**Section 3**

**Crystallization of Nanomaterials** 

216 Advances in Crystallization Processes

Ye, F. & Lu, K. (1999). Pressure effect on crystallization kinetics of an Al-La-Ni amorphous alloy. *Acta Materialia,* Vol. 47, No. 8, (June 1999), pp. 2449-2454, ISSN 1359-6454 Zhang, L.C. & Xu, J. (2002). Formation of glassy Ti50Cu20Ni24Si4B2 alloy by high-energy

Zhang, L.C.; Xu, J. & Ma, E. (2002). Mechanically alloyed amorphous Ti50(Cu0.45Ni0.55)(44-

Zhang, L.C.; Shen, Z.Q. & Xu, J. (2003). Glass formation in a (Ti,Zr,Hf)-(Cu,Ni,Ag)-Al high-

Zhang, L.C. & Xu, J. (2004). Glass-forming ability of melt-spun multicomponent (Ti, Zr, Hf)-

Zhang, L.C.; Shen, Z.Q. & Xu, J. (2005a). Mechanically milling-induced amorphization in Sn-

*Engineering A,* Vol. 394, No. 1-2, (March 2005), pp. 204-209, ISSN 0921-5093 Zhang, L.C.; Shen, Z.Q. & Xu, J. (2005b). Thermal stability of mechanically alloyed

*Solids,* Vol. 351, No. 27-29, (August 2005), pp. 2277-2286, ISSN 0022-3093 Zhang, L.C.; Xu, J. & Eckert, J. (2006a). Thermal stability and crystallization kinetics of

*Applied Physics,* Vol. 100, No. 3, (August 2006), pp. 033514, ISSN 0021-8979 Zhang, L.C.; Xu, J. & Ma, E. (2006b). Consolidation and properties of ball-milled

Zhang, L.C.; Calin, M.; Branzei, M.; Schultz, L. & Eckert, J. (2007a). Phase stability and

Zhang, L.C.; Kim, K.B.; Yu, P.; Zhang, W.Y.; Kunz, U. & Eckert, J. (2007b). Amorphization in

Zhong, Z.C.; Jiang, X.Y. & Greer, A.L. (1997). Nanocrystallization in Al-based amorphous

Zhuang, Y.X.; Jiang, J.Z.; Zhou, T.J.; Rasmussen, H.; Gerward, L.; Mezouar, M.; Crichton, W.

*Research,* Vol. 22, No. 5, (May 2007), pp. 1145-1155, ISSN 0884-2914

Vol. 32, No. 11, (November 1991), pp. 1005-1010, ISSN 0916-1821

Vol. 347, No. 1-3, (November 2004), pp. 166-172, ISSN 0022-3093

17, No. 7, (July 2002), pp. 1743-1749, ISSN 0884-2914

9, (September 2003), pp. 2141-2149, ISSN 0884-2914

0167-577X

5093

0141-8637

6951

ball milling. *Materials Letters,* Vol. 56, No. 5, (November 2002), pp. 615-619, ISSN

x)AlxSi4B2 alloys with supercooled liquid region. *Journal of Materials Research,* Vol.

order alloy system by mechanical alloying. *Journal of Materials Research,* Vol. 18, No.

(Cu, Ni, Co)-Al alloys with equiatomic substitution. *Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,* 

containing Ti-based multicomponent alloy systems. *Materials Science and* 

boride/Ti50Cu18Ni22Al4Sn6 glassy alloy composites. *Journal of Non-Crystalline* 

mechanically alloyed TiC/Ti-based metallic glass matrix composite. *Journal of* 

Ti50Cu18Ni22Al4Sn6 glassy alloy by equal channel angular extrusion. *Materials Science and Engineering A,* Vol. 434, No. 1-2, (October 2006), pp. 280-288, ISSN 0921-

consolidation of glassy/nanostructured Al85Ni9Nd4Co2 alloys. *Journal of Materials* 

mechanically alloyed (Ti, Zr, Nb)-(Cu, Ni)-Al equiatomic alloys. *Journal of Alloys and Compounds,* Vol. 428, No. 1-2, (January 2007), pp. 157-163, ISSN 0925-8388 Zhang, T.; Inoue, A. & Masumoto, T. (1991). Amorphous Zr-Al-TM (TM = Co, Ni, Cu) alloys

with significant supercooled liquid region of over 100 K. *Materials Transactions JIM,* 

alloys. *Philosophical Magazine B,* Vol. 76, No. 4, (October 1997), pp. 505-510, ISSN

& Inoue, A. (2000). Pressure effects on Al89La6Ni5 amorphous alloy crystallization. *Applied Physics Letters,* Vol. 77, No. 25, (December 2000), pp. 4133-4135, ISSN 0003-

**9** 

 *Kazakhstan* 

**Influence of Crystallization on the** 

Daniya M. Mukhamedshina and Nurzhan B. Beisenkhanov

The interest in the surface structures with their special properties has increased considerably due to extensive applications in micro- and optoelectronics. It is known that the properties of films of submicron size can be different from those of structures having macroscopic dimensions. The parameters that change the properties of films, are the thickness, number of layers, uniformity of the films, the size of clusters and nanocrystals. The presence of small particles and nano-sized elements leads to changes in material properties such as electrical conductivity, refractive index, band gap, magnetic properties, strength, and others

One of the most promising materials in this regard is tin dioxide. Such advantages as high transparency in a visible range of wavelengths and high conductivity make SnO2 very suitable as transparent conductive electrodes in such devices as solar sells, flat panel displays, etc (Rembeza et al., 2001; Jarzebski et al., 1976; Das and Banerjee, 1987; Song, 1999). Wide-gap semiconductor SnOx films exhibit quantum confinement effect with decreasing of crystallite sizes, i.e. the band gap becomes size dependent and is increased from 3.6 to

Semiconductor gas sensors on the base of nanoscale SnO2 films are manufactured (Evdokimov et al., 1983; Buturlin et al., 1983b; Watson et al., 1993). The possibility of tin dioxide layers to change their electrical conductivity upon adsorption of gases due to the reactions of reduction and oxidation, is used (Bakin et al., 1997; Srivastava, R. et al., 1998a; Jiang et.al., 2002; Vigleb, 1989). An increase in adsorption possibilities of SnO2 films during the transition from single-crystal to nanocrystalline system (Srivastava, R. et al., 1998b) is one of the main directions of work to improve the sensitivity and reduce of response time (Bakin et al., 1997; Ramamoorthy et al., 2003; Karapatnitski et al., 2000; Xu et al., 1991;

As is known, tin dioxide (SnО2) is a crystal of white color, the density is 7.0096 g/cm3, melting point is about 2000°C (Knuniants, 1964). The SnO2 films have predominantly amorphous or polycrystalline structure with a tetragonal lattice of rutile with parameters a = b = 0.4737 nm, c = 0.3185 nm, with two tin atoms and four oxygen atoms in the unit cell (Dibbern et al., 1986; Shanthi et al., 1981; Weigtens et al., 1991). Depending on the method of

**1. Introduction** 

4.2 eV.

McDonagh et al., 2002).

(Suzdalev, 2006; Kobayashi, 2005).

**Properties of SnO2 Thin Films** 

*Institute of Physics and Technology,* 
