**Author details**

#### F. Osada

*Analysis Solution Engineering Section, 2nd Engineering Department Higashimurayama Plant Industrial Division, NIKKISO, LTD., Japan* 

#### T. Yoshioka

*Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University* 

#### **6. References**

#### Online journal

Plastic Waste Management Institute (2007) (See Japanese web site: http://www2.pwmi.or.jp/siryo/flow/flow-pdf/flow2007.pdf)

#### Journal

158 The Development and Application of Microwave Heating

coexisting in the reaction solution.

using an external heating sources.

time from 60 to 10 min.

*Analysis Solution Engineering Section,* 

**Author details** 

F. Osada

T. Yoshioka

dehydrochlorination and extraction of plasticizer.

procedure is considered as energy saving method.

*Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University* 

defined sample components) using microwave heating.

1. We found a way to selectively hydrolyze/extract DOP plasticizer and remove chlorides using high-temperature alkaline solutions by internally heating flexible PVC (made of

2. The suitability of microwave heating was acknowledged. It was also possible to separately deplasticize and dechlorinate the sample by changing the reaction temperature or the reaction control temperature. When external heating was applied using a general electric heater (Figure 9), plasticizer and chlorides were found to coexist in solution since chloride removal takes place at 250°C, the reaction temperature required to extract 100% of the plasticizer. This requires an additional step to individually separate the plasticizer and chlorides. However, using microwave heating, it is possible to separately extract plasticizer and remove chlorides by simply controlling or changing the reaction temperature without the plasticizer and chlorides

3. We believe that it is possible to use microwave heating to extract 100% of the plasticizer with no dechlorination occurring by changing/controlling the reaction temperature. The

4. According to studies using external heating, the reaction temperature for deplasticization was 250°C and for dechlorination it was 350°C, using the same flexible PVC samples in a 16mol/l NaOH solution and using external heating with an autoclave with an electric heater. However, by using microwave heating as presented in this study, 100% deplasticization is possible at 150°C and 100% dechlorination is possible at 235°C in a 8mol/l NaOH solution, which was only half the concentration required when

5. It was found that microwave heating with NaOH/EG was suitable for flexible PVC

6. Using an NaOH/EG solution, it was found that microwave heating possibly allowed the reaction temperature to be lowered from 190°C to 160°C, and shortened the reaction

7. When microwave heating was used as a heating source and NaOH/EG solution was used, it was possible to lower the concentration of NaOH to 1 mol/l instead of the conventional 8 mol/l solution used to remove the chlorides from PVC. Further, the reaction time was also shortened from the conventional 30 min to 10 min, and thus, this

*2nd Engineering Department Higashimurayama Plant Industrial Division, NIKKISO, LTD., Japan* 

residues in this case can be reused as materials recycled into PVC.


Osada F, Nagai K (2008) Converting automobile shredder residue into desified refusederived fuel (in Japanese). Jpn Soc Waste Manag Experts 19(5): 303-309

Osada F (1996) Trace ion Analysis of Ion Impurities on Secondary System of PWR Nuclear Power Plants, Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society Shikoku Branch, p.21-30

#### Book chapter

Neas E. D,Collins M. J (1988) Introduction to microwave Sample Preparation,p7-32

Osada F, Nagai K (2010) Dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride using amine additives (in Japanese). Jpn Soc Waste Manag Experts 21:1 pp19-29

Book chapter

H. M. Kingston,L. B. Jassie (1988) Introduction to microwave Sample Preparation,p93-154

Journal

Hirayama K (1954), Chemical Society of Japan No 75:667.

Shin S. M, Watanabe.S, Yoshioka.T, Okuwaki A (1997) Dechlorination behavior in high temperature alkali aqueous solution in farm PVC system polymer film, Chemical Society of Japan No1: 64-67.

**Section 3** 
