**7. References**

336 Advanced Topics in Measurements

The similar conclusion can be drawn form Table II; moreover, the estimation precisions are higher than those in IEEE 9 test-system. Since the generator is decoupled with outer network in the proposed dynamic estimator, the parallel dynamic estimation of different generators in large power system can be executed simultaneously. Therefore, the fast speed of the proposed dynamic estimator is not affected by the increasing numbers of generators

0.0132 0.0157

0.1663 1.65

No 0.0178

0.1554 0.0619

No 0.0803

direct 0.0078 0.0091

No No 0.0119

A WAMS based distributed dynamic state estimator for generator rotor angle and electrical angular velocity during power system electromechanical transient process is proposed in this paper. The WAMS measurement noise and dynamic model noise are analyzed concretely, and the bad data detection and elimination approach are given as well. The simulation results indicate that the proposed dynamic estimator has high estimation precision and fast computational speed; which satisfies the real-time requirements. The estimated generator rotor angle and electrical angular velocity eliminate the adverse impact of measurement noises and bad data; therefore, the proposed dynamic estimator can serve

direct 0.0282 0.84 0.1240

indirect 0.0594 1.12 0.1160

Estimation indices Estimation

Estimation indices Estimation

0.0539 1.20 0.1247

0.1226 1.47 0.1273

0.2620 2.20 0.1067

time(ms)

0.1047

time(ms)

State variable

State variable

in large power systems.

Gen1

Gen2

Generator

**6. Conclusion** 

Generator Measurement

1

2

1

2

Generator Measurement

1

2

mode

direct

direct

indirect

No

direct

direct

indirect

No

mode

Table 1. Estimation results of G1 and G2 in IEEE 9-bus system.

Table 2. Estimation results of one generator in practical grid.

the power system dynamic monitoring and control system better.


**0**

**17**

<sup>1</sup>*Yunnan University* <sup>2</sup>*University of Melbourne* <sup>3</sup>*University of Tokyo*

> <sup>1</sup>*P.R. China* <sup>2</sup>*Australia* <sup>3</sup>*Japan*

**From Conditional Probability Measurements to**

**Global Matrix Representations on Variant**

Jeffrey Zheng1, Christian Zheng2 and T.L. Kunii<sup>3</sup>

**Construction – A Particle Model of Intrinsic**

**Quantum Waves for Double Path Experiments**

Quantum statistics play a key role in Quantum Mechanics QM [Feynman et al. (1965,1989); Penrose (2004)]. Two types of Double Slit Experiment are used to explore the core mysteries of quantum interactive behaviors. These are standard Double Slit Experiments with correlated signals and Single Photon Experiments that use ultra low intensity and lengthy exposures to demonstrate quanta self-interference patterns. The key significance is that intrinsic wave properties are observed in both environments [Barrow et al. (2004); Hawkingand & Mlodinow

Multivariate probabilities acting on multinomial distributions occupy a central role in classical probability theory and its applications. This mechanism has been explored from the early days in the study of modern probability theories [Ash & Doléans-Dade (2000); Durret (2005)]. Conditional probability is a powerful methodology at the heart of classical Bayesian statistics. In the history of probability and statistical developments, there have been long-running debates and a persistent lack of agreement in differentiating between prior distributions and posterior distributions [Ash & Doléans-Dade (2000); Durret (2005)]. It is worthy of note that the uniform distributions or normal distributions of conditional probability are always linked to a relatively large number of probability distributions in non-normal conditions. This points

**1. Introduction**

(2010)].

**1.1 Two types of double slit experiments**

to practical problems with random distributions.

**1.2 Two types of probabilities**

