**7. References**

198 Photonic Crystals – Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides

interaction process involves resonant enhancements of all active molecular vibrational modes, in which the frequency differences of pump and Stokes fields equal the inherent vibrational frequencies of the molecular bonds respectively. The resonantly enhanced molecular vibrations exist in quantized forms which are called the phonons. Their numbers are equal to the numbers of generated Stokes photons respectively. When a probe field propagates through the matter, the photons of the probe interact with the generated phonons. The photons with

Based on the whole quantized picture of the CARS process, we presented a phonon depletion CARS (PD-CARS) technique by introducing an additional probe beam with the frequency different from the one of the probe beam in the center of the focus. When the pump and Stokes simultaneously reaches the focus, the phonons are generated. The additional probe beam, which is shaped into a doughnut profile at the focus with a phase mask, reaches the focus a little bit earlier than the probe beam in the center of the focus. Therefore the wavelengths of the generated anti-Stokes signals at the peripheral region differ from the ones at the center of the focus and can be easily separated with a proper interference filter. By this way, the spatial resolution of the ultra-broadband T-CARS

anti-Stokes frequencies are generated, and phonons are annihilated at the same time.

microscopy can be improved greatly. The simulation result of PSF is defined as [132]:

 

Fig. 22. Simulation result of the PSF in the PD-CARS microscopy [132].

0.9 <sup>2</sup>

*r*

where Idep and max

reaches 41nm.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

**6. Conclusions and prospects** 

Intensity (arb.units)

*n*

sin 3 3 *P P*

probe field for phonon depletion in the annual region respectively. From equation (5.2), we can know that the spatial resolution of CARS microscopy will be improved by increasing the intensity of additional probe beam. The simulation result of PSF is shown in figure 22. When max *<sup>P</sup>*<sup>1</sup> *I* is fiftyfold of Idet, the spatial resolution of the ultra-broadband T-CARS microscopy


41nm

distance(nm)

In this chapter, we mainly introduce a kind of noninvasive label-free imaging technique – the ultra-broadband T-CARS spectroscopy and microscopy with SC generated by PCF. We

max max 1 1

*I I n*

*<sup>P</sup>*<sup>1</sup> *I* are intensities of phonon field at the center of the focus and additional

*dep dep*

*I I*

2 sin

, (5.2)

 


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**Part 3** 

**Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Plasmonics** 

