**7. References**


the shifting to lower wavenumber (approximately 1630cm-1) justify the way of disappearance of the Amide I band and the change in the structure of proteins from alpha –

The bands at the region 1280 - 1170 cm-1 are attributed to the presence of O-C-C, O-C(O)-C groups due to the peroxidation of membranes. Thus, the presence of characteristic bands in

FT-IR spectra showed that hyperoxidation of lipids, phospholipids and membranes take place during atherogenesis. The plaque formation and the increase of LDL lead to change of tertiary structure of proteins from α-helix to random one. FT-IR spectra clearly revealed prominent spectral features corresponding to plaque constituents such as the presence of lipids, lipid esters, fibrous tissues and phosphate group (calcification). Spectral data were correlated well with patients' analyses. The present work demonstrates that infrared spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate the chemical composition of coronary and carotid arteries. In vivo information about the chemical composition of atherosclerotic lesions may provide a powerful method to detect and characterize sites of atherosclerosis.

Anastassopoulou, J., Boukaki, E., Conti, C., Ferraris, P., Giorgini, E., Rubini, C., Sabbatini, S.,

Anastassopoulou, J. & TheophanidesT.(1990). Raman studies of model vesicle systems*.* J

Arrondo, J.L.R. & Goni, F.M. (1998). Infrared studies of protein-induced perturbation of

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Bolanos-Garcia, V.C. & Miguel, R.N. (2003). On the structure and function of

Chua-anusorn, W. & Webb, J. (2000). Infrared spectroscopic studies of nanoscale iron oxide

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Deleris, G. & Petibois, C. (2003). Applications of FT-IR spectrometry to plasma contents analysis and monitoring. *Vibrational Spectroscopy*, Vol. 32, pp.129–136

colon tissues. *Journal of Molecular Structure*, Vol. 881, pp. 46-51

pathological breast tissues. *Vibrational Spectroscopy*, Vol. 51, pp.270-275 Anastassopoulou, J. & Dovas, A. (2007). *Metal ions and cancer*. In S Missailidis(Ed.), The

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helix to random coil due to free radicals reactions.

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*and Molecular Biology*, Vol. 83, pp. 47-68

**6. Conclusions** 

**7. References** 

53–68

No.9, pp. 1073-101

Vol. 79, pp.303–309

the region 4000 -400 cm-1 confirms the peroxidation of membranes.


**17** 

*Israel* 

**Chemometrics of Cells and** 

Ranjit Kumar Sahu and Shaul Mordechai\*

**Tissues Using IR Spectroscopy –** 

**Relevance in Biomedical Research** 

*Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva* 

Biochemical analyses of substances rely upon the ability of techniques to identify qualitatively and quantitatively the components present and are based on physicochemical characteristics as well as chemical nature of substances being detected. While chemical analyses usually depend on reactions of a given substance and can be destructive, spectral studies are usually non-destructive and deal with describing a substance based on properties like absorption or transmission of light (e.g. UV, Visible, Infrared (IR)), light scattering ability, fluorescence /phosphorescence using various optical techniques. Thus, the technique (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy has gained prominence in both research and applications in different fields of science. Among the various techniques, IR spectroscopy owing to its lower potency of causing damage compared to X-rays, gamma rays and UV rays (as it is based on weak vibrational energies) has become the technique of choice during chemical analysis of substances. IR spectroscopy can not only provide information about the various components in a complex material but is also unique in its ability to be modified into different kinds of instrumentations based on requirement. The various IR spectroscopy based instruments from a simple IR based spectroscope that helps to obtain the absorbance spectra of a chemical compound to the complex imaging systems that employ computational methods in addition to the technical sophistication are based on a simple principle that every compound or a particular combination of compounds can be described by means of a FTIR (Fourier transform infra red) spectra qualitatively and

The guiding principle of all such analyses lies in the fact that when IR radiation of different wave numbers are simultaneously passed through a sample, specific wave numbers are absorbed based on the vibrations of molecules, creating a unique fingerprint of each sample, from a simple molecule like a protein molecule to a more complex structure like eukaryotic tissues. In spite of the fact that the cells and tissues can be discriminated based on their spectral fingerprints in the mid IR/NIR region, their signatures are the result of contribution from several biological components that at times absorb at similar or overlapping wave

**1. Introduction** 

quantitatively.

Corresponding Author

 \*

