**7. References**


publications that have demonstrated that some DNA may be lost during decalcification (Campos et al., 2011). It is also important to keep DNA at -70°C in aliquots to maintain its integrity. Maintaining bone tissue samples at -70°C during aDNA extraction is useful to avoid additional DNA degradation. In our point of view, the best method will be that containing the least sample manipulation because this will avoid DNA contamination. Finally, there will be always risk of contamination by contemporary human DNA; however, next generation sequencing methods do provide a greatly improved means of measuring

Sequencing of the PCR products from aDNA as well as phylogenetic and network analyses of remains from America would allow testing of the hypotheses concerning single versus multiple waves of migration to the New World. This analysis will also reveal new haplotypes that were lost through time because not all migrations were successful in terms of leaving descendants among contemporary populations. Furthermore, the development of next generation sequencing is revolutionising aDNA research. The examples presented in Figure 13 and 14 display the relationship between the Oneota sample and that from Teotihuacán showing different haplotypes. There were also two ancient samples from Monte Albán that were grouped with the more frequent haplotype in the D1 haplogroup. Further analysis of more pre-Hispanic human samples will give us more detailed

This work was supported by Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Distrito Federal, México

Anderung, C., Persson, P., Bouwman, A., Elburg, R., & Götherström, A. (2008). Fishing for

Balter, M. (2010). Human evolution. Ancient DNA from Siberia fingers a possible new

Bailliet G, Rothhammer F, Carnese FR, Bravi CM, & Bianchi NO. (1994). Founder

Bandelt, H. J., Forster, P., & Röhl, A. (1999). Median-Joining Networks for Inferring

Bustos-Ríos, D., López-Armenta, M., Moreno-Galeana, M. A., Herrera-Salazar, A., Pérez-

Intraspecic Phylogenies. *Mol. Biol. Evol*. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 37-48.

mitochondrial haplotypes in Amerindian populations. *Am. J. Hum. Genet.* Vol. 54,

Campos, E. M., Chávez-Balderas, X., & Muñoz, M. L. (2008). Purification of DNA from an ancient child mummy from Sierra Gorda, Queretaro. Mummies and Science. *World Mummies Research/Proceediñngs of the VI World Congress on Mummy Studies (Teguise, Lanzarote=; Pablo Atoche,* Conrado Rodríguez and Ma. Angeles Ramírez (eds.) Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Academia Canaria de la Historia (etc.), p 700. ISBN: 978-84-612-5647-1 Edition: Academia Canaria de la Historia, Ayuntamiento de Teguise, Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote, Caja Canarias, Fundción Canaria Mapfre Guanarteme, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria. First

ancient DNA. *Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. V*ol. 2, pp. 104-107.

human lineage. *Science.* Vol. 327, No. 5973, pp. 1566-1567.

the degree of contamination in a sample.

information about the history of these populations.

grant Clave: PICSA10-189 (01/11/2010-2011).

No. 1, pp. 27-33.

Edition, pp. 259-266.

**6. Acknowledgment** 

**7. References** 


Extraction and Electrophoresis of DNA from the Remains of Mexican Ancient Populations 499

Parr, R. L., Carlyle, S. W., & O'Rourke, D. H. 1996. Ancient DNA analysis of Fremont

Pääbo, S. (1985). Molecular cloning of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA. *Nature*. Vol. 314, No.

Pääbo, S., Poinar, H., Serre, D., Jaenicke-Despres, V., Hebler, J., Rohland, N., Kuch, M.,

Poinar, H. N., Kuch, M., Sobolik, K. D., Barnes, I., Stankiewicz, A. B., Kuder, T., Spaulding,

Rasmussen, M., Li, Y., Lindgreen, S., Pedersen, J. S., Albrechtsen, A., Moltke, I., Metspalu,

Reich, D., Green, R. E., Kircher, M., Krause, J., Patterson, N., Durand, E. Y., Viola, B., Briggs,

Rohland, N., & Hofreiter, M. (2007). Comparison and optimization of ancient DNA

Sachidanandam, R., Weissman, D., Schmidt, S. C., Kakol, J. M., Stein, L. D., Marth, G.,

Stone, A. C., & Stoneking, M. (1998). mtDNA analysis of a prehistoric oneota population:

Stoneking M. & Krause, J. (2011). Learning about human population history from ancient

Deniscova Cave in Siberia. *Nature*. Vol. 468, No. 7327, pp. 1053-1060. Richards, M., Côrte-Real, H., Forster, P., Macaulay, V., Wilkinson-Herbots, H., Demaine, A.,

extraction. *Bio Techniques.* Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 343-352.

population. *Am J Phys Anthropol.* Vol. 92, No. 4, pp. 463-471.

Nogués (eds.) ISBN: 84-7290-206-4. P.p. 170-182.

*Annu. Rev. Genet.* Vol. 38, pp. 645-679.

pp. 507-518.

6012, pp. 644-645,

No. 8, pp. 4317-22.

pp. 757-62.

pp. 185-203.

pp. 1153-1170.

