**1. Introduction**

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Aerosols are liquid and solid particles floating in the atmosphere. Aerosol particles are originated from both natural and anthropogenic origins (Seinfeld & Pandis, 1998). In regard to the radiation balance of the Earth's atmosphere, aerosols reflect solar radiation back to space (direct effect), thus reducing the influence of greenhouse gases, though some type of aerosol causes opposite effects due to absorption of radiation. At the same time, aerosol particles work as nuclei for cloud condensation (indirect effect). Knowledge on these radiative effects of aerosol and cloud, however, is still insufficient so that uncertainties remain in the prediction of future global warming trends (IPCC, 2007). In this respect, intensive efforts are needed to evaluate the optical/physical properties of aerosols and clouds by means of both ground- and satellite-based remote sensing observations.

In order to obtain better understanding of these particulate matters, what is obviously needed is the monitoring technique that enables the retrieval of their optical properties. In this chapter, we propose multi-wavelength and multi-directional remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. The proposed method consists of the application of ground-based radiation measurement, lidar measurement, differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), and satellite observations using natural as well as artificial light sources. Such combinatory approach makes it possible to measure various aspects of radiation transfer through the atmosphere, especially the influence of tropospheric aerosols and clouds. Also, the data provided from the ground-based solar irradiance/sky radiance measurement and DOAS are valuable for precisely characterizing the optical property of aerosol particles near the ground level, including the information from both particulate scattering and gaseous absorption. Such ground data are also indispensable for the atmospheric correction of satellite remote sensing data in and around the visible range of the radiation spectrum. The multi-wavelength and multi-directional observation schemes treated in the present chapter are summarized in Table 1.
