**6. Acknowledgements**

This work was supported by grants PETRI 95-0855 OP from the DGICYT of the Ministry of Science and Innovation, and OT 054/174/015/020/114/136/104 from Bodegas Barbadillo S.L. of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, and CDTI-IDI-20101408.

Application of Gel Electrophoresis Techniques to

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**2** 

*Chile* 

**Proteomics in Seaweeds:** 

**Ecological Interpretations** 

*Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago* 

Loretto Contreras-Porcia and Camilo López-Cristoffanini *Universidad Andrés Bello, Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources* 

Macro and micro-algae are fundamental components of coastal benthic ecosystems and are responsible for a large part of the coastal primary production (Lobban & Harrison, 1994). Adverse effects on these groups caused by natural or anthropogenic phenomena, can affect directly or indirectly organisms of higher trophic levels and the integrity of entire ecosystems. In this context, both the ecological and economic importance of many algal species justifies the need to expand our knowledge on the molecular biology of these

The distribution and abundance of algal species occurring in the marine zone results from the interplay of biotic (i.e. competition and herbivore pressure) and abiotic (i.e. tolerance to extreme and fluctuating environments) factors (Abe et al., 2001; Burritt et al., 2002; Davison & Pearson, 1996; Pinto et al., 2003; van Tamelen, 1996). For example, the distribution of macroalgal species at the upper limit of the rocky intertidal zone is principally determined by abiotic factors such as UV radiation, light, salinity, temperature changes, nutrient availability and desiccation (e.g. Aguilera et al., 2002; Burritt et al., 2002; Cabello-Pasini et al., 2000; Contreras-Porcia et al., 2011a; Véliz et al., 2006). On the other hand, the microalgae diversity is maintained by a combination of variable forces - environmental oscillations (e.g. habitat instability), more severe disturbances and recovery from catastrophic forcing backed by the powerful dispersive mobility of this group (Reynolds, 2006). The richness, relative abundance and occasional dominances of the phytoplankton in successive years, depends on water movements, thermal stress and carbon fluxes, but mainly on nutrient enrichment of the sea (Hodgkiss & Lu, 2004; Holm-Hansen et al., 2004; Reynolds, 2006;

Superimposed on the natural abiotic oscillations, algae are also exposed to various other sources of stress, particularly those resulting from human industrial, urban and agricultural activities. Among these is copper mining, whose wastes have reportedly caused severe and negative effects on the coasts of England (Bryan & Langston, 1992), Canada (Grout & Levings, 2001; Marsden & DeWreede, 2000), Australia (Stauber et al., 2001) and Chile (Correa et al., 1999). Although copper is a micronutrient for plants and animals, occurring naturally in coastal seawater at levels at or below 1 µg L-1 (Apte & Day, 1998; Batley, 1995; Sunda, 1989), at higher concentrations it becomes highly toxic. The phenomenon of toxicity

**1. Introduction** 

organisms.

Wang et al., 2006; Zurek & Bucka, 2004).

