**Editors IX**

### **Preface XIX**


Chapter 8 **Power Allocation Procedure for Wireless Sensor Networks with Integrated Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Communications and Radar Capabilities 165**  Gholamreza Alirezaei, Rudolf Mathar and Daniel Bielefeld

Chapter 9 **Cooperative Localization and Object Recognition in Autonomous UWB Sensor Networks 179**  Rudolf Zetik, Honghui Yan, Elke Malz, Snezhana Jovanoska, Guowei Shen, Reiner S. Thomä, Rahmi Salman, Thorsten Schultze, Robert Tobera, Hans-Ingolf Willms, Lars Reichardt, Malgorzata Janson, Thomas Zwick, Werner Wiesbeck,

Chapter 10 **Pedestrian Recognition Based on 24 GHz Radar Sensors 241** Steffen Heuel and Hermann Rohling

Tobias Deißler and Jörn Thielecke


Chapter 15 **UWB in Medicine – High Performance UWB Systems for Biomedical Diagnostics and Short Range Communications 439**  Dayang Lin, Michael Mirbach, Thanawat Thiasiriphet, Jürgen Lindner, Wolfgang Menzel, Hermann Schumacher, Mario Leib and Bernd Schleicher

*Reiner Thomä* received the Dipl.-Ing. (M.S.E.E.), Dr.-Ing. (Ph.D.E.E.), and the Dr.-Ing. habil. degrees in electrical engineering and information technology from Technische Hochschule Ilmenau, Germany, in 1975, 1983, and 1989, respectively.

From 1975 to 1988, he was a Research Associate in the fields of electronic circuits, measurement engineering, and digital signal processing at the same university. From 1988 to 1990, he was a Research Engineer at the Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (Zentrum für Wissenschaftlichen Gerätebau). During this period he was working in the field of radio surveillance. In 1991, he spent a three-month sabbatical leave at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (Lehrstuhl für Nachrichtentechnik). Since 1992, he has been a Professor of electrical engineering (electronic measurement) at TU Ilmenau where he was the Director of the Institute of Communications and Measurement Engineering from 1999 until 2005. With his group, he has contributed to many European and German research projects and clusters such as WINNER, PULSERS, EUWB, NEWCOM, COST 273, 2100, IC 1004, EASY-A, EASY-C. Currently he is the speaker of the German nation-wide DFG priority funding project UKoLOS, Ultra-Wideband Radio Technologies for Communications, Localization and Sensor Applications (SPP 1202).

His research interests include measurement and digital signal processing methods (correlation and spectral analysis, system identification, sensor arrays, compressive sensing, time-frequency and cyclostationary signal analysis), their application in mobile radio and radar systems (multidimensional channel sounding, propagation measurement and parameter estimation, MIMO-, mm-wave-, and ultra-wideband radar), measurement-based performance evaluation of MIMO transmission systems including over-the-air testing in virtual electromagnetic environments, and UWB sensor systems for object detection, tracking and imaging.

Since 1999 he has been serving as chair of the IEEE-IM TC-13 on Measurement in Wireless and Telecommunications. In 2007 he was awarded IEEE Fellow Member and received the Thuringian State Research Award for Applied Research both for contributions to high-resolution multidimensional channel sounding.

*Reinhard H. Knöchel* received the Dipl.-Ing. in Electrical Engineering in 1975, and the Dr.-Ing. in 1980 from the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany. From 1980 to 1986 he was a principal scientist at the Philips Research Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany. In 1986 he joined the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, where he was a Full Professor in Microwave Electronics until November 1993. Since December 1993 he holds the Chair in Microwave Engineering with the University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. From July 2010-July 2012 he was Dean of the Department. His research interests include active and passive microwave components, ultra-wideband technology, microwave and field measurement techniques, industrial microwave sensors, radar and magnetic field sensors. Dr. Knöchel is a Fellow of the IEEE "for

contributions to microwave systems and sensors for industrial process control".

