**4.1 Production of 3D woven fabrics with 2D weaving**

In the case of 2D weaving, two sets of perpendicular yarns are interlaced, irrespective of whether it is woven as single- or multi-layer. Another set of yarns, known as pile or binder yarns, can be introduced in the direction of fabric thickness. Fabrics could be produced by 2D techniques, with different sets of warp yarns in the ways mentioned below (Gokarneshan & Alagirusamy; 2009):

