**11. References**

Stanglmaier, R. H., Roberts, C. E., (1999). Homogeneous charge compression ignition: benefits, compromises and future engine applications, *SAE Paper*, 1999-01-3682.

Weclas, M., (2001). Potential of porous medium combustion technology as applied to internal combustion engine, *MECA/AECC*, Nurnberg, Germany.

554 Numerical Simulation – From Theory to Industry

**10.2. Gas turbines and propulsion** 

adiabatic" mode, with low emissions.

*K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran* 

Masoud Ziabasharhagh and Arash Mohammadi

**Author details** 

**11. References** 

2001)

**Figure 19.** Main feature of porous structure to be utilized to support engine process (Durst and Weclas,

A porous burner with matrix stabilized combustion for gas turbine applications. A numerical model for analyzing the evaporation processes in PM for gas turbine applications had been developed. Evaporation of a point wise-injected kerosene spray in a carbon-carbon porous medium was considered. The effects of porous medium temperature, fuel flow rate, air inlet temperature and porous medium geometry on the evaporation of spray can be analyzed. Evaporation characteristics were not found to vary much with porous medium geometry, as the porous medium was modeled as a momentum sink. But thermal effects of PM were found to be more dominant. The characteristics of combustion within porous media which are attractive in a propulsion context are the ability to burn leaner and hotter than a free flame with low emissions, there no cooling requirement for the combustor itself and the potential to operate free from combustion-induced noise. The performance of a PM combustor is applicable for gas turbines, at elevated pressures and inlet temperatures. The combustor was formed of reticulated porous ceramics, untreated to augment or sustain chemical reaction. The results showed that the combustor could operate in a ''super-

Stanglmaier, R. H., Roberts, C. E., (1999). Homogeneous charge compression ignition: benefits, compromises and future engine applications, *SAE Paper*, 1999-01-3682.


thermodynamic consideration, *International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,* Vol. 29, pp. 1471–1477.

**Chapter 23** 

© 2012 Fu and Hwang, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Numerical Simulation of Slab Broadening** 

Broadening is the deformation of materials in the vertical direction of force in the steel rolling process. Slab broadening in continuous casting increases the slab width in the secondary cooling zone. Continuous casting is a process in which the temperature drops sharply. The drop in temperature leads to slab shrinkage; the linear shrinkage of carbon steel is about 2.5% in the width direction. The decrease in slab width from the initial shell to the cooling slab is considered to be almost negligible and the width may even increase

Although the slab shrinks in the secondary cooling zone, the width of the slab is sometimes greater than that of the entrance of the corresponding mold. The change in slab width is due to broadening being greater than shrinkage. It is rarely well-know that this phenomenon often occurs for slab in continuous casting. Slab broadening makes it difficult to accurately control the size of the slab and has adverse effects on the subsequent rolling processes. Slab broadening becomes increasingly obvious with increasing casting speed. If no vertical miller is used in the rolling process, the broad part of the slab is cut off, wasting material. With a vertical miller, the broad part of the slab is rolled in the width direction, which leads to fluctuation in the slab thickness. The study of slab broadening in the continuous casting process is thus necessary. The present work (FU JianXun et al. 2010(a-c),2011(a-b)) investigates slab broadening in continuous casting using mathematical simulation, industrial measurements, and experiments. Assessments of slab width in several continuous casting factories indicate that slab broadening is common in the continuous casting process. Slab broadening occurs in the secondary cooling zone, as confirmed by experiments. The effects of the productive factors on the slab broadening were also derived. The mechanism of slab broadening is investigated and

**in Continuous Casting of Steel** 

Jian-Xun Fu and Weng-Sing Hwang

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47768

**1. Introduction** 

under some conditions.

discussed.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter


**Chapter 23** 
