**6. Conclusion**

86 Woven Fabrics

Fig. 38 shows the thickness variation on the right and left sides of the finished fabrics on the 10 positions of the fabric warp direction. As shown in Fig.38, one or two positions along fabric warp direction on the right and left sides of the fabric showed a little thick positions comparing to the other positions of the fabrics woven by both Picanol and Omega looms.

Fig. 39 shows fabric surface properties between Picanol and Omega looms and according to the fabric positions such as right, left and center. As shown in Fig. 39, MIU(coefficient of friction) and MMD(deviation of MIU) of the fabrics woven by Omega was lower than those by Picanol loom but, SMD(surface roughness) showed higher value than Picanol. But especially the differences of these values according to the fabric positions were much higher

Fig. 40 shows diagram of process shrinkage of the warp and weft directions according to

As shown in Fig. 40, any differences of each process shrinkages between Vamatex and Omega could not find, which means that two grey fabrics woven by Vamatex and Omega were proceeded at the same process conditions on the dyeing and finishing processes. It can be seen that 20% of weave contraction was occurred and 30% thermal shrinkage after scouring and drying was occurred, and 12% relaxing expansion on the pre-set, dyeing and

W arping G rey C ylinder dryer S couring P re-set D yeing Final-set

Fig. 41 shows comparison diagram of fabric mechanical properties between Vamatex and Omega, which shows relative values of fabric woven by Omega to the mechanical properties

Fig. 40. Shrinkage of the fabrics according to the weaving machine.

O m ega-W p O m ega-W f V am atex-W p V am atex-W f

than those of looms.

final set was occurred.

0

of the fabric woven by Vamatex.

10

S

hrink

a

g

e(% )

.

20

30

40

50

60

**5.5.2 Comparison between Vamatex and Omega** 

loom on the each dyeing and finishing processes.

Linear relationship between warp yarn tension and shed amount of loom for the worsted fabric was shown. Warp yarn tension variation for the worsted fabric between edge sides of fabric and center of fabric was above about 20gf, the highest at center part and the lowest at the right side as viewed in front of loom. These shed amount and warp yarn tension affect extensibility and bending rigidity of finished fabrics, i.e. the higher warp yarn tension and the lower shed amount, the more extensible gray fabric. The warp extensibility of finished fabric for the continuous and discrete finishing showed big difference, the variation of warp extensibility among various looms by continuous finishing was smaller than that of discrete finishing. Warp bending rigidity of gray fabric woven under low warp yarn tension showed

The Physical Properties of Woven Fabrics

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low values, after finished, the effects of high warp yarn tension during weaving were remained for the case of continuous finishing. The bending rigidity on the center of the finished fabrics showed the highest values comparing to the right and left sides on the fabrics, which is originated from high yarn tension for weaving. Shear modulus of gray fabrics showed the variation according to the weaving looms, i.e. high weaving tension makes shear modulus of gray fabric high. But, these variation of shear modulus of gray fabric disappeared after finishing, this phenomena demonstrates the importance of finishing process to the fabric shear property. Fabric surface property was almost same as the fabric shear property. And finishing process is much more important than weaving tension for the control of even fabric thickness. The warp and weft tensions, shed amount among various looms for PET fabrics showed different characteristics. The tensile and bending properties in the warp direction of the fabrics woven by low tension loom showed higher values than those of high tension loom owing to the high warp yarn tension, on the other hand, shear property showed lower value. On the weft direction, contrary phenomena was shown. Concerning the variation of the mechanical properties according to the fabric positions, the fabric woven by high tension loom showed more fluctuation than that of low tension loom. It seems that these results make fabric hand and garment tailorability deteriorating. The shed amount and warp tension for PET fabrics were also increased from front heald to back one like worsted fabrics. Warp tension variation according to the warp position showed same phenomena as the worsted fabrics.

### **7. References**


low values, after finished, the effects of high warp yarn tension during weaving were remained for the case of continuous finishing. The bending rigidity on the center of the finished fabrics showed the highest values comparing to the right and left sides on the fabrics, which is originated from high yarn tension for weaving. Shear modulus of gray fabrics showed the variation according to the weaving looms, i.e. high weaving tension makes shear modulus of gray fabric high. But, these variation of shear modulus of gray fabric disappeared after finishing, this phenomena demonstrates the importance of finishing process to the fabric shear property. Fabric surface property was almost same as the fabric shear property. And finishing process is much more important than weaving tension for the control of even fabric thickness. The warp and weft tensions, shed amount among various looms for PET fabrics showed different characteristics. The tensile and bending properties in the warp direction of the fabrics woven by low tension loom showed higher values than those of high tension loom owing to the high warp yarn tension, on the other hand, shear property showed lower value. On the weft direction, contrary phenomena was shown. Concerning the variation of the mechanical properties according to the fabric positions, the fabric woven by high tension loom showed more fluctuation than that of low tension loom. It seems that these results make fabric hand and garment tailorability deteriorating. The shed amount and warp tension for PET fabrics were also increased from front heald to back one like worsted fabrics. Warp tension variation according to the warp position showed

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same phenomena as the worsted fabrics.

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**7. References** 


**1. Introduction** 

**4** 

*Turkey* 

**3D Woven Fabrics** 

*Namk Kemal University Department of Textile Engineering* 

Composite material, also called composite, a solid material that results when two or more different substances, each with its own characteristics, are combined to create a new substance whose properties are superior to those of the original components in a specific application (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011). Because the objective in manufacturing component is to produce a stiff and a strong material with a low density, these materials have found place in many application fields such as land transportation, marine, construction, aerospace and medical. There are two constituents in a composite material which are the reinforcement and matrix phases. From the matrix point of view, composites can be divided into three main categories; polymer, metal and ceramic matrix composites (Zhang, 2003). Based on the reinforcement mechanism, composites can be separated as particle reinforced (large particle, dispersion strengthened), fibre reinforced (continuous (aligned), and short fibres (aligned or random)) and structural composites (laminates, sandwich). Fibre reinforced composites have been first introduced in exterior parts of Corvette in 1953. Today, fibre reinforced composites are used in many application fields.

Textile structural composites usually consist of stacked layers known as 2D laminates, exhibit better in-plane strength and stiffness properties compared to those of metals and ceramics (Bilisik, 2010, 2011; Mohamed&Bogdanovich, 2009). However, the application of 2D laminates in some critical structures in aircraft and automobiles has also been restricted by their inferior impact damage resistance and low through thickness mechanical properties when compared against the traditional aerospace and automotive materials such as aluminium alloys and steel (Mouritz et al., 1999). These structures have low out-of plane properties because of the lack of third direction reinforcements which will result in low delamination resistances (Chou, 1992). In order to improve interlaminar properties of the 2D laminates, three dimensional (3D) textile preforms have been developed by using different manufacturing techniques like weaving, knitting, braiding, stitching, and non-woven manufacturing. Among these manufacturing techniques, sewing and 3D weaving are the promising technologies which address the shortcomings of the stack-reinforced composites (Padaki et al., 2010). Since manufacturing technology has a direct effect on the fibre orientation and fibre volume fraction of the preform, the properties of the end product will

vary depending on the production and end-use requirements (Peters, 1998).

Although 3D woven preforms have been used for approximately forty years in different application fields, there is not a common understanding and definition of these fabrics

Pelin Gurkan Unal


Pelin Gurkan Unal

*Namk Kemal University Department of Textile Engineering Turkey* 
