**4.2 Evolutionary implications**

Natural populations establish with varying numbers of founders (often low numbers), degrees of isolation, and geometry of founding. Interpopulation and interspecific life history variation compound the complexity of establishment events as indicated in trials here. The results above suggest that these factors can interact differentially among newly founded populations, and that even seemingly slight differences in initial conditions (e.g., just 500 m difference in founder placement) may have significant effects on the future trajectories of population growth and genetic diversity measures. NEWGARDEN can be used to explore this variation in theoretical and existing situations.
