**9. References**

Abdel-Gawada K.M. (1997) Mycological and some physiological studies of keratinophilic an other moulds associated with sheep wool. *Microbiological Research* 152, pp. 181-188.

N0 is the number of microorganisms per sample at time t0 with the bioactive fabric, and N is the number of microorganisms per sample after a time tn of exposure with the bioactive

A sample is taken to have bactericidal properties if the value of the coefficient of bactericidal activity (L) is greater than zero, and to have bacteriostatic properties if the value of the coefficient of bacteriostatic activity (S) is greater than 2 (Yu, 2003), which denotes a 100 fold

The evaluation of activity is made with respect to selected potentially pathogenic (from Pure Culture Collections ATCC, NCTC) or saprophytic microorganisms occurring naturally in the human environment. Table 12 lists test microorganisms used for evaluation of the

The fundamental criterion for the selection of microorganisms for testing of antimicrobial activity is the intended use of the fabric. In the case of therapeutic fabrics, coming into contact with the human skin, or intended for use in hospitals and care centres, the microorganisms chosen for testing are those which are pathogenic and which are particularly resistant to chemical disinfection and antibiotic treatment, leading to hospital infections, for examples: *Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium xersosis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans*. Technical fabrics for uses such as air filtration, and for everyday uses (upholstery, blankets, carpets, net curtains, tarpaulin, etc.) usually come into contact with saprophytic microorganisms, not hazardous to human health, which are constantly present in the air in the form of bioaerosols. Such fabric is tested against the fungi: *Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides* and bacteria*:* 

Biodeterioration of textile materials, mainly natural origin is a serious global economic problem. It requires long-term protection of these materials against destructive activity of microorganisms. At the same time the high standards of hygiene in some areas, primarily medicine, at the work places and others, requires the use of textile materials with antimicrobial properties. In recent years the number of studies on the new biocides and technology of textiles production with antimicrobial activity has increased. The requirements for modern fabrics with antimicrobial properties include high efficiency. In this area the effective methods for proper localization of chemical preparations have been developed, eg microencapsulation or by increase of the surface of preparation, eg by using the active agent in the form of nanoparticles. Most research has been focused on the searching for the new agent - biocides with high efficiency, which are not only effective but also safe, which don't cause the skin irritation, respiratory allergy. Future application will be concentrated on the natural origin substances. The attention also should be done on the

Abdel-Gawada K.M. (1997) Mycological and some physiological studies of keratinophilic an other moulds associated with sheep wool. *Microbiological Research* 152, pp. 181-188.

fabric.

reduction in the number of microorganisms.

bioactivity of textiles and for their description.

*Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis*.

biodegradability and environmental protection.

**8. Conclusions** 

**9. References** 


Microbial Degradation of Woven Fabrics and Protection Against Biodegradation 293

Gutarowska B., Brycki B., Majchrzycka K. & Brochocka A. (2010) Antimicrobial properties of

Halim El-Sayed A.H.M.M., Mahmoud W.M., Davis E.M. & Coughlin R.W. (1996)

Han S. & Yang Y. (2005) Antimicrobial activity of wool fabric treated with curcumin. *Dyes* 

Hipler U.Ch., Elsner P. & Fluhr J.W. (2006) Antifungal and antibacterial properties of a silver

Hoare J.L. (1968) A review of chemical aspects of the yellowing of wool. *Wool Research* 

Horan R.L., Antle K., Collette A.L., Wang Y., Huang J., Moreau J.E., Volloch V., Kaplan D.L.

Howard J.W. & Mc Cord F.A. (1960) Cotton Quality Study: IV: Resistance to Weathering

Howard G.T. (2002) Biodegradation of polyurethane: a review. *International Biodeterioration* 

Ishiguro Y. & Miyashita M. (1996) Deterioration of silk caused by propagation of microbes. *Proceedings of the Third International Silk Conference*. pp. 201-208, Suzhou, China. Jain P. & Pradeep T. (2005) Potential of silver nanoparticle-coated polyurethane foam as an antibacterial water filter. *Biotechnology Bioengineering* 90 (1), pp. 59-63. Jantas R. & Górna K. (2006) Antibacterial finishing of cotton fabrics. *Fibers and Textiles in* 

Jeffries T.W. (1987) Physical, chemical and biochemical considerations in the biological

Joshi M., Ali W. & Rejendran S. (2007) Antibacterial finishing of poliester/cotton blend

Kanazawa A., Ikeda T. & Endo T. (1994) Polymeric phosphonium salts as a novel class of cationic biocides. *Journal Applied Polymers Science* 54 (9), pp. 1305-1310. Kaplan D., Adams W.W., Farmer B. & Viney Ch. (1994) Silk: Biology, Structure, Properties

