**6. References**


Comparison of Cortical Activation During Real Walking and Mental Imagery of

(January 2004), 99-111, ISSN 1053-8119.

(Feburary 2006), 014021, ISSN 1083-3668.

Vol.72, No.6, (June 1989), pp.499-506, ISSN 0013-4694.

(November 2004), pp.1020-1026. ISSN 1053-8119.

2, (May, 1993), pp.101-104, ISSN 0304-3940.

pp.116-124, ISSN 1053-8119.

ISSN 1083-3668.

ISSN 1349-418X.

0093-934X, 10.1016.

2499.

Walking – The Possibility of Quickening Walking Rehabilitation by Mental Imaginary of Walking 149

Plichta, M. M., Herrmann, M. J., Baehne, C. G., Ehlis, A-C., Richter, M. M., Pauli, P., &

Raichle, M. E. & Mintun, M. A. (2006). Brain Work and Brain Imaging, Annual Review of

Riecker, A., Wildgruber, D., Mathiak, K., Grodd, W., & Ackermann, H. (2003). Parametric

Sato, H., Kiguchi, M., Maki, A., Fuchino, Y., Obata, A., Yoro, T., & Koizumi H. (2006).

Sharma, N., Pomeroy, V. M., & J. C. Baron. (2006). Motor Imagery: a Backdoor to the Motor

Steinmetz, H., Fürst, G., & Meyer, B. U. (1989). Craniocerebral Topography within the

Suzuki, M., Miyai, I., Ono, T., Oda, I., Konishi, I., Kochiyama, T., & Kubota, K. (2004).

Tan, R.P., Wang, S.Y., Jiang, Y.L, Ishida, K., Fujie, M. G., & and M. Nagano(2011). Adaptive

Villringer, A., Planck, J., Hock, C., Schleinkofer, L., & Dirnagl, U. (1993). Near Infrared

Wallois, F., Mahmoudzadeh, M., Patil, A., & Grebe, R. (2011). Usefulness of Simultaneous

*Neuroimage*, Vol.18, No.3, (March 2003), pp.731–739, ISSN 1053-8119. Sato, H., Fuchino, Y., Kiguchi, M., Katura, T., Maki, A., Yoro, T., & Koizumi, H. (2005).

Neuroscience, Vol. 29, (July 2006), pp.449-476, ISSN 1545-4126.

Anatomical Cranio-Cerebral Correlation via the International 10-20 System Oriented for Transcranial Functional Brain Mapping, *Neuroimage*, Vol.21, No.1,

Fallgatter, A. J. (2006). Event-Related Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): Are the Measurements Reliable?, *Neuroimage*, Vol.31, No.1, (January 2006),

Analysis of Rate-dependent Hemodynamic Response Functions of Cortical and Subcortical Brain Structures during Auditorily Cued Finger Tapping: a fMRI Study.

Intersubject Variability of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Signals during Sensorimotor Cortex Activation, *Journal of Biomedical Optics*, Vol.10, No.4, (August 2005), 044001,

Within-Subject Reproducibility of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Signals in Sensorimotor Activation after 6 Months, *Journal of Biomedical Optics*, Vol.11, No.1,

System after Stroke?, *Stroke*, Vol.37, No.7, (June 2006), pp.1941-1952, ISSN 0039-

International 10-20 System. *Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology*,

Prefrontal and Premotor Cortices are Involved in Adapting Walking and Running Speed on the Treadmill: an Optical Imaging Study, *Neuroimage*, Vol.23, No.3,

Control Method for Path Tracking Control of an Omni-Directional Walker Considering Center of Gravity Shift and Load Change, *International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control*, Vol.7, No.7, (July 2011), pp.4423-4434,

Spectroscopy (NIRS): a New Tool to Study Hemodynamic Changes during Activation of Brain Function in Human Adults. *Neuroscience Letters*, Vol.154, No.1-

EEG–NIRS Recording in Language Studies, *Brain and Language*, (May 2011), ISSN


Hausdorff, J. M., Yogev, G., Springer, S., Simon, E. S., & Giladi, N. (2005). Walking is More

Hitachi Medical Corporation, *Optical Topography System*, Available from

Homan, R.W., Herman, J., & Purdy, P. (1987). Cerebral Location of International 10-20

Horovitz, S. G., Fukunaga, M., de Zwart, J. A., van Gelderen, P., Fulton, S. C., Balkin, T. J.,

Horst, R.W. (2009). A Bio-Robotic Leg Orthosis for Rehabilitation and Mobility

Iseki, K., Hanakawa, T., Shinozaki, J., Nankaku, M., & Fukuyama H. (2008). Neural

Ishida, K., Wang, S. Y., Nagano, T., & Kishi, K. (2008). Development of All-way Mobile

Jiang, Y.L., Wang, S.Y., Tan, R.P., Ishida, K., Ando, T., & Fujie, M. G. (2010). The

Jiang, Y.L., Wang, S.Y., Tan, R.P., Ishida, K., Ando, T., & Fujie, M. G. (2011). Study of

Mantini, D., Marzetti L., Corbetta M., Romani G. L., & Del Gratta C. (2010). Multimodal

Miyai, I., Tanabe, C. H., Sase, I., Eda, H., Oda, I., Konishi, I., Tsunezawa, Y., Suzuki, T.,

Okada, S., Sakaki, T., Hirata, R., Okajima, Y., Uchida, S., & Tomita, Y. (2001). TEM: a

*Advanced Robotics*, Vol.14, No.7, (January 2011), pp.597-606, ISSN 0169-1864. Okamoto, M., Dan, H., Sakamoto, K., Takeo, K., Shimizu, K., Kohno, S., Oda, I., Isobe, S.,

ISBN 987-1-4244-9322-7, pp.637-640, Harbin, China, May 2011.

http://www.hitachi-medical.co.jp/product/opt/etg/index.html

Vol.66, No.4, (April, 1987), pp.376-382, ISSN 0013-4694.

