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In summary, the knowledge we have accumulated so far on the genetic structure of the studied populations allows us to infer that the large genetic differentiation that has been maintained between natural populations, especially among those of late successional stages, makes it imperative to conserve all forest remnants. One of the strategies that we believe can be effective for the conservation and restoration of these ecosystems is the establishment of green corridors to restore communication of pollinators and dispersers between forest fragments of the Tibagi River basin. Moreover, the development of SSR markers for tropical tree species would first increase our knowledge on those species genome and help the investigation of the genetic determination and evolution of some important adaptations, such as flooding tolerance. Second, it would advance our understanding of the effects of

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