**7. References**


It has been shown that the proposed PCF SPR sensor can be optimised to achieve a sensitivity of 4000 nm/RIU with regards to spectral interrogation, which is much higher than the 1000 nm/RIU and 3000 nm/RIU reported by (Hassani and Skorobogatiy 2006) and (Hautakorpi, Mattinen, and Ludvigsen 2008) respectively. In addition, the PCF SPR sensor incorporates the micro-fluidics setup, waveguide and metallic layers into a single structure. This makes the proposed design compact and more amenable to integration as compared to

With regards to fabrication, the proposed structure should be relatively easy to fabricate due to the notably large micro fluidic slots. Deposition of metal layers inside of the micro fluidic slots can be performed either with the high-pressure chemical vapor deposition technique (Sazio 2006) or electroless plating techniques used in fabrication of metalized hollow waveguides and microstructures (Harrington 2000; Takeyasu, Tanaka, and Kawata 2005).

Ademgil, H., S. Haxha, T. Gorman, and F. AbdelMalek. 2009. Bending Effects on Highly

Buksas, M. W. 2001. Implementing the perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary

Dhawan, Anuj, Michael D. Gerhold, and John F. Muth. 2008. Plasmonic structures based on

Ferrando, A., E. Silvestre, J. J. Miret, P. Andres, and M. V. Andres. 2000. Vector description

Gauvreau, Bertrand, Alireza Hassani, Majid Fassi Fehri, Andrei Kabashin, and Maksim

Harrington, J. A. 2000. A review of IR transmitting, hollow waveguides. *Fiber and Integrated* 

Hassani, A., B. Gauvreau, M. F. Fehri, A. Kabashin, and M. Skorobogatiy. 2008. Photonic

Hassani, A., and M. Skorobogatiy. 2006. Design of the microstructured optical fiber-based

Hautakorpi, Markus, Maija Mattinen, and Hanne Ludvigsen. 2008. Surface-plasmon-

application in the visible and Near-IR. *Electromagnetics* 28 (3):16.

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Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fibers With Low Chromatic Dispersion and Low

waveguide surface plasmon resonance biosensor for an aqueous environment.

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subwavelength apertures for chemical and biological sensing applications. *Ieee* 

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crystal fiber and waveguide-based surface plasmon resonance sensors for

surface plasmon resonance sensors with enhanced microfluidics. *Optics Express* 14

resonance sensor based on three-hole microstructured optical fiber. *Optics Express*

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**7. References**


**7** 

*Poland* 

*1Warsaw University of Technology* 

*2National Institute of Telecommunications* 

**On the Applicability of Photonic Crystal** 

**Membranes to Multi-Channel Propagation** 

Bartłomiej Salski1, Kamila Leśniewska-Matys1 and Paweł Szczepański1,2

The most common 2D geometrical arrangements of photonic crystals (PhC) are square and triangular (hexagonal) lattices as shown in Fig.1. Assuming that a PhC structure is expanded to infinity along the x-axis, the problem belongs to a so-called vector 2D class (Gwarek et al., 1993). However, it may frequently be simplified even further to a scalar 2D class, restricting a wave vector *k* to a PhC plane (yz-plane in Fig.1). In such a case, any electromagnetic field propagating in the PhC plane can be decomposed into two orthogonal modes, usually denoted as transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) with respect to the x-axis. Although performance of PhC-based devices relies, in most cases, on the confinement of light within a photonic bandgap (PBG), photonic crystals also exhibit remarkable dispersion properties in their transmission bands, thus opening the perspective for new optical

A lot of research activities have been undertaken in the development of planar PhC passive optical devices, like waveguides (Loncar et al., 2000; Chow et al., 2001), filters (Ren et al., 2006; Fan et al., 1998), couplers (Yamamoto et al., 2005; Tanaka et al., 2005), power splitters (Park et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2004) or, recently, active devices for laser beam generation operating as a surface-emitting microcavity laser (Srinivasan et al., 2004), a photonic bandedge laser (Vecchi et al., 2007) or an edge-emitting laser (Shih et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2009). However, PhC devices in practical realizations are of a finite thickness (see Fig.2), thus, limiting applicability of the approximate 2D modelling approach to those scenarios where the PhC's thickness is large enough with respect to wavelength. Otherwise, the problem

Similarly to 2D waveguiding slabs, optical confinement of light in thin membranes depends primarily on a contrast between the membrane's and cladding's refractive indices. Most of all, a propagating mode has to be located beyond a light cone of the cladding, if energy leakage wants to be suppressed. Secondly, the mode has to be confined within a channel processed between the surrounding photonic crystal boundaries. The photonic bandgap exists only for those modes that are totally internally reflected at the interface between the channel and the photonic crystal. Furthermore, if the membrane is deposited on a low-index dielectric film, instead of being symmetrically surrounded with air, additional complications

becomes 3D and a complete full-wave EM approach is essential.

of a design process are introduced.

**1. Introduction** 

functionalities.

Wang, K., Z. Zheng, Y. L. Su, Y. M. Wang, Z. Y. Wang, L. S. Song, J. Diamond, and J. S. Zhu. 2010. High-Sensitivity Electro-Optic-Modulated Surface Plasmon Resonance Measurement Using Multilayer Waveguide-Coupled Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. *Sensor Letters* 8 (2):370-374.
