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**7** 

*Argentina* 

**Application of Molecular Typing** 

**Relevant Gram-Positive Cocci** 

**Methods to the Study of Medically** 

Laura Bonofiglio, Noella Gardella and Marta Mollerach

*Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Buenos Aires* 

The development of molecular genotyping methods has been a landmark in the possibility of classifying microorganisms below the species level. The ability to differentiate efficiently related bacterial isolates is essential for the control of infectious diseases and has become a

Strain typing is an integral part of epidemiological investigations of bacterial infections. Typing methods fall into two broad categories: phenotypic and genotypic methods. Phenotypic methods are those that characterize the products of gene expression in order to differentiate strains. Properties such as biochemical profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, bacteriophage types, and antigens present on the cell surface are examples of phenotypic methods that can be used for typing isolates. Since they involve gene expressions, these properties have a tendency to vary, based on changes in growth

Methods for distinguishing among bacterial strains have profoundly changed over the last years mainly due to the introduction of molecular technology. Genotypic strain typing methods are based on the analysis of differences in the chromosomal and extrachromosomal nucleic acid sequences between strains. Molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases integrates practices and principles of molecular biology with those of epidemiology

Investigations of presumed outbreaks of bacterial infections in hospitals often require strain typing data to identify outbreak-related strains and to distinguish epidemic from endemic

All typing systems can be characterized in terms of typeability, reproducibility, discriminatory power, ease of performance, and ease of interpretation. For each isolate, the system should provide an interpretable result, preferably based on objective criteria. Ideally, results should be reproducible from day to day and from laboratory to laboratory and should allow differentiation of unrelated strains. Additionally, the method should be standardized and if possible should be technically simple, cost-effective, and rapid (van

necessary technology for clinical microbiology laboratories.

conditions and growth phase, being often difficult to detect.

**1. Introduction** 

(Tenover et al. 1997).

or sporadic isolates.

Belkum, et al. 2007).
