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**1. Introduction**

microscopic equations.

This paper is an attempt to introduce into measurement science a very unique and unified entropy-production-based method to characterize material parameters, equations of motion, and the related fluctuation-dissipation expressions for electrical and thermal transport properties such as conductivity, noise, and mobility. The approach is general enough to be used to study processes beyond equilibrium and yet it yields the normal transport coefficients

**An Analysis of the Interaction of Electromagnetic** 

**and Thermal Fields with Materials Based** 

**on Fluctuations and Entropy Production** 

*Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology,* 

**10**

James Baker-Jarvis

*Boulder, CO* 

*USA* 

Transport coefficients are related to fluctuation-dissipation relations (FDRs). These include the Einstein relation, permittivity, resistance, noise, mobility, conductivity, power, and viscosity. In micrometer to nanoscale measurements, FDRs become crucial for modeling and to enhance

The method we use in this paper is a projection-operator statistical mechanical approach. The background of this approach has been published and is summarized Baker-Jarvis and Kabos (2001). However, the present paper presents a unified approach that could be applied to a plethora of problems, near or far from equilibrium. The projection-operator approach was pioneered by Mori (1965); Zwanzig (1960). The theoretical approach used here has its roots in the work of Robertson that was based on a generalization and extension of the work of Zwanzig (1960), Rau and Müller (1996); Robertson (1966; 1999). Robertson's theory uses expected values of relevant variables and a nonequilibrium entropy for a dynamically driven system. The results reduce to the relevant thermodynamic potentials, forces, and entropy in the equilibrium limit. The advantage of this approach in studying time evolution of relevant variables is that the equations incorporate both relevant and irrelevant information, are exact, are Hamiltonian-based, have a direct relation to thermodynamics, and are based on reversible

The system is described by a set of relevant variables, but in order to maintain an exact solution to Liouville's equation, irrelevant information is incorporated by the use of a projection-like operator. This correction for the irrelevant variables manifests and defines relaxation and dissipation Weiss (1999). A common argument about the projection-operator theories is that we do not yet know how to model them in numerical simulators; however,

near equilibrium. We will emphasize electromagnetic applications and heat transfer.

an understanding of the property being measured.

Measurements Techniques Association Europe (AMTA Europe) Symposium, pp.183-186, Munich.