Vol.41, No.3, (July 2008), pp.1021-1031, ISSN 1053-8119.

No.6 (June 2008), pp.671–682, ISSN 1097-0193.

1106.

2009.

ISSN 1342-7776.

ISSN 2185-2766.

158, ISSN 0896-0267.

1186-1192, ISSN 1053-8119.

Like Catching than Tapping: Gait in the Elderly as a Complex Cognitive Task. *Experimental Brain Research*. Vol.164, No.4, (April 2005), pp.541-548, ISSN 1432-

System Electrode Placement. *Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology*,

Duyn, J. H. (2008). Low Frequency BOLD Fluctuations during Resting Wakefulness and Light Sleep: a Simultaneous EEG-fMRI Study. *Human Brain Mapping*, Vol.29,

Enhancement, *Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS*, ISBN 978-1-4244-3296-7, pp. 5030-5033, Moffett Field, USA, September

Mechanisms Involved in Mental Imagery and Observation of Gait, *Neuroimage*,

Walker, *The Journal of Physical Medicine*, Vol.19, No.4, (December 2008), pp.246-250,

Possibility of Quickening Walking Rehabilitation by Imaginary Walking, *ICIC Express Letters, Part B: Applications*, Vol.1, No.2, (December 2010), pp.189-194,

Activation in Motor Cortex during Mental Imagery of Walking Using fNIRS, *Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering*,

Integration of fMRI and EEG Data for High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Analysis of Brain Networks, *Brain Topography*, Vol.23, No. 2, (June 2010), pp.150-

Yanagida, T., & Kubota, K., Cortical Mapping of Gait in Human: a Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Topography Study, *NeuroImage*, Vol.14, No.5, (November 2001),

Therapeutic Exercise Machine for the Lower Extremities of Spastic Patients,

Suzuki, T., Kohyama, K., & Dan, I. (2004). Three-Dimensional Probabilistic

Anatomical Cranio-Cerebral Correlation via the International 10-20 System Oriented for Transcranial Functional Brain Mapping, *Neuroimage*, Vol.21, No.1, (January 2004), 99-111, ISSN 1053-8119.


**10** 

*Japan* 

**Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Assessment of** 

This chapter aims to shed light on developmental cognitive neuroscience studies that use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to examine the cortical response in developmental psychology and child psychiatry. NIRS was first applied to the human brain in 1977 (Jöbsis, 1977) for the noninvasive measurement of the haemodynamic activation in the cerebral cortex. NIRS is advantageous over other neuroimaging methods in terms of its ease of measurement and low cost. Therefore, extensive studies have investigated neural correlates using the NIRS technique in healthy people and in neurological or psychiatric patients. Furthermore, NIRS has been applied to multiple age groups from neonates to adults. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to provide an exhaustive list of the neuroscience research based on NIRS. Here, we focus mainly on the studies that examine cognitive function from

We believe that studies on brain function in children from birth to adolescence who are healthy or have psychiatric disorders provides knowledge about the trajectory of cognitive and neural development. The advantages of NIRS over magnetoencephalography (MEG) or functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) include easy measurement and less susceptibility to signal distortion by motion artefacts (Gervain et al., 2011; Lloyd-Fox et al., 2010). Furthermore, NIRS enables the measurement of human cerebral activity in less restricted and less noisy conditions. This advantage is particularly important in studies that investigate children from infancy to adolescence. NIRS enables researchers to easily present auditory stimuli (Kaneko et al., 2011) and to conduct experiments in relatively natural social settings (Ito et al., 2011). NIRS can be performed on infants even while they sit upright on

the viewpoint of developmental cognitive neuroscience.

**1. Introduction** 

**Haemodynamic Activation in the Cerebral** 

**Cortex – A Review in Developmental** 

**Psychology and Child Psychiatry** 

Hitoshi Kaneko1, Toru Yoshikawa2, Hiroyuki Ito3, Kenji Nomura1, Takashi Okada2 and Shuji Honjo1

*1Center for Developmental Clinical Psychology* 

*Hamamatsu University School of Medicine* 

*2Department of Psychiatry for Parents and Children,* 

*3Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Center for Child Development,* 

*and Psychiatry, Nagoya University* 

*Nagoya University Hospital* 

Wagner, J., Stephan, T., Kalla, R., Brückmann, H., Strupp, M., Brandt, T., & Jahn K. (2008). Mind the Bend: Cerebral Activations Associated with Mental Imagery of Walking along a Curved Path, *Experimental Brain Research*, Vol.191, No.2, (November 2008), pp.247-255, ISSN 1432-1106.
