**2.1.2 Loci and allelic variation**

The ideal, non-inbred source population for the founders was set to have 30 loci per founder, each with 100 alleles of equal frequency (frequency = 0.01 per allele). NEWGARDEN randomly draws two alleles for each locus from the source population when creating a founder's genotype. In each new generation, every individual was censused for its allelic status at each of the 30 loci to generate the genetic diversity output statistics.

#### **2.1.3 Mating system**

All individuals are bisexual with 100% outcrossing.

#### **2.1.4 Offspring production**

The age-specific reproduction rate (r) specified in all input files (based on population development at West Salem) was held constant as shown in Table 1. In the intermediate years not defined, the rate of offspring production is linearly interpolated between the bounding age values. An established offspring does not reach reproductive age until its eighth year (Table 1). Offspring production is distributed across eligible reproducing individuals according to a Poisson distribution. As in natural settings, reproductive individuals may create multiple offspring, but all of these may not establish into saplings. Offspring counted in a generation's reproduction rate are potential recruits for establishment and growth at a grid point. The number of such potential recruits does not indicate the exact size of the newly established cohort for any particular age in one bout of mating. See mortality for ways in which potential offspring "die" or fail to establish in NEWGARDEN.

#### **2.1.5 Age-specific pollen rate**

For established individuals, the relative rate of serving as an eligible pollen donor that contributes pollen to a given mating is conditioned by its age according to Table 1. Pollen production is proportional relative to the highest value in the input. For the ages that are not specified by the input values, the pollen rate is linearly interpolated. Once NEWGARDEN selects an age-class and distance class (see below) for the pollen donor, one donor is chosen at random for a particular mating from the pool of eligible potential donors.

#### **2.1.6 Mortality**

Individuals can "die" in a number of different ways during a trial run. Death means that the individual is removed from the grid system and from further population processes and analyses. If the offspring is distributed outside of the defined preserve grid system, it automatically dies. An offspring will die in the event that it lands on a grid point that is already occupied by an individual that will survive to the next generation. When an ovule isn't pollinated since an eligible pollen donor is not within the range of the ovule producer, this counts as a reproductive event followed by immediate death of the potential offspring. If two or more offspring land at the same grid point, one is randomly chosen as the survivor with others deleted. Death of individuals is also age-dependent as specifiable by the user. For all trials here, age-specific probabilities of dying are given in Table 1. Ages without a specified risk of death are linearly interpolated between bounding values. In our trials, founders reach age 114, so there is a probability that several founders are still alive by the end of the trial run.


Table 1. Input Parameters Held Constant. User specified age-specific input conditions for reproductive rate, pollen provisioning, and mortality used in all trials. Values not given were interpolated between the bounding values. See text for more details.
