**9. References**

430 Remote Sensing – Applications

population out of VHR satellite data. Nevertheless, if a clear understanding of mentioned issues is considered, reliable population model of population estimation by remote sensing data can be created. Thus, the application of satellite data information (such as accurate information on land use extent and other measures of surface or environmental characteristics) along with socio-economic data may well facilitate complex modelling to

In terms of remote sensing technology contribution it is necessary to continue to develop new techniques for complex densely packed urban environments such as informal settlements. Emphasis on spectral properties should be considered but also emphasis on the characteristics of the shape, texture, context, and relationship with neighbouring pixels (and/or objects) information needs to be enhanced; as well as integration of the knowledge

Effective methods of monitoring informal settlements are required to generate appropriate data fast enough to assist to local policies and their controlling actions. Remote sensing data are especially powerful in that respect since, apart they are up‐to date, they assist to link the

The results of change detection confirmed that VHR imagery is very promising for immediate monitoring of dense informal residences in the areas where much information is lacking. The results of object-based (contextual) classification of the land use in informal settlements of Kibera were highly accurate, especially if taking into consideration that informal settlements are difficult to be interpreted with automatic or semi-automatic routines. On the other side, the results indicate the problem of the ratio between spectral and spatial heterogeneity of objects in slum-like areas when viewed only from the above (satellite) perspective. Overall, the use of the object-based image analysis holds great promise for dense urban environments and was proved useful for studies of urban change

Satellite derived information can greatly complement the information that is traditionally collected by field observations (UNHCR, 2000). Quantitative information that can be derived from it should not be underestimated. The production of maps with geometrical shapes of settlements can contribute to recover the management of informal settlements, especially when interfaced with database that has information collected on the field. Although several challenges have not been yet solved adequately, e.g. delimitation of individual objects in slum-like areas, we can notice that applications are being developed. Thus (automatic) analysis of objects enables tremendous opportunities for population

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**8. Acknowledgment** 

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**7. Conclusion** 

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**19** 

*1Cyprus 2Greece* 

**Remote Sensing Applications** 

Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis1 and Apostolos Sarris2

*1Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics 2Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Laboratory of Geophysical, Satellite Remote Sensing and Archaeoenvironment* 

The spectral capability of early satellite sensors opened new perspectives in the field of archaeological research. The recent availability of hyperspectral and multispectral satellite imageries has established a valid and low cost alternative to aerial imagery in the field of archaeological remote sensing. The high spatial resolution and spectral capability can make the VHR satellite images a valuable data source for archaeological investigation, ranging from synoptic views to small details. Since the beginning of the 20th century, aerial photography has been used in archaeology primarily to view features on the earth's surface, which are difficult if not impossible to visualize from the ground level (Rowland and Sarris, 2006 ; Vermeulen, F. and Verhoeven, G., 2004). Archaeology is a recent application area of satellite remote sensing and features such as ancient settlements can be detected with remote sensing procedures, provided that the spatial resolution of the sensor is adequate enough to detect the features (Menze et al., 2006). A number of different satellite sensors have been employed in a variety of archaeological applications to the mapping of subsurface remains and the management and protection of archaeological sites (Liu et al., 2003). The advantage of satellite imagery over aerial photography is the greater spectral

Most satellite multi-spectral sensors have the ability to capture data within the visible and nonvisible spectrum, encompassing a portion of the ultraviolet region, the visible, and the IR region, enabling a more comprehensive analysis (Paulidis, L., 2005). Multispectral imagery such as Landsat or ASTER is considered to be a standard means for the classification of ground cover and soil types (Fowler M.J.F., 2002). Concerning the detection of settlement mounds the above sensors have been proved to be helpful for the identification of un-vegetated and eroded sites. In recent years the high spatial resolution imageries of IKONOS and Quickbird have been used for the detection of settlements and shallow depth monuments (De Laet et al., 2007; 36 Massini et al., 2007; Sarris, A., 2005). Hyperspectral imagery (both airborne and satellite) has been also applied in archaeological investigations on an experimental basis and

range, due to the capabilities of the various on-board sensors.

need further investigation (Cavalli et al., 2008; Merola et al., 2006).

**1. Introduction** 

**in Archaeological Research** 

Dimitrios D. Alexakis1, Athos Agapiou1,

