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relationships between human and bacteria, considering these relationships at the community level. Facing the huge volume of data generated by metagenomics, microbiologists and even more so physicians are perplexed. For instance, Grice et al. admit that "…hairy, moist underarms lie a short distance from smooth dry forearms, but these two niches are likely as ecologically dissimilar as rainforests are to deserts" (Grice et al., 2009). A conceptual revolution is occurring while in medical microbiology practice, skin is still

How can we deal with this new world we discover within and around ourselves with our PCR and sequencers? To change our understanding of health and disease, it is now time to develop ways of seeing patterns and interpret them among the staggering biodiversity of microbes. Extending microbial ecology to healthy and diseased microbiota as previously done for mouth (Bik et al., 2010), stomach (Bik et al., 2006), gut (Yang et al., 2009) and skin (Grice et al., 2009) could elucidate the physio-pathology of diseases. For instance, description of the baseline skin microbiome is a step toward testing the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiome in skin disorders (Grice et al., 2009). Studies on psoriasis (Gao et al., 2008) describe selective microbial shifts associated with diseases and suggest that therapies might require not only inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, but also promoting the growth of mutualistic bacteria. Moreover, antibiotic exposure and hygienic practices such as antisepsis modify the skin microbiome. Methods that help understand naturally occurring mutualistic microbial communities will provide insights into the

It is now urgent to confront 'microbiomology' data to clinical data in order to define new indicators for re-evaluating the risk of disease and for adapting therapeutics. Before the generalization of high-throughput metagenomics on the microbiologist's benchtop, alternative methods such as PCR-TTGE or other methods based on denaturant electrophoresis should be considered. Although they are less exhaustive and powerful than pyrosequencing, these approaches are easy to handle in all laboratories and are costeffective. They can be used to study large cohorts of patients, thus deriving clinical benefits from the conceptual revolution brought by contemporary researches on human microbial

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**Part 6** 

**Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE)** 

