**6. Conclusion**

342 Social Sciences and Cultural Studies – Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare

level. This can be extended to other valorising functions by national policy. However the use of these language in education and administration at one tier reinforces the language's

Sensitization of the national Community on the role of language in nation building and language and pluralism, especial with all stake holders including not only speakers of majority and minority languages but also the government which needs to reverse its negative attitudes to ECLs which are currently neglected in favour of Kisawhili. (See for

In this variant the nation or public sphere conceives two or more (but a limited number of national languages) to be used in the public realm in prescribed zones or regions of the

On the basis of the type of analyses carried out in section 4.2 for Tanzania, Nigeria is a good candidate for such a stratification, where Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo and Fulfulde spoken by over fifteen million people each, can safely be declared the language of education and governance of the public realm in several states along with English, the official language, while each of the about 450 languages are used at the level of the private realm. Each state can then evolve a LiEP on the MT-MLE pattern using a convenient and relevant

vitality considerably beyond the intrinsic identity function.

instance Batibo1992, 2005 and Mkude 2001, Rubanza 2002).

**5.3 Tiers stratification in a situation of two or more national languages** 

**5.2.7 Sensitization of the national community** 

country. Figure 3 below represents this variant.

Fig. 3. Five languages stratification

This paper sought to elucidate the problematic of language planning for national development in a multilingual setting. This is anchored on an ideological paradigm that attaches premium to linguistic diversity and pluralism as the basis for nationalism, nationhood and national development in consonance with UNESCO's 2003ab position. A study of the facts of multilingualism and multiculturalism provides the background for a framework for *language planning* in the **public sphere**. The *Tier Stratification Model* provides for the **private realm** where all languages of ethno-linguistic communities are catered for at the micro planning level and the **public realm** where the language needs of administrative units of the nation within the public domain are managed at the macroplanning level. The model further seeks to capture the dialectic and dynamic relation that exists or should exist between the languages at the private and public realms. Given the potential problem of dominance and tension in situations of language contact and the need for a harmonic relationship of symbiosis in a pluralistic state, the **Principles of Functional Complementarities** and **Attitude Engineering** are proposed, motivated and rationalised as relevant factors in the mediation of the relation between languages of the private and public realms, in an ideal language planning model that seeks to enhance national identity while maintaining pluralism and ethno-linguistic diversity by countering endangerment and enhancing revitalisation of vulnerable and threatened minority languages.

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**18** 

*Slovenia* 

**Creative Expression** 

Barbara Sicherl-Kafol1 and Olga Denac2 *1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, 2University of Maribor, Faculty of Education,* 

**Through Contemporary Musical Language** 

"Sonic idylls are an illusion, a child's dream. Decisions follow, which in life are often not our own, but which shape our lives... they play dice with us. There arises a confrontation with reality, which is normally not as we would wish...conflict. The unavoidable result is synthesis – a reconciliation, the modification of reality as it is, which is a good reason for optimism. The elements of the sonic idyll no longer belong to dreams, but to the equilibrium of awareness, thus to comprehension. "wrote composer Rojko (2009, p.18) in the

In our lives, we are constantly faced with numerous challenges which require making decisions and choosing among several possibilities. "Facing the reality" presupposes creative solutions which are conditional on the context - environment, personality traits, cultural and other factors, which theories (among them also pedagogical, psychological, sociological, anthropological, phenomenological and ethnological) shed light upon from

According to Elliott (1995, p. 229) we understand the complex dimension of creating as "a desire to search out gaps in what is already known, to advance the way things are done in a practice, or to go beyond what is already understood or accepted." In this sense musical creativity refers "to achievements of musical composing, improvising, and arranging that are original and significant within the context of a particular musical practice, including instances of musicing that depart in highly original and important ways from existing traditions." (ibid., p. 219). The author's concept of musical creativity is based on a systemic model in which he emphasizes the interaction between an individual and the sociohistorical environment which, at the level of music and the existing cultural context, conditions different modes and ways of creating. He points out that creating is never a consequence of an individual's endeavour alone, but is always connected "to a network of direct and indirect musical, social, and cultural achievements and relationships." (ibid., p. 217). Musical creativity is heterogeneous and in different contexts its elements influence

Among various factors shedding light on musical creativity, according to Burnard (2007), the most important are the answers to the question how to realise it. The author says:

commentary to his composition with the title "Dice song ".

**1. Introduction** 

different points of view.

each other in different ways.

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