10.1038/nrg3029.

de DNA mitocondrial de una población prehispánica de Monte Albán, Oaxaca, México. In: *Antropología y Biodiversidad, Vol. 2, Ediciones Bellaterra S.L., Nava de Tolsa,* 289 bis. 08026 Barcelona, España. M. Pilar Aluja, Asunción Malgosa y Ramon M.a

Amerindians of the Great Salt Lake Wetlands. *Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.* Vol. 99, No. 4,

Krause, J., Vigilant, L., & Hofreiter, M. (2004). Genetic analyses from ancient DNA.

W. G., Bryant, V. M., Cooper, A., & Pääbo, S. (2001). A molecular analysis of dietary diversity for three archaic Native Americans. *Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A.* Vol. 98,

M., Metspalu, E., Kivisild, T., Gupta, R., Bertalan, M., & Nielsen, K. (2010). Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. *Nature*. Vol. 463, No. 7282,

A. W., Stenzel, U., Johnson, P. L., Maricic, T., Good, J. M., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Fu, Q., Mallick, S., Li, H., Meyer, M., Eichler, E. E., Stoneking, M., Richards, M., Talamo, S., Shunkov, M. V., Derevianko, A. P., Hublin, J. J., Kelso, J., Slatkin, M., & Pääbo, S. (2010). Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from

Papiha, S., Hedges, R., Bandelt, H. J., & Sykes, B. (1996). Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool. *Am. J. Hum. Gent.* Vol. 59, No. 3,

Sherry, S., Mullikin, J. C., Mortimore, B. J., & Willey, D. L. (2001). International SNP Map Working Group. A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. *Nature.* Vol. 409, No. 6822, pp. 928-933. Schurr, T. G., Ballinger, S. W., Gan, Y.-Y., Hodge, J. A., Merriwether, D. A., Lawrence, D. N.,

Dnower, W. C., Weiss, K. M., & Wallace, D. C. (1990). Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages. *Am. J. Hum. Genet.* Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 768-765. Stone, A. C., & Stoneking, M. (1993). Ancient DNA from a pre-Columbian Amerindian

Implications for the Peopling of the New World. *Am. J. Hum. Genet. V*ol. 62, No. 5,

and modern genomes. *Nat. Rev. Genet.* Vol. 12, No. 9, pp. 603-614. doi:


Horai, S., Murayama, K., Hayasaka, K., Matsubayashi, S., Hattori, Y., Fucharoen, G.,

Höss, M. & Pääbo, S. (1993). DNA extraction from Pleistocene bones by a silica-based purification method. *Nucleic Acids Res.* Vol. 21, No. 16, pp. 3913-3914. Hughes, S., Hayden, T. J., Douady, C. J., Tougard, C., Germonpré, M., Stuart, A., Lbova, L.,

deer, Megaloceros giganteus. *Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.* Vol. 40, pp. 285-291. Jasny, B. R., & Zahn, L. M. (2011). Genome-sequencing anniversary. A celebration of the

Kalmár, T., Bachrati, C. Z., Marcsik, A., & Raskó, I. (2000). A simple and efficient method for

Knapp, M., Clarke, A. C., Horsburgh, K. A., & Matisoo-Smith, E. A. (2011). Setting the stage

Kosakovsky-Pond, S. L., Frost, S. D. W., & Muse, S. V. (2005). HyPhy: hypothesis testing

Krause, J., Fu, Q., Good, J. M., Viola, B., Shunkov, M. V., Derevianko, A. P., & Pääbo, S.

Krings, M., Stone, A., Schmitz R. W., Krainitzki, H., Soneking, M., & Pääbo, S. (1997).

Lander, E. S. (2011). Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome. *Nature*. Vol. 470,

Lorenz, J., & Smith, D. G. (1996). Distribution of four founding mtDNA haplogroups among native North Americans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 307-323. López-Armenta, M., Bustos, Ríos, D., Moreno-Galeana, M. A., Herrera-Salazar, A., Pérez-

Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E. F., & Sambrook, J. (1989). *Molecular Cloning. Cold Spring Harbor* 

Miller, W., Drautz, D. I., Ratan, A., Pusey, B., Qi, J., Lesk, A. M., Tomsho, L. P., Packard, M.

Muñoz, M. L., Moreno-Galeana, M., Díaz-Badillo, A., Loza-Martínez, I., Macías-Juárez, V.

extinct woolly mammoth. *Nature.* Vol. 456, No. 7220, pp. 387-390.

D., Zhao, F., Sher, A., Tikhonov, A., Raney, B., Patterson, N., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E. S., Knight, J. R., Irzyk, G. P., Fredrikson, K. M., Harkins, T. T., Sheridan, S., Pringle, T., & Schuster, S. C. (2008). Sequencing the nuclear genome of the

M., Márquez-Morfin L., Jiménez-López, J. C. & Martínez-Meza, A. (2003).Análisis

Hum. Genet. Vol. 59, No. 3, 579-590.

12, E67.

print].

pp. 19-30.

No. 7333, pp. 187-197.

*Laboratory Press*.

genome, part I. *Science*. Vol. 331, No. 6017, pp. 546.

using phylogenies. *Bioinformatics.* Vol. 21, pp. 676-679.

southern Siberia. *Nature.* Vol. 464, No. 7290, pp. 894-7.

