**7. Acknowledgement**

This project was supported by Grant Number P42 ES013660 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/NIH, and the contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIEHS/NIH.

#### **8. References**


The distance between 002 planes in the pure anthracene, pure 2-bromoanthracene and

where *n* is an integer, *λ* is the wavelength of the incident wave, *d* is the spacing between the planes in the atomic lattice, and *θ* is the angle between the incident ray and the scattering

Figure 12 also shows changes of the distance between 002 planes in this system, which demonstrates that the spacings between 002 planes are stretched by adding 2 bromoanthracene into anthracene. The distance between 002 planes reaches a maximum when the mixture is near the lowest melting solid-liquid equilibrium point, which is in good agreement with the thermodynamic data in Figure 12, indicating the formation of the least stable solid state near the lowest solid-liquid equilibrium point. Interestingly, the mixture at

The phase behaviors of binary PAH-containing mixtures are complicated. Most of these mixture systems are eutectic systems, which have a behavior like the anthracene + pyrene system. Fewer binary PAH-containing mixtures can form monotectic and solid solution systems, such as succinonitrile + pyrene system and phenanthrene + anthracene

The phase behaviors of binary PAC mixtures are complicated and non-ideal. Mixtures with large PAHs, such as benzo[*a*]pyrene, can exhibit a gap between the thaw curve and liquidus curve. Halogen substitution (bromine substitution) also has significant effect on the thermochemical behaviors of binary PAC mixtures. Bromine substitution on anthracene results in non-ideal phase behavior in pyrene + 9,10-dibromoanthracene and anthracene + 2-

This project was supported by Grant Number P42 ES013660 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/NIH, and the contents are solely the responsibility

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of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIEHS/NIH.

(2)

*n d* 2 sin

mixtures can be calculated by Bragg's law

*x*1 = 0.18 gives a local minimum in the (002) plane spacing.

planes.

**6. Conclusions** 

bromoanthracene systems.

**7. Acknowledgement** 

**8. References** 

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**21** 

*Poland* 

Tomasz Wróbel

**Structure of Pure Aluminum After** 

*Silesian University of Technology, Foundry Department* 

**Endogenous and Exogenous Inoculation** 

The phenomenon of crystallization following after pouring molten metal into the mould, determines the shape of the primary casting (ingot) structure, which significantly affects on

The crystallization of metal in the mould may result in three major structural zones (Fig.1)




Depending on the chemical composition, the intensity of convection of solidifying metal, the cooling rate i.e. geometry of casting, mould material and pouring temperature (Fig.2), in the

Due to the small width of chilled crystals zone, the usable properties of casting depend mainly on the width and length of the columnar crystals, the size of equiaxed crystals and content of theirs zone on section of ingot, as well as on interdendritic or interphase distance in grains such as eutectic or monotectic. For example, you can refer here to a well-known the Hall-Peth law describing the influence of grain size on yield strength (Fig.3) (Adamczyk,

> *y* 0


*k d* (1)

proceeds when thermal gradient has a negative value in liquid phase.

**1. Introduction** 

its usable properties.

mould,

2004):

where:

σy – yield strength, MPa,

(Barrett, 1952; Chalmers, 1963; Fraś, 2003; Ohno, 1976):

gradient on solidification front has a positive value,

casting may be three, two or only one structural zone.


Tomasz Wróbel

*Silesian University of Technology, Foundry Department Poland* 