*Reinhard H. Knöchel* received the Dipl.-Ing. in Electrical Engineering in 1975, and the Dr.-Ing. in 1980 from the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany. From 1980 to 1986 he was a principal scientist at the Philips Research Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany. In 1986 he joined the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, where he was a Full Professor in Microwave Electronics until November 1993. Since December 1993 he holds the Chair in Microwave Engineering with the University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. From July 2010-July 2012 he was Dean of the Department. His research interests include active and passive microwave components, ultra-wideband technology, microwave and field measurement techniques, industrial microwave sensors, radar and magnetic field sensors. Dr. Knöchel is a Fellow of the IEEE "for contributions to microwave systems and sensors for industrial process control".

*Jürgen Sachs* is a Senior Lecturer at Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany. He teaches "Basics of Electrical Measurement Technology", "Measurements in Communications" and "Ultra-Wideband Radar Sensing". He is a head of several research projects, and inter alia coordinator of European projects for humanitarian demining and disaster relief. His research areas cover RF-signal analysis and RFsystem identification; Surface Penetrating Radar for non-destructive testing and medical engineering, ultra wideband methods and their application in high resolution radar and impedance spectroscopy, digital processing of ultra wideband signals, array

processing; and design and implementation of new RF device approaches.

*Jürgen Sachs* is a Senior Lecturer at Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany. He teaches "Basics of Electrical Measurement Technology", "Measurements in Communications" and "Ultra-Wideband Radar Sensing". He is a head of several research projects, and inter alia coordinator of European projects for humanitarian demining and disaster relief. His research areas cover RF-signal analysis and RFsystem identification; Surface Penetrating Radar for non-destructive testing and medical engineering, ultra wideband methods and their application in high resolution radar and impedance spectroscopy, digital processing of ultra wideband signals, array processing; and design and implementation of new RF device approaches.

*Ingolf Willms* received the diploma degree in electrical engineering from the RWTH Aachen University in 1977 and the Ph.D. with honours from the former Gerhard-Mercator University Duisburg in 1983. He was awarded for both degrees. He then worked for Dräger in Lübeck for 6 years before he returned to University Duisburg-Essen in 1990 taking up the position of Professor in Information Technology. His research interests include automatic fire alarm systems, especially video detectors and

He is co-recipient of the Best Paper Award presented at 2011 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Since 1996 he is member of the Executive Committee of the European Society for Automatic Alarm Systems (EUSAS) and is secretary of this

detector test systems, and ultra-wideband radar systems for fire and security.

society since 2006.

*Ingolf Willms* received the diploma degree in electrical engineering from the RWTH Aachen University in 1977 and the Ph.D. with honours from the former Gerhard-Mercator University Duisburg in 1983. He was awarded for both degrees. He then worked for Dräger in Lübeck for 6 years before he returned to University Duisburg-Essen in 1990 taking up the position of Professor in Information Technology. His research interests include automatic fire alarm systems, especially video detectors and detector test systems, and ultra-wideband radar systems for fire and security.

He is co-recipient of the Best Paper Award presented at 2011 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband. Since 1996 he is member of the Executive Committee of the European Society for Automatic Alarm Systems (EUSAS) and is secretary of this society since 2006.

*Thomas Zwick* received the Dipl.-Ing. (M.S.E.E.) and the Dr.-Ing. (Ph.D.E.E.) degrees from the Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany in 1994 and 1999, respectively. From 1994 to 2001 he was a Research Assistant at the Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE) at the Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany. February 2001 he joined IBM as research staff member at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY, USA. From October 2004 to September 2007 T. Zwick was with Siemens AG, Lindau, Germany. During this period he managed the RF development team for automotive radars. In October 2007 he became appointed as a Full Professor at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany. T. Zwick is the Director of the

His research topics include wave propagation, stochastic channel modeling, channel measurement techniques, material measurements, microwave techniques, millimeter wave antenna and system design, wireless communication and radar system design. He participated as an expert in the European COST231 Evolution of Land Mobile Radio (Including Personal) Communications and COST259 Wireless Flexible Personalized Communications. For the Carl Cranz Series for Scientific Education he served as a lecturer for Wave Propagation. He received the best paper award on the Intern. Symp. on Spread Spectrum Techn. and Appl. ISSSTA 1998. In 2005 he received the Lewis award for outstanding paper at the IEEE International Solid State Circuits Conference. Since 2008 he is president of the Institute for Microwaves and Antennas (IMA). T. Zwick became selected as a distinguished microwave lecturer for the 2013 – 2015 period. He is author or co-author of over 200 technical papers and over 20

Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE) at the KIT.

patents.

