**Author details**

604 Numerical Simulation – From Theory to Industry

useful to optimize the welding process.

investigations.

presented.

the future time.

**5. Conclusions** 

designers to integrate it in their subsequent design plans.

mesh preparation and increasing the related simulation time.

and useful to welding designers and practitioners, because the results have been describing the predicted or anticipated residual stresses and distortions with respect to the welding sequences, varied from simple to multiple crossing welding. In addition, the assessment of welding performance which can be taken in an efficient and fast manner allows the

Furthermore, the 3D simulation results of T-joint fillet weld may be further used as validation model for 3D welding simulations as well as for other numerical technique implementations such as mesh-less techniques, where no predefined mesh is required to build interpolation of the potential field variables investigated thus reducing cumbersome

Moreover, the relationship between the input and output variables of the welding process may be further investigated and optimized using techniques from artificial intelligence (AI) family, such as neural networks and genetic algorithm. For examples, in the single pass GTAW welding method presented in this study, the variables of welding current, voltage, welding speed and welding sequences have been examined, in which more output variables may be also examined, such as the nature and dimensions of weld bead. Thus, much more information and insights can be revealed in such a welding process, which is in turn very

It is noted here that the aspects of shrinkage were not discussed in the present paper. The aspects could be also related to the variation of welding speed. Also, it may be interesting if some welding paths in one WS are performed and simulated simultaneously thus allowing the exploitation of symmetry and anti-symmetry boundary conditions in the finite element model. The aforementioned aspects would be the subjects of further

Welding sequences effect on temperature distribution, residual stresses and distortions of T-joint fillet welds has been studied numerically in this paper. The simulation results revealed that peak temperature achieved in the welding was greatly affected by the WS and residual stress and angular distortion produced cannot both hold in minimum for a WS. The smallest longitudinal and transverse residual stresses occurred in WS-2, while the smallest angular distortion and difference in WS-4. The distributions of temperature, longitudinal and transverse residual stresses as well as angular distortions were also

Investigating the aspects of shrinkage and simultaneous welding as well as the implementations of other related numerical techniques for further and better understanding of the welding process and its optimization would be the subjects of further publication in Nur Syahroni *Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia* 

## Mas Irfan Purbawanto Hidayat

*Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia* 
