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**18** 

*Portugal* 

**Characterization of Bone and Bone-Based** 

Despite its static appearance, bone is a very dynamic living tissue that undergoes constant remodelling throughout life. After blood, bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue in human medicine, and thus a thorough characterization of this material is of crucial importance. For instance, although it has been accepted that the whole bone strength is related to the bone mineral density (BMD), changes in this parameter often do not correlate with the probability of fracture. To improve the mechanical performance of bone, other material properties related to bone quality, and not only quantity, have to be investigated. FTIR spectroscopy constitutes an excellent tool to characterize the bone matrix because its main components (carbonated hydroxyapatite and collagen) absorb infrared radiation at distinct, almost complementary, regions within the 500-4000 cm-1 range. This not only enables the study of the main contributions of each component separately, but also allows a further investigation of relevant parameters that mostly affect the structural and mechanical properties of bone, as well as its active metabolism. Furthermore, FTIR analysis, particularly when combined with microscopic technologies, enables the measurement of spatial variations in bone composition, allowing their correlation with micro-to-macro morphostructural properties. In clinical studies, this allows the comparison between sound and diseased bone, and the analysis of therapeutic effects of drugs, among many other examples. On the other hand, FTIR spectroscopy is also commonly used to characterize bone grafts. Moreover, evidence that optimizing the osteointegration requires a fundamental knowledge of the material properties both of the bone graft and of the host bone tissue, has driven to

extensive research on this subject, often supported by FTIR spectroscopy.

Besides providing mechanical support, bone also plays diverse important metabolic functions. Even though bones possess various sizes and shapes, they share general chemical and structural features that, despite a static appearance on adult vertebrates, vary with and within species (Gamsjaeger et al., 2010; Mkukuma et al., 2004). In fact, among similar individuals, bone properties change with age, nutrition, hormonal equilibrium and health condition, in addition to other factors such as biomechanical environment (Aerssens et al., 1997; Fratzl et al., 2004). These variations are relatively restricted due to the constant remodelling processes that re-establish equilibrium. The bone turnover or remodelling, that consists on the resorption,

**2. Bone composition and structure** 

**1. Introduction** 

**Graft Materials Using FTIR Spectroscopy** 

M.M. Figueiredo, J.A.F. Gamelas and A.G. Martins *Chemical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra* 

Zhang, L.; Small, G.W.; Haka, A.S.; Kidder, L.H. & Lewis, E.N. (2003) Classification of Fourier transform infrared microscopic imaging data of human breast cells by cluster analysis and artificial neural networks. *Appl Spectrosc*. 2003 Jan;57(1):14-22.