*Thomas Zwick* received the Dipl.-Ing. (M.S.E.E.) and the Dr.-Ing. (Ph.D.E.E.) degrees from the Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany in 1994 and 1999, respectively. From 1994 to 2001 he was a Research Assistant at the Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE) at the Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany. February 2001 he joined IBM as research staff member at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY, USA. From October 2004 to September 2007 T. Zwick was with Siemens AG, Lindau, Germany. During this period he managed the RF development team for automotive radars. In October 2007 he became appointed as a Full Professor at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany. T. Zwick is the Director of the Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE) at the KIT.

His research topics include wave propagation, stochastic channel modeling, channel measurement techniques, material measurements, microwave techniques, millimeter wave antenna and system design, wireless communication and radar system design. He participated as an expert in the European COST231 Evolution of Land Mobile Radio (Including Personal) Communications and COST259 Wireless Flexible Personalized Communications. For the Carl Cranz Series for Scientific Education he served as a lecturer for Wave Propagation. He received the best paper award on the Intern. Symp. on Spread Spectrum Techn. and Appl. ISSSTA 1998. In 2005 he received the Lewis award for outstanding paper at the IEEE International Solid State Circuits Conference. Since 2008 he is president of the Institute for Microwaves and Antennas (IMA). T. Zwick became selected as a distinguished microwave lecturer for the 2013 – 2015 period. He is author or co-author of over 200 technical papers and over 20 patents.

Preface

Sometimes history seems to repeat. Even in the so-called 'mature' technological fields. When the radio pioneers such as Heinrich Hertz, Guglielmo Marconi, and Alexander Stepanovich Popov made their first experiments of wireless transmission more than a hundred years ago using spark-gap transmitters with simple coherer-detectors they did not care which 'frequency band' they were using, nor did they worry about their signals being 'spectrally efficient' or 'band limited'. The world of radio frequency regulation was very simple then since regulations have not yet existed. Over the years this has dramatically changed. The frequency band was subdivided into small 'boxes' of different sizes, regulated and supervised. The rules governing these 'bands' are strict and vary with the respective region, time and demand. Sometimes even frequency bands of a few tens or hundreds MHz are sold by auction for millions or even billions of dollars. Hence 'Spectral Dividend' became a key word in the media. Scientists worldwide have begun an intensive search for a more efficient usage of the available frequency spectrum. One of the ideas, which came more and more into the center of attention, was to use signals with very low spectral density yet huge instantaneous bandwidth. This 'underlaying' technique allows the reuse of the spectrum, which is already occupied by other narrowband users. The proactive release of a 'new' frequency band of several GHz (3.1 GHz – 10.6 GHz) in February 2002 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) hastened research in this field immensely. With such a technique the ultra-wide frequency band can be used without any further spectral slicing even though there are already a large number of established users and services within it! Thus, contrary to the mainstream of contemporary wireless technology, bandwidth efficiency becomes of minor concern again for interference mitigation as in the early days of Hertz and Marconi. However, severe limitations in terms of power spectral density emission are placed on the emitted signals as the first measure of interference mitigation and to avoid a slipshod

use of our limited spectral resources as in the early days of Marconi.

So, what is it that makes ultra-wideband (UWB) so interesting for research and emerging applications? What are the paradigm shifts and challenges for circuit and system design? What does it hold for new and pioneering applications? In order to answer these questions the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) has funded a nation-wide priority-funding program called 'Ultra-Wideband Radio Technologies for Communications, Localization and
