**2.1. WSN: Definition and applications**

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one type of ad hoc networks that consists of a very large number of tiny devices equipped with signal processing circuits, microcontrollers, sensors and actuators and wireless transmitters/receivers. Nodes are deployed either randomly or in a grid-like structure according to the sensing and environmental conditions and requirements [11].

WSNs have different applications; most of them are critical mission applications, for example:

	- Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition
	- Battlefield surveillance
	- Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain
	- Targeting guidance
	- Battle damage assessment
	- Nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) attack detection and reconnaissance.
	- Tracking the movements of birds, small animals, and insects
	- Monitoring environmental conditions that affect irrigation
	- Earth, and environmental monitoring in marine, soil, and atmospheric contexts
	- Forest fire detection
	- Meteorological or geophysical research
	- Flood detection

Pollution study

238 Wireless Sensor Networks – Technology and Protocols

**2. Background and literature survey** 

**2.1. WSN: Definition and applications** 

requirements [11].

Military Applications [11,12]

 Targeting guidance Battle damage assessment

Forest fire detection

Flood detection

Battlefield surveillance

Environmental Applications [13,14,15,16]

Meteorological or geophysical research

example:

and Reputation, reputation systems and trust aware routing.

Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition

 Tracking the movements of birds, small animals, and insects Monitoring environmental conditions that affect irrigation

Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain

In section 4, our enhanced routing protocol that aims to provide a secure packet delivery service guarantee by incorporating the trust awareness concept into the routing decision is presented. Our proposed protocol is called Geographic, Energy and Trust Aware Routing (GETAR) which is an enhanced version of the Geographic and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) protocol[9]. GEAR is basically a geographic routing protocol in which the next hop is selected based on two metrics: the distance between the next hop and the destination and the remaining energy level the next hop owns. The new contribution in GETAR is to add a third metric in the next-hop selection process, i.e. the risk value of a node that is computed by the rating component, CRATER[85] in our case. In section 5, we present a comparison of our approaches with previous reported work and highlight our main contributions. The

chapter finally concludes with a summary and future research directions in this field.

In this section, some background material is provided. It covers general aspects of WSN and then some specific discussions on routing protocols in WSN. This is followed by a general provision of the most familiar work related to the subject of secure routing, notion of Trust

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one type of ad hoc networks that consists of a very large number of tiny devices equipped with signal processing circuits, microcontrollers, sensors and actuators and wireless transmitters/receivers. Nodes are deployed either randomly or in a grid-like structure according to the sensing and environmental conditions and

WSNs have different applications; most of them are critical mission applications, for

Nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) attack detection and reconnaissance.

Earth, and environmental monitoring in marine, soil, and atmospheric contexts

	- Providing interfaces for the disabled
	- Integrated patient monitoring
	- Administration in hospitals
	- Tele-monitoring of human physiological data
	- Tracking and monitoring doctors and patients inside a hospital
	- Managing inventory
	- Monitoring product quality
	- Robot control and guidance in automatic manufacturing environments
	- Interactive museums
	- Monitoring disaster area
	- Smart structures with sensor nodes embedded inside
	- Vehicle tracking and detection
