**3. Results**


The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among populations at 0.01 for seed width and 0.001 for other characters. Mean values and multiple comparisons of studied morphological characters shown in Tables 2.

Table 2. Mean values of studied morphological characters and results of Duncan test.

According to Table 2, Population of Kbrsck2 is in the first homogeny group according to all characters and population of Ilgaz1 is too except wing length. These populations showed lowest performance for thirteen characters. Populations of Aladağ, Balldağ1 and Balldağ2 showed highest performance. Aladağ population (except wing width), Balldağ1 and Balldağ2 populations (except carpel scape width) are in the last homogeny group according to Duncan test. These populations showed the highest performance almost for all characters. The mean values and standard deviation of morphological characters by populations are shown in Table 2 (Şevik, 2010).

Average carpel length is 35,41 mm, carpel width is 30,27 mm, scale length is 26,96 mm and scale width is 5,32 mm. According to results of variance; carpel length 12,4%, carpel width

The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among populations at 0.01 for seed width and 0.001 for other characters. Mean values and multiple comparisons

Bafra1 33.31±0.81 a 25.21±0.82 ab 28.70±1.01 abcd **4.87±0.14 a**  Bafra2 33.32±0.98 a **24.70±0.92 a 27.63±1.12 a** 5.12±0.21 abc İskilip1 36.41±0.68 cdef 27.36±0.61 bcde 31.01±0.71 cde 5.08±0.11 abc İskilip2 36.18±0.85 cdef 26.50±0.63 abcde 31.07±0.90 de 5.00±0.12 ab Türkeli **33.54±0.87 a** 25.69±0.5 abc 27.86±0.85 a 5.29±0.14 abcd Ilgaz1 33.71±0.78 ab 25.33±0.66 ab 28.39±0.60 ab 5.18±0.13 abc Ilgaz2 36.39±0.95 cdef 27.83±0.67 cde 29.87±0.82 abcde 5.41±0.12 bcd Ilgaz3 34.86±0.64 abcd 26.95±0.65 bcde 28.47±0.82 abc 5.10±0.12 abc Balldağ1 36.99±0.73 ef **28.69±0.62 e 32.17±0.69 e 5.71±0.16 d**  Balldağ2 36.56±0.55 cdef 28.06±0.66 de 31.53±0.69 e 5.50±0.11 cd Balldağ3 36.30±0.56 cdef 27.73±0.53 cde 30.87±0.61 bcde 5.65±0.12 d Samatlar 36.06±0.52 bcdef 27.77±0.52 cde 31.56±0.68 e 5.67±0.12 d Eflani 34.04±0.53 abc 26.34±0.58 abcd 29.97±0.63 abcde 5.18±0.12 abc Aladağ **37.43±0.84 f** 28.21±1.12 de 32.07±0.66 e 5.53±0.15 cd Kbrsck2 34.12±0.76 abc 25.79±0.69 abc 30.86±0.64 bcde 5.29±0.17 abcd Kbrsck1 36.65±0.70 def 27.93±0.58 cde 31.93±0.72 e 5.45±0.15 bcd Göynük 36.11±0.70 bcdef 28.15±0.68 de 30.67±0.72 bcde 5.45±0.11 bcd Av. 35.41±0.72 26.96±0.65 30.27±0.74 5.32±0.13 F 3,194\*\*\* 3,007\*\*\* 3,420\*\*\* 3.42\*\*\*

Carpel width (mm)

Scale width (mm)

Scale Length (mm)

Table 2. Mean values of studied morphological characters and results of Duncan test.

According to Table 2, Population of Kbrsck2 is in the first homogeny group according to all characters and population of Ilgaz1 is too except wing length. These populations showed lowest performance for thirteen characters. Populations of Aladağ, Balldağ1 and Balldağ2 showed highest performance. Aladağ population (except wing width), Balldağ1 and Balldağ2 populations (except carpel scape width) are in the last homogeny group according to Duncan test. These populations showed the highest performance almost for all characters. The mean values and standard deviation of morphological characters by populations are

Average carpel length is 35,41 mm, carpel width is 30,27 mm, scale length is 26,96 mm and scale width is 5,32 mm. According to results of variance; carpel length 12,4%, carpel width

of studied morphological characters shown in Tables 2.

