**3. Conclusions and future directions**

74 Infrared Spectroscopy – Life and Biomedical Sciences

Figure 2 shows the mean concentration change of the oxy-Hb in the right VLPFC. For the NIRS data, a 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 (perspective taking ability, perspective taking, social relationship, and hemisphere) ANOVA showed a significant 4-way interaction. No main effect was found in any of the factors. In the unfair condition, the oxy-Hb concentrations significantly increased in the right VLPFC while taking the other's perspective as compared to the selfperspective (Figure 3). Accordingly, taking the other's perspective while perceiving the facial expressions of an unfair opponent significantly activated the right VLPFC only when

Fig. 2. Mean concentration changes in oxy-Hb during hemodynamic response in the right

Fig. 3. Averaged oxy-Hb concentration time changes in the right VLPFC hemodynamic response. Gray zone indicates task interval times and white zone indicates rest interval times in the unfair and other's perspective condition. Adapted from Nomura et al. (2010).

**2.3.2 NIRS data** 

the participants have high perspective-taking ability.

VLPFC. Adapted from Nomura et al. (2010).