Kenawy E-R., Abdel-Hay F. I., El-Shanshoury A.E-R.R. & El-Newehy M.H. (2002)

Kenawy E-R. & Mahmoud Y.A.-G. (2003) Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some linear

degradation of wood. In: *Wood and cellulosics: industrial utilization, biotechnology, structure and properties*. Kennedy J.F., Phillips G.O., Williams P.A. (Eds), pp. 213,

fabrics using neem (Azadirachta indica): a natural bioactive agent. *Journal Applied* 

and Genetics. In: *Silk Polymers Materials Science and Biotechnology*. Kaplan D., Adams W.W., Farmer b., Viney Ch. (Eds) pp. 3-16, American Chemical Society,

Biologically active polymers. V. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of modified poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) derivatives with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts. *Journal Polymer Science Part A:* 

copolymers with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium groups. *Macromolecules* 

*International Biodeterioration and. Biodegradation* 37, pp. 69-79.

*Organisation of New Zealand Communication* 2, pp. 5-13.

perlit carrier. *Polimery* 7(8), pp. 568-574.

*and pigments* 64, pp. 157-161.

3393.

*Biomaterials* 77 B(1), pp. 156-163.

*Textile Research Journal* 30: 75-117.

*and. Biodegradation* 49, pp. 245-252.

*Eastern Europe* 14 (1), pp. 88-91.

Ellis Horwood Publ., Chichester.

*Polymers Science*. 106, pp. 793-800.

*Polymers Chemistry* 40, pp. 2384-2393.

Washington.

*Science* 3, pp. 107-116.

filtering polypropylene nonwovens containing alkylammonium microbiocides on a

Biodegradation of polyurethane coatings by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.

–loaded cellulosic fiber. *Journal Biomedical Materials Research Part B. Applied* 

& Altman G.H. (2005) In vitro degradation of silk fibroin. *Biomaterials* 26, pp. 3385-


Dastjerdi R. & Montazer M. (2010) A review on the application of inorganic nano-structured

Denizel T., Jarvis B., onions A.H.S., Rhodes A.C., Samson R.A., Simmons E.G., Smith M.Th.

Dubas S.T., Kumlangdudsana P. & Potiyaraj P. (2006) Layer-by-layer deposition of

Dymel M., Gutarowska B., Więckowska-Szakiel M. & Ciechańska D. (2008) Metody

Ennis D.M., Kramer A., Jameson C.W., Mazzocchi P.H. & Bailey W.J. (1978) Structural

Evans E.T. (1996) Biodegradation of cellulose. *Biodeterioration Abstracts*. 10(30), pp. 275-285. Flannigan B., Samson R.A. & Miller J.D. (2001) *Microorganisms in home and indoor work* 

Forlani G., Seves A.M. & Ciferri O. (2000) A bacterial extracellular proteinase degrading silk fibroin. *International Biodeterioration and. Biodegradation* 46, pp. 271-275. Friedrich J., Zalar P., Mohorcic M., Klun U. & Krzan A. (2007) Ability of fungi to degrade

Gochel M., Belly M. & Knott J. (1992) Biodeterioration of wool during storage. *International* 

Goetzendorf-Grabowska B., Królikowska H. & Gadzinowski M. (2004) Polymer

Gorensek M. & Recelj P. (2007) Nanosilver functionalize cotton fabrics. *Textile Research* 

Gupta B., Jain R., Anjum N., Revagade N. & Singh H. (2004) Antimicrobial properties of natural dyes against gram-negative bacteria. *Color Technology* 120, pp. 167-171. Gupta B., Gulre S.K.H., Anjum N. & Singh H. (2007) Development of antimicrobial

Gupta B., Jain R. & Singh H. (2008) Preparation of antimicrobial sutures by preirradiation

Gutarowska B. & Michalski A. (2009) Antimicrobial activity of filtrating meltblown

Gutarowska B., Dymel M., Więckowska-Szakiel M. & Ciechańska D. (2009) Metody

*Przegląd Włókienniczy Włókno-Odzież-Skóra* 3, pp. 34-37.

*Surfaces B. Biointerfaces* 79, pp. 5-18.

*Engennering Aspects* 289, pp. 105-109.

*Przegląd Włókienniczy Włókno-Odzież-Skóra* 11, pp. 27-31

synthetic polymer nylon-6. *Chemosphere* 67, pp. 2089-2095.

*Biodeterioration and. Biodegradation* 30 (1), pp. 77-85.

*Fibers and Textiles in Eastern Europe* 12(4): 62-64.

*Bulletin* 10 (1) pp. 3-23.

35 (1), pp. 51-53.

Publ., London, New York.

*Journal* 77(3), pp. 138-141.

3534-3538.

