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**Part 2** 

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**8** 

*Bosnia and Herzegovina* 

**Wavelet Theory and Applications for Estimation** 

Power system is a complex, dynamic system, composed of a large number of interrelated elements. Its primary mission is to provide a safe and reliable production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy to final consumers, extending over a large geographic area. It comprises of a large number of individual elements which jointly constitute a unique and highly complex dynamic system. Some elements are merely the system's components while others affect the whole system (Machowski, 1997). Securing necessary level of safety is of great importance for economic and reliable operation of modern electric power systems.

Power system is subject to different disturbances which vary in their extent, and it must be capable to maintain stability. Various devices for monitoring, protection and control help ensure reliable, safe and stable operation. The stability of the power system is its unique feature and represents its ability to restore the initial state following a disturbance or move to a new steady state. During transient process, the change of the parameters should remain within the predefined limits. In the case of stability loss, parameters either increase progressively (power angles during angle instability) or decrease (voltage and frequency during voltage and frequency instability) (Kundur, 1994; Pal & Chaudhuri, 2005). Accurate and fast identification of disturbances allows alerting the operator in a proper manner about

Several large blackouts occurred worldwide over the past decade. The blackout in Italy (28th Sept. 2003) which left 57 million people in dark is one f the major blackouts in Europe's history ever. The analyses show that the most common causes are cascading propagation of initial disturbance and failures in the power system's design and operation, for example, lack of equipment maintenance, transmission congestion, an inadequate support by reactive power, system operating at the margin of stability, operators' poor reactions, and low or no coordination by control centres (Madani et al., 2004). It would, therefore, be beneficial to have automatic systems in electric power systems which would prevent propagation of effects of initial disturbance through the system and system's cascade breakdown. In order to prevent the already seen major breakdowns, the focus has been placed on developing algorithms for monitoring, protection and control of power system in real time. Traditionally, power system monitoring and control was based on local measurements of

breakdowns and corrective measures to reduce the disturbance effects.

**1. Introduction** 

**of Active Power Unbalance in Power System** 

Samir Avdakovic1, Amir Nuhanovic2 and Mirza Kusljugic2

*1EPC Elektroprivreda of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, 2Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Tuzla, Tuzla,* 
