**6. Conclusion**

474 Gel Electrophoresis – Advanced Techniques

To test this possibility we used the AS-1a line, which is characterized by ability for development of aposporous embryo sacs and parthenogenetic embryos (Elkonin et al., 2012). Gel electrophoresis showed that kafirin spectrum of this line differs from V-4w (Fig. 7). Two polypeptides were observed in the α1 fraction (α1 and α1-2), the α1-2 was in trace amount, and α1-3 was absent; the α2 fraction did not subdivide into two polypeptides (Fig.

Sudzern svetlyi Control 100.0 100.0 100.0

A2 Sudzern / Topaz Control 100.0 100.0 100.0

Topaz Control 100.0 100.0 100.0

*FA* (genotypes) 0.858 3.834 1.338 *FB* (treatment) 6.340\* 836.245\*\*\* 7.945\* *FAB* 0.995 5.964\* 1.245

*In average for treatment*

Mean data of two replications; data followed by the same letter did not differ significantly (*p*<0.05)

In order to use this polymorphism for identification of seeds formed via apomixis, the kernels obtained by pollination of emasculated panicles of AS-1a with the pollen of V-4w were split into two parts. The part with an embryo was used to study the phenotypic traits

Table 5. Densitometry of seed storage proteins electrophoretic patterns of F1 A2 Sudzern/Topaz and its parents after treatment with pepsin and/or α-amylase and

according to Duncan Multiple Range Test;

amyloglucosidase

\*, and \*\*\* significant at p<0.05, and p<0.001, respectively.

Amount of protein in different

Individual fractions (α+β+γ), percent to the control

Pepsin 48.2 7.4 23.0 Amylolitic enzymes 177.0 8.9 76.5 Amylolitic enzymes, pepsin 102.9 5.5 44.2

Pepsin 66.5 19.1 35.6 Amylolitic enzymes 111.2 4.5 52.4 Amylolitic enzymes, pepsin 60.9 1.2 27.1

Pepsin 18.1 10.2 11.1 Amylolitic enzymes 225.6 24.9 139.4 Amylolitic enzymes, pepsin 124.7 6.4 64.7

Control 100.0 a 100.0 c 100.0 b Pepsin 44.3 a 12.2 b 23.2 a Amylolitic enzymes 171.2 b 12.8 b 89.4 b Amylolitic enzymes + pepsin 96.1 a 4.4 a 45.3 a

kafirin fractions Total

Olygomers percent to the control

proteins percent to the control

Genotype Experimental treatment

7, lanes 4-6).

Summarizing, the results of our investigation demonstrate that gel electrophoresis of the seed storage proteins is a powerful instrument in researches on sorghum genetics and breeding that have both fundamental and applied orientation. It allowed to isolate of sorghum lines with individual kafirin fractions more sensitive to protease action, and, therefore, with increased protein digestibility – one of the main trait characterizing the nutritive value of sorghum grain. These lines may be used in breeding programs for developing new CMS-lines and F1 hybrids. In addition, these lines (for example, KVV-45) may be used in future investigations on molecular organization of genes encoding structure and/or deposition of kafirins, their cloning and transfer into other sorghum lines by methods of classical genetics or genetic engineering.

Gel electrophoresis of the flour subjected to amylolitic enzyme action has demonstrated that starch digestion decreases content of kafirin polymers and reduces subsequent kafirin digestion by pepsin. This finding may explain the reduced nutrient value of sorghum grain, in comparison with other cereals. These data point on the complex mode of interactions of storage proteins and starch in sorghum endosperm.

Gel Electrophoresis as a Tool to Study Polymorphism and

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#### **7. Acknowledgement**

Authors are grateful to Dr. Alexander Ravich for the Software Scangel. This work was funded partly by the Russian Foundation for Basic Researches, grant 10-04-00475.

#### **8. References**


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**24** 

 *Mexico* 

Maria de Lourdes Muñoz et al\*

*Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico D. F.* 

**Extraction and Electrophoresis of DNA from** 

**the Remains of Mexican Ancient Populations** 

*Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios* 

Ten years ago, the first reports of human genome sequencing were published in Nature and Science (Venter et al., 2001; Sachidanandam et al., 2001; Lander, 2011). This was very exciting and expectations for the application of genome sequencing technology were high. In the past decade, the cost of sequencing has gone down several orders of magnitude, making it a more accessible technology for research studies. The medical value of comprehensive genome sequencing is now becoming apparent: for example, the genetic cause of a rare and debilitating vascular disorder was solved by genome sequencing at NIH (Jasny and Zahn, 2011; Lander, 2011). It is also possible to solve the genetics of individual Mendelian disorders thereby relating phenotype to genotype. In addition, better treatments for diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, inflammation, neurodegeneration or diabetes are expected to be found through studies involving genome sequencing (Lander, 2011). Sequencing also has been used to query variation in populations worldwide, and sequences are now available from extinct hominids as well as from thousands of other species (Rasmussen et al., 2010; Krause et al., 2010; Reich et al., 2010; Balter, 2010; Rasmussen et al., 2010). We expect to know very soon what variation exists among individuals at almost all sites in the genome. This is a great opportunity for population genetics to reconstruct the entire genealogical and mutational history of humans (Callaway, 2011), to understand the evolutionary and genetic forces that affected every region of the genome, to determine disease mutations present in human populations, to elucidate the genetic bases of cognitive and physiological adaptations, and/or

to determine the demographic events that led to the colonisation of the earth.

Alma Herrera-Salazar1, Elizabeth Mejia-Pérez-Campos3, Sergio Gómez-Chávez4

*2Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico* 

*3Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Querétaro, Mexico D.F., Mexico 4Teotihuacan, Mexico* 

The question remains: what is the relationship between morphological features and ancient deoxyribonucleic acid (aDNA)? The evolutionary processes that generated modern species

Mauro Lopez-Armenta1,2, Miguel Moreno-Galeana1, Alvaro Díaz-Badillo1, Gerardo Pérez-Ramirez1,

*1Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto* 

**1. Introduction** 

 \*

and Adrián Martínez-Meza5

*Politécnico Nacional; Mexico* 

*5Mexico City, Mexico* 

starch reveal primary targets for improving sorghum grain. *Plant Science*, Vol. 179, pp. 598-611, ISSN 0168-9452

Wu, S.-B.; Shang, Y.-J. & Han, X.-M. (1994). Embryological study on apomixis in a sorghum line SSA-1. *Acta Botanica Sinica.*, Vol. 36, №11, pp. 833-837, ISSN 0577- 7496