1698-1703.

pp. 23-28.

materials in the modification of textiles: focus on antimicrobial properties. *Colloids* 

& Hueck-van der Plas E.H. (1974) Catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collection of the CBS, CMI and QM. *Interantional Biodeterioration* 

antimicrobial silver nanoparticles on textiles fibers. *Colloids Surfaces A: Physicochem* 

jakościowe oceny aktywności przeciwdrobnoustrojowej wyrobów włókienniczych.

factors influencing in biodegradation of imides. *Applied Environmental Microbiology*

*environments. Diversity, health impacts, investigation and control*. Taylor and Francis

microspheres as carriers of antibacterial properties of textiles: a preliminary study.

propylene sutures by graft copolymerization. II. Evaluation of physical properties, drug release and antimicrobial activity. *Journal Applied Polymers Science* 103, pp.

grafting onto polypropylene monofilament. *Polymers Advances Technology* 19, pp.

nonwoven's with addition of silver ions. *Fibers and Textiles in Eastern Europe* 17 (74),

ilościowe oceny aktywności przeciwdrobnoustrojowej wyrobów włókienniczych.


Microbial Degradation of Woven Fabrics and Protection Against Biodegradation 295

Nelson G.(2002) Application of microencapsulation in textiles. *International Journal* 

Nigam S.S., Agarwal P.N. & Tandan R.N. (1972) Fungi responsible for degradation of service materials in India. *Journal Science and Technology* 10-b(1), pp. 1 Nigam N. & Kushwaha R.K.S. (1992) Biodegradation of wool by Chrysosporium

Nurdin N., Helary G. & Sauvet G. J. (1993) Biocidal polymers active by contact. II biological

Pedersen G.L., Screws G.A.Jr. & Credoni D.M. (1992) Biopolishing of cellulosic fabrics.

Prijambada I.D., Negoro S. Yomo T. & Urabe I. (1995) Emergence of nylon oligomer

Prusty A.K., As T., Nayak A. & Das N.B. (2010) Colourimetric analysis and antimicrobial study of natural dyes an dyed silk. *Journal Cleaner Products* 18, pp. 1750-1756. Radetic M., ilic V., Vodnik V., Dimitrijevic S., Jovancic P., Saponjic Z., & Nedeljkovic J.M.

Ruiz C., Main T., Hilliard N., Howard G.T. (1999) Puricication and characterization of two

Sachinvala N., Parikh D.V., Sawhney P., Chang S., Mirzawa J., Jarrett W. & Joiner B. (2007)

Safranek W.W. & Goos R.D. (1982) Degradation of wool by saprophytic fungi. *Canadian* 

Salerno-Kochan R. & Szostak-Kotowa J. (1997) Biodegradation poliester fibres. *Proceedings of*

Salerno-Kochan R. & Szostak-Kotowa J. (2001) Microbiological degradation of textiles. Part I.

Sato M. (1976) The effects of molds on fibres and their products. VIII. Scanning electron

Silver S. (2003) Bacterial silver resistance: molecular biology and misuses of silver

Simpson W. (1987) The influence of pH on the reflectance and photostability of wool to sun

Singh R., Jain A., Panwar S., Gupta D. & Khare S.K. (2005) Antimicrobial activity of some

*Furitsu Daigaku Gakuju Hokoku: Rigaku, Seikatsu Kagaku* 27, pp. 59-64. Seves A., Romano M., Maifreni T., Sora S. & Ciferri O. (1998) The microbial degradation of

compounds. *FEMS Microbiology Reviews* 27, pp. 341-353.

light. *Journal Textiles Institute* 5, pp. 430-438.

natural dyes. *Dyes and Pigments*, pp. 99-102.

evolution. *Applied Environmental Microbiology* 61(5), pp. 2020-2022.

keratynophilum acting singly or in combination with other fungi. Trans. *Mycology* 

evaluation of polyurethane coatings with pendant quaternary ammonium salts.

degradation enzymes in *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* PAO through experimental

(2008) Anibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles deposited on corona-treated polyester and polyamide fabrics. *Polymers Advances Technology* 19, pp. 1816-1821. Ren X., Akdag A., Kocer H., Worley S.D., Broughton R.M. & Huang T.S. (2009) N-halamine-

coated cotton for antimicrobial and detoxification applications. *Carbohydrate* 

polyurethanase enzymes from pseudomonas chlororaphis. *International* 

Silver (I) antimicrobial cotton nonwovens and printcloth. *Polymers Advances* 

Biodegradation of cellulose textiles. *Fibers and Textiles in Eastern Europe* 9(3), pp. 69-

microscopic study on the destruction of silk yarns damaged by molds. Kyoto*-*

silk: a laboratory investigation. *International Biodeterioration and. Biodegradation*

*Pharmaceutics* 242, pp. 55-62.

