**Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE)**

312 Gel Electrophoresis – Advanced Techniques

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**17** 

*USA* 

**Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis** 

Darren J. Bauer, Gary B. Smejkal and W. Kelley Thomas *Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, University of New Hampshire* 

**Between Individual** *Daphnia*

**Reveals Differential Protein Expression** 

Analysis of individual genetic variation is paramount to understanding how organisms and communities respond to changes in the environment and requires a model system with well-developed molecular resources and a solid foundation of ecological knowledge. Traditional genetic model systems (*E. coli*, yeast, fly, worm, and mouse) have served as workhorses in elucidating virtually all of the knowledge in modern molecular biology. While these systems were chosen for their robustness in laboratory studies, virtually nothing is known about their life histories in their native environment. By contrast, newmodel systems, which have typically been studied in depth, from an ecological perspective

The model organism *Daphnia* has been utilized as an ecological model for centuries, and now with the sequencing of the genome complete and the development of the associated molecular resources, it is poised as one of the few model systems with the necessary molecular and ecological tools to answer the questions of response to the environment (Colborne et al., 2011). Long recognized as a model for ecological research, the freshwater crustacean *Daphnia* is rapidly maturing into a powerful model for understanding basic biological processes, within an ecological context. A common resident of lakes and ponds, *Daphnia* has been the subject of over a century of study in the areas of rapid environmental response, physiology, nutrition, predation, parasitology, toxicology and behavior (Edmondson, 1987). The reproductive cycle of *Daphnia* is ideal for experimental genetics. Generation time in the laboratory rivals that of almost all other model eukaryotic systems, reaching maturity within 5-10 days. Under favorable environmental conditions, *Daphnia*  reproduce through parthenogenesis, allowing the conservation of genetic lines. Sexual reproduction is induced by environmental changes allowing the production of inbred or outbred lineages. The sexually produced diapausing eggs, termed ephippia, can be stored viably for considerable periods. Moreover, they have been hatched from lake sediments up to a century old (Hairston et al., 2001; Limburg & Weider, 2002) allowing tracking of genetic changes over ecological and evolutionary time scales. *Daphnia* are transparent throughout life, allowing for studies of tissue-specific gene expression at any life stage and direct observation of parasites and pathogens. As a result, there is a growing body of work in

are severely limited in regards to their molecular resources.

**1. Introduction** 