Carpel Length (mm)

shown in Table 2 (Şevik, 2010).

**3. Results** 

Population Name

16,4%, scale length 16,2%, scale width 17,2% change of minimum values to maximum values. Maximum values of scale length (28,69 mm), carpel width (32,17 mm) and scale with (5,71 mm) determined to population of Balldağ1. Minimum values of scale length (24,7 mm) and carpel width (27,63 mm) determined to Population of Bafra2. Minimum scale width is 4,87 mm (Bafra1), minimum carpel length is 33,54 mm (Türkeli). Maximum carpel length is 37,43 mm determined to population of Aladağ.


Table 2. (Continue). Mean values of studied morphological characters and results of Duncan test.

Average carpel scape length is 4,77 mm, carpel width is 1,56 mm, carpel weight is 304,58 mg, wing length is 16,7 mm, wing width is 15,3 mm. According to results of variance; scale scape length 14,4%, scale scape width 25%, carpel weight 45,9%, wing length 42,4%, wing width 15,2% change of minimum values to maximum values.

According to the table, population of Bafra1 had shown minimum values of carpel scape length (4,17 mm) and carpel weight (245,60 mg). Iskilip1 had shown Maximum values of carpel weight (358,38 mg) and wing width (16,4 mm). Minimum values; wing width is 14,04 mm (Bafra1), carpel scape width is 1,4 mm (Eflani) and wing length is 13,27 mm (Türkeli). Maximum values; wing length is 18,9 mm (Kbrsck1), carpel scape width is 1,75 mm (Iskilip1) and carpel scape length is 5,13 mm (Balldağ2).



Table 2. (Continue). Mean values of studied morphological characters and results of Duncan test.

Average values of seed length (11,64 mm), seed width (5,89 mm), seed thickness (3,97) and seed weight (81,58 mg) are shown in the table. According to the table minimum seed length (10,83 mm) and seed thickness (3,73 mm) values are determined to population of Ilgaz1, minimum seed width (5,61 mm) and seed weight (71,72 mg) values are determined to population of Kbrsck2. Maximum values of seed length is 12,57 mm (Balldağ2), seed width is 6,36 mm (Eflani), seed thickness is 4,34 mm (Kbrsck1) and seed weight is 109,11 mg (Balldağ2).

On the cluster dendrogram constructed on the basis of Euclidean distances with the use of the nearest neighbourhood method for 13 quantitative morphological traits, two distinct

Maximum values; wing length is 18,9 mm (Kbrsck1), carpel scape width is 1,75 mm

The mean values and standard deviation of morphological characters by populations are

Bafra1 11.00±0.34 ab 5.74±0.11 abc 3.97±0.09 ab 81.58±5.41 abcde Bafra2 10.84±0.39 a 5.78±0.12 abcd 3.82±0.14 a 85.84±7.66 abcde İskilip1 11.63±0.28 abcd 6.12±0.13 de 3.92±0.08 ab 84.55±4.38 abcde İskilip2 11.46±0.22 abc 5.93±0.12 abcd 3.90±0.07 ab 72.94±4.29 ab Türkeli 11.44±0.18 abc 5.95±0.14 abcd 3.94±0.10 ab 79.97±4.85 abc Ilgaz1 **10.83±0.23 a** 5.65±0.12 ab **3.73±0.08 a** 74.71±3.73 ab Ilgaz2 12.01±0.28 cdef 5.86±0.12 abcd 4.03±0.08 ab 95.57±4.60 defg Ilgaz3 11.48±0.16 abc 5.65±0.07 ab 3.77±0.06 a 80.41±3.05 abcd Balldağ1 12.46±0.21 ef 6.07±0.09 cde 4.22±0.09 ab 103.29±4.53 fg Balldağ2 **12.57±0.17 f** 6.05±0.08 cde 4.33±0.08 b **109.11±3.82 g**  Balldağ3 12.36±0.22 def 5.85±0.09 abcd 4.05±0.07 ab 94.71±3.90 cdefg Samatlar 11.77±0.25 bcde 5.85±0.08 abcd 3.83±0.09 a 91.68±4.66 cdef Eflani 11.16±0.24 ab **6.36±0.12 e** 3.90±0.07 ab 87.96±4.29 bcde Aladağ 11.99±0.26 cdef 5.99±0.12 bcd 4.07±0.14 ab 95.42±7.44 defg Kbrsck2 11.06±0.19 ab **5.61±0.08 a** 3.77±0.05 a **71.72±2.78 a**  Kbrsck1 11.67±0.25 bcde 5.76±0.13 abcd **4.34±0.43 b** 83.27±4.59 abcde Göynük 12.15±0.24 cdef 5.96±0.08 abcd 3.93±0.1 ab 96.80±4.65 efg

