mechanizable areas by 2031. Furthermore, an Gerhard Held and Ana Maria Gomes *Instituto de Pesquisas Meteorológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, S.P., Brazil* 

Andrew G. Allen and Arnaldo A. Cardoso *Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, S.P., Brazil* 

Fabio J.S. Lopes and Eduardo Landulfo *Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil* 

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**Chapter 11** 

© 2012 Rozaini, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Rozaini, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**The Chemistry of Dicarboxylic** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Mohd Zul Helmi Rozaini

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50127

**1. Introduction** 

occurring only in traces.

**Acids in the Atmospheric Aerosols** 

Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. It also deals with chemical compounds in the atmosphere, their distribution, origin, chemical transformation into other compounds and finally their removal from the atmospheric domain. These substances may occur as gasses, liquids or solid. The composition of the atmosphere is dominated by the gasses nitrogen and oxygen in proportions that have been found to be invariable in time and space at altitudes up to 100 km. All other compounds are minor ones, with many of them

The composition and chemistry of the atmosphere is of importance for several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere (Figure 1) has been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include acid rain, photochemical smog and global warming. Atmospheric chemistry seeks to understand the causes of these problems, and by obtaining a theoretical understanding of them, allow possible solutions to be tested and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated.

Observations, lab measurements and modeling are the three important methodologies in atmospheric chemistry. Progress in atmospheric chemistry is often driven by the interactions between these components and they form an integrated whole. For example observations may tell us that more of a chemical compound exists than previously thought possible. This will stimulate new modelling and laboratory studies which will increase our scientific understanding to a point where the observations can be explained. Measurements
