**Section 4**

**Social Sectors and Integration** 

202 Social Sciences and Cultural Studies – Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare

3. Quantitative evaluation models of ecosystem should be improved. The current evaluation model of ecosystem is static models which focus on structure, function and status of ecosystem rather than the change procedure. Because of importance of ecosystem management, dynamic evaluation models of ecosystem are quite crucial

4. Methods of evaluating ecosystem should be developed. Following the development of dynamic models, the problems we face are more complex and comprehensive. And research methods trend to quantitative with globalization and long- term of research object. Therefore, traditional statistics methods are not able to complete these kinds of

5. Methods of obtaining data should be improved. In previous evaluation, some indices data were obtained through average of areas which reduced reliability of data and

Howard L. Climate of London deduced from meteorological observation .London: Harvey

Lo, CP, Quattrochi, DA, Luvall, JC. Application of high-resolution thermal infrared remote

Snyder W C, Wan. BRDF Models to Predict Spectral Refle- ctance and Emissivity in the

Oke TR. City Size and the Urban Heat Island .AtmosphericEnvironment, 1976,7, 7 :769—779. O'Neill, R. V., Gardner, R. H., Milne, B. T., Turner, M. G., Jackson, B., Kolasa, J., Pickett, S. T.

Wang K, Wang J, Wang P C, et al. Different Influences of Ur-banization on Surface

sensing and GIS to assess the urban heat island effect .Int J Remote Sens, 1997,18, 18

Thermal Infrared .IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1998,36,

A. Heterogeneity and spatial hierarchies .Ecological heterogeneity. New York:

Characteristics from MODIS:A Case Studyfor Beijing Metropolitan[J] .Journal of

tasks, and we need new technique to support evaluation of ecosystem.

work for the future.

**4. References** 

affected evaluation results negatively.

Springer-Verlag, 1991, :85~96 .

Geophysical Research, 2007,112, 112 (d22) :1-12 .

and Darton, 1833, .

:287~304 .

36 :214~225 .

**10**

Daniel Stockemer

*Canada* 

**When do People Protest? – Using a Game** 

**Theoretic Framework to Shed Light on the** 

**in Hybrid and Autocratic Regimes** 

*School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, On,* 

**Relationship Between Repression and Protest** 

What is the relationship between different levels of coercion and popular protest activity in hybrid and autocratic regimes?1 This is the question I want to address in this paper. An abundance of theoretical and empirical studies exists on whether state repression increases or decreases the incidence of domestic protest. However, findings have been mixed providing support for almost every possible relationship between protest and repression (e.g. Rasler 1996, Moore 1998, Carey 2006). The three dominant approaches are (1) the inverted Uhypothesis, (2) the backlash hypothesis, and (3) the non-linear hypothesis. The first perspective, the inverted U curve, argues that a shift toward lower levels of repression opens new opportunities for challengers to act collectively to demand their rights and to make claims against the state (Tarrow 1994). The second view, the so-called backlash hypothesis, is based on the opposite assumption contending that repression facilitates protest by nourishing a collective sense of defiance and intensifying organizational solidarity among diverse loosely connected movements (Meyer and Staggenborg 1996). A third array of studies claims that the relationship between coercion and protest might be more complex and more multi-dynamic than both the 'inverted-U' hypothesis and backlash assumption presume and advocate some

The three hypotheses have been tested in multiple settings and there is an abundance of empirical studies (e.g. Mason and Krane 1989, Opp and Ruehl 1990, Choi 1999) that support any of the three hypotheses. In this paper, I will show through a game-theoretic framework that these contradictory findings can and should be harmonized. Through a game of complete information I will reveal that both the hypothesis of an inverted U-shape and the

1 In this paper, I will discuss how protest can emerge under harsh and medium repression in a nondemocratic framework. All scholars that are cited in this paper, exclusively focus on hybrid regimes and non democracies. Under democracy, repression should be small to non-existent, which renders protest

sort of non-linear relationship (Kowalski and Hover 1992).

backlash hypothesis result in equilibria with empirical referents.

less conditional of the degree of repression in a country.

**1. Introduction** 