Seed Thickness (mm)

Seed Weight (mg)

Seed Width (mm)

Av. 11.64±0.23 5.89±0.1 3.97±0.1 81.58±4.05 F 5,123\*\*\* 3,451\*\*\* 1,789\*\* 5,942\*\*\*

Table 2. (Continue). Mean values of studied morphological characters and results of Duncan

Average values of seed length (11,64 mm), seed width (5,89 mm), seed thickness (3,97) and seed weight (81,58 mg) are shown in the table. According to the table minimum seed length (10,83 mm) and seed thickness (3,73 mm) values are determined to population of Ilgaz1, minimum seed width (5,61 mm) and seed weight (71,72 mg) values are determined to population of Kbrsck2. Maximum values of seed length is 12,57 mm (Balldağ2), seed width is 6,36 mm (Eflani), seed thickness is 4,34 mm (Kbrsck1) and seed weight is 109,11

On the cluster dendrogram constructed on the basis of Euclidean distances with the use of the nearest neighbourhood method for 13 quantitative morphological traits, two distinct

(Iskilip1) and carpel scape length is 5,13 mm (Balldağ2).

shown in Table 2 (Şevik, 2010).

Seed Length (mm)

Population Name

test.

mg (Balldağ2).

groups can be noticed: the first is İskilip1, İskilip2, Balldağ2, Göynük, Samatlar, Aladağ, Kbrsck1 and the others. The second group cans distinct two groups, Ilgaz1 and others. According to these results, it can be said that there are three main groups (Figure 2 and 3).

Fig. 2. Dendrogram of 17 population of Turkish fir based on 13 morphological traits.

According to results of cluster analysis, red color is the first group, blue color is the second group and the yellow color is the third group in the figure 3 (Şevik, 2010).

Some populations are geographically and genetically close to each other like, Bafra1 and Bafra2, Ilgaz2 and Ilgaz3, İskilip1 and İskilip2 populations. Some of them are geographically close to each other even though genetically different from each other. For example Balldağ1 and Balldağ2, İskilip1 and İskilip2 populations. On the contrary, some populations are genetically close to each other even though geographically different from each other. For example Bafra1 and Kbrsck2, İskilip1 and Göynük populations (Figure 2 and 3).

The highest 16 values calculated between Ilgaz1 and the other populations. Maximum 5 values are between the populations of Ilgaz1 and Eflani (10,3635), Kbrsck1 (9,9517), Ilgaz3 (9,2148), Türkeli and Ilgaz2 (8,4679). Minimum 5 values are 0,3029 (Bafra1 and Samatlar), 0,4078 (Bafra1 and Göynük), 0,4107 (Balldağ3 and Samatlar), 0,4673 (Bafra1 and Ilgaz2) and 0,5038 (Kbrsck2 and Göynük).

Results of correlation analyses are shown in Table 4. According to Table 4 there were positive significant correlation was found between all characters except carpel scape width and seed length, seed thickness, seed weight. The correlation between carpel scape length

and carpel scape width is significant at the 0.05 level, other all correlations are significant at the 0.01 level (Table 4).

Fig. 3. Geographic positions of populations and results of cluster analysis

Morphological distance and grouping according to Penrose formula are shown that Table 3.


Table 3. Morphological distance among populations according to Penrose Formula


Table 3. (Continue). Morphological distance among populations according to Penrose Formula


ns: Non significant, \*\*: significant at the 0.01 level, \*: significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 4. Pearson correlation coefficients among 13 morphological characters

According to results of correlation analysis the highest relations are between the carpel length and seed length (0,81), carpel width and wing length (0,80) and carpel length and carpel weight (0,78). The minimum values are determined between carpel scape width and carpel scape length (0,14), wing length (0,18) and carpel width (0,19).