Harihara, S., Park, K. S., Omoto, K., & Pan, I.H. (1996). mtDNA polymorphism in East Asian populations, with special reference to the peopling of Japan. Am. J.

Carden, R. F., Hänni, C., & Say, L. (2006). Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant

PCR amplifiable DNA extraction from ancient bones. *Nucleic Acids Res.* Vol. 28, No.

–building and working in an ancient DNA laboratory. *Ann. Anat.* [Epub ahead of

(2010). The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominid from

Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. *Cell.* Vol. 90, No. 1,

Campos, E. M., Chávez-Balderas, X., & Muñoz, M. L. (2008) Genetic origin of a mommy from Queretaro (Pepita). Mummies and Science. *World Mummies Research/Proceediñngs of the VI World Congress on Mummy Studies (Teguise, Lanzarote=; Pablo Atoche*, Conrado Rodríguez and Ma. Angeles Ramírez (eds.) Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Academia Canaria de la Historia (etc.), p 700. ISBN: 978-84-612- 5647-1. Edition: Academia Canaria de la Historia, Ayuntamiento de Teguise, Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote, Caja Canarias, Fundción Canaria Mapfre Guanarteme, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria. First edition, pp. 251-258. de DNA mitocondrial de una población prehispánica de Monte Albán, Oaxaca, México. In: *Antropología y Biodiversidad, Vol. 2, Ediciones Bellaterra S.L., Nava de Tolsa,* 289 bis. 08026 Barcelona, España. M. Pilar Aluja, Asunción Malgosa y Ramon M.a Nogués (eds.) ISBN: 84-7290-206-4. P.p. 170-182.


Thomas, M. G., & Moore, L. J. (1997). Preparation of bone samples for DNA extraction: a

Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the

Torroni, A., Chen, Y.-S., Semino, O., Santachiara-Beneceretti, A. S., Scott, C. R., Lott, M.T.,

Torroni, A., Neel, J. V., Barrantes, R., Schurr, T. G., & Wallace, D. C. 1994b. Mitochondrial

North America. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.A.* Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 1158-1162. Torroni, A., Schurr, T. G., Cabell, M. F., Brown, M. D., Neel, J. V., Larsen, M., Smith, D. G.,

Torroni, A., Schurr, T. G., Yang, C.-C., Szathmary, E. J., Williams, R. C., Schanfield, M. S.,

Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., & Smith, H. O.

Vigilant, L., Pennington, R., Harpending, H., Kocher, T. D., & Wilson, A. C. (1989).

Wallace, D. C., Garrison, K., & Knowler, W. C. (1985). Dramatic founder effects in Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs. *Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.* Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 149-155. Wallace, D. C, & Torroni, A. (1992). American Indian prehistory as written in the mitochondrial DNA: A review. *Hum. Biol.* Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 403-416. Walsh, P. S., Metzger, D. A., & Higuchi, R. (1991). Chelex 100 as a medium for simple

Wilson, M. R., DiZinno J. A., Polanskey, D., Replogle, J., & Budowle, B. (1995). Validation of

Wrischnik, L. A., Higuchi, R. G., Stoneking, M., Erlich, H. A., Arnheim, N., & Wilson, A. C.

enzymatically amplified DNA. *Nucleic Acids Res.* Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 529-42. Young, C. C., Burghoff, R. L., Keim, L. G., Minak-Bernero, V., Lute, J. R., & Hinton, S. M.

Willerslev, E., & Cooper, A. (2005). Ancient DNA. *Proc. R. Soc. B*. Vol. 272, pp. 3-16.

*Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.* Vol. 86, No. 23, pp. 9350-9354.

sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. *Nucleic. Acids* 

Winter, M., & Wallace, D. C. 1994a. mtDNA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms in four Native American Populations from Southern Mexico. *Am. J. Hum. Gene*. Vol.

DNA "clock" for the Amerinds and its implications for timing their entry into

Vullo, C. M., & Wallace, D. C. 1993. Asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding Native American mtDNAs. *Am. J. Hum. Gene*. Vol. 53, No. 3, 563-590.

Troup, G. A., Knowler, W. C., Lawrence, D. N., Weiss, K. M., & Wallace, D. C. 1992. Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the NaDene populations were founded by two independent migrations. *Genetics*. Vol.

(2001).The sequence of the human genome. *Science.* Vol. 291, No. 5507, pp. 1298-1302.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population.

extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material. *Biotechniques.* Vol.

mitochondrial DNA sequencing for forensic casework analysis. *Int. J. Legal. Med.*

(1987). Length mutations in human mitochondrial DNA: direct sequencing of

(1993). Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Agorose Gel Electrophoresis Purification of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Amplifiable DNA from Soils. *Appl Environ Microbiol.* J.

nuts and bolts approach. *Biotechniques*. Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 402

*Res.* Vol. 22, pp. 4673-4680.

54, No. 2, pp. 303-318.

130, pp. 153-162.

10, No. 4, pp. 506–513.

Vol. 108, No. 2, pp. 68-74.

Vol. 59, No. 6, pp.1972-1974.
