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**16** 

*France* 

**Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis to** 

Romano-Bertrand Sara1,2, Parer Sylvie1,2, Lotthé Anne1,2, Colson Pascal3

*1University Montpellier 1, Equipe pathogènes et environnements, UMR 5119 ECOSYM* 

The main objective of this chapter is to review 16S rRNA gene-based PCR-Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) methods with emphasis on its use in medical microbiology and infectious diseases. As an example of application, we describe optimization, validation and results of an original approach for exploring the microbiology of surgical site infections with a focus on particular constraints related to low microbial load found in this setting. Finally, PCR-TTGE will be situated in the evolution of medical microbiology and infectious disease medicine toward the analysis of complex microbial

At the early 21th century, studies on human-associated bacteria showed that there are at least 10 times as many bacterial cells as human cells, i.e. 1014 bacterial cells in the human gut (Turnbaugh et al., 2007). The current estimation of the number of genes in the human genome is about 23000 (Wei & Brent, 2006). Based on the diversity of gut microbes and the average number of genes contained in one bacterial genome, the diversity of bacterial genes in human gut was guessed to be 100 times greater than that of our human genome (Bäckhed et al., 2005). This number seems to be underestimated, since a more recent publication estimates to more than 9.000.000 the number of unique genes in human gut bacterial community (Yang et al., 2009). This huge community is named the human microbiome, a term coined by Joshua Lederberg in 2001 "to signify the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space" (Lederberg & McCray, 2001). A new concept is to consider human organism as an assemblage of human and bacterial cells organized into organs, tissues, and cellular

**2.1 From human microbiome to pathogenic bacterial communities** 

**1. Introduction** 

communities.

**2. State of the art** 

**Survey Pathogenic Bacterial Communities:** 

*2University Hospital of Montpellier, hospital hygiene and infection control team* 

*3University Hospital of Montpellier, Cardio-thoracic intensive care unit 4University Hospital of Montpellier, Cardio-thoracic surgery unit* 

**The Case of Surgical Site Infections** 

Albat Bernard4 and Jumas-Bilak Estelle1,2