*Association Japan* 33, pp. 481-486.

*Canadian Textile Journal* 109: 31-35.

*Polymers* 78, pp. 220-226.

*Technology* 18, pp. 620-628.

72.

42(4), pp. 203-211.

*Journal Microbiology* 28, pp. 137-140.

*Applied Polymers Science* 50, pp. 663-670.

*Biodeterioration and. Biodegradation* 43, pp. 43-47.

*11th IGWT Symposium*, pp. 314-316, Vienna 1997.


Khan M.I., Ahmad A., Khan S.A., Yusuf M., Shahid M., Manzoor N. & Mohammad F. (2011)

Kim H.W., Kim B.R. & Rhee Y.H. (2010) Imparting durable antimicrobial properties to

Kowalik R.B. (1980) Microdecomposition of basic organic library materials. Part II.

Kubicek C.P., Munhlbauer G., Klotz M., John E. & Kubicek-Pranz E. (1988) Properties of

Kunert J. (1989) Biochemical mechanism of keratin degradation by the Actinomycete

Kunert J. (1992) Effect of reducing agents on proteolytic and keratinolytic activity of

Kunert J. (2000) Phisiology of keratinophilic fungi. In: *Biology of dermatophytes and other* 

Lala N.L., Rammaseshan R., Boun L., Sundarrajan S., Barhate R.S., Ying-jun L. &

Lewis J. (1981) Wool. In: *Economic microbiology. Microbial degradation*. Rose A.H.(Ed), pp. 81-

Li S. & Vert M.(1995) Biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters. In: *Degradable polymers.* 

Lim S.H., Hudson S.M. (2004) Application of a fiber –reactive chitosan derivative to cotton fabric as an antimicrobial textile finish. *Carbohydrate Polymers* 56, pp. 227-234. Lucas N., Bienaime Ch., Belloy Ch., Queneudec M., Silvestre F. & Nava-Saucedo J.E. (2008)

Majchrzycka K., Gutarowska B. & Brochocka A. (2010): Aspects of tests assessment of

McCarthy B.J., Greaves P.H. (1988) Mildew-causes. Detection Methods and Prevention. *Wool* 

McCarthy B.J. (1995) Biocides for use in textile industry. In: *Handbook of biocide and* 

Montazer M., Behzadnia A., Pakdel E., Rahimi M.K. & Moghadam M.B. (2011) Photo-

wool. *Journal Photochemistry Photobiology B. Biology* 103, pp. 207-214. Munoz-Bonilla A. & Fernandez-Garcia M. (2011) Polymeric materials with antimicrobial

*Occupational Safety and Ergonomics* 16 (2), pp. 275-280.

enzymes of Microsporum gypseum. *Mycoses* 35, pp. 343-348.

*Cleaner Products* 19, pp. 1385-1394.

*Microbiology* 134, pp. 1215-1222.

*Basic Microbiology* 29(9), pp. 597-604.

Iberoamericana de Micologia, Bilbao.

*Bioengineering* 97(6), pp. 1357-1365.

130, Academic Press, London.

*Science Review* 85, pp. 27-48.

London.

pp. 429-442.

London.

press.

*Restaurator* 4: 135-219.

*Carbohydrate Polymers* 79, pp. 1057-1062.

Assessment of antimicrobial activity of Catechu an its dyed substrate. *Journal* 

cotton fabrics using alginate-quaternary ammonium complex nanoparticles.

conidial-bound cellulose enzyme system from trichoderma reesei. *Journal General* 

Streptomyces fradiae and the fugus Microsporum gypseum: a comparision. *Journal* 

*keratinophilic fungi*. Kushwaha R.K.S., Guarro J. (Eds), pp. 77-85, Revista

Ramakrishna S. (2007) Fabrication of nanofibres with antimicrobial functionality used as filters: protection against bacterial contaminants. *Biotechnology* 

*Principles and applications*. Scott G., Gilead D. (Eds), pp. 43-87, Chapman and Hall,

Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. *Chemosphere* 73,

filtering materials used for respiratory protection against bioaerozol. Part II– sweat in environment, microorganisms in the form of bioaerozol. *International Journal of* 

*preservative use*. Rossmoore H.W. (Ed), 238-253, Blackie Academic and Professional,

induced silver on Nano titanium dioxide as an enhanced antimicrobial agent for

activity. *Progress Polymers Science* DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.08.005, in


Sionkowska A. & Planecka A. (2011) The influence of radiation on silk fibroin. *Polymers* 

Sousa F., Guebitz G.M. & Kokol V. (2009) Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of

Struszczyk H., Lebioda J., Twarowska-Schmidt K. & Niekraszewicz A. (2003)New bioactive

Szostak-Kotowa J. (2004) Biodