**Section 1**

**Brain Activity and Clinical Research** 

2 Infrared Spectroscopy – Life and Biomedical Sciences

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**1** 

*USA* 

**Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in** 

**Intensive Care Units – An Example of Implementation of a New Technology** 

Barbara Engelhardt and Maria Gillam-Krakauer

*Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN* 

**the Management of Patients in Neonatal** 

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic technique which uses the NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum to gain information about natural samples through their absorption of NIR light. This method is used in several branches of science. In medicine, it was first used in adult patients, who were placed on by-pass during cardiac surgery to follow cerebral oxygenation, cerebral rSO2 (rSO2-c,) and thereby perfusion and metabolism of the brain. Its many other possibilities soon became apparent. Although the brain remains the main organ of interest in patients of all ages, other tissues are being studied as well. Aside from cardiac surgery clinicians in specialties such as sports medicine, plastic surgery (to assess flap viability), and neonatology apply NIRS in clinical

By the late 1980's the first studies on monitoring of regional oxygenation in the neonatal brain were published. (Delpy et al., 1987; Edwards et al., 1988) In 2004 on average one new article on NIRS was published in Pub Med every day. (Ferrari et at, 2004) Monitoring of vital signs in the ICUs has scientific and patient care related goals. One may be able to gain better understanding of physiology and be alerted to changes in patient status to be able to

The vulnerability of the neonate, especially of the newborn brain, to changes in oxygenation is an ever present concern as it is linked to long-term outcome. For that reason neonatologists are obligated to find ways to monitor their patients to be ahead of evolving

As early as 1999 the NINDS and NIH hosted a workshop for experts in the fields of neurology and neonatology to discuss the use of NIRS for cerebral monitoring in infants. The panel determined that the best NIRS instrument should be selected and used in longitudinal, blinded studies. Obtained data would need to be compared with short term, intermediate and long term outcomes. The questions the panel suggested to investigate were the predictive value of NIRS and its usefulness in leading to timely interventions and prevention of long term injury. (www.ninds.nih.gov/news\_andevents/proceedings/

pathology and avoid the severe impact of negative events.

**1. Introduction** 

settings. (Feng et al., 2001)

respond immediately.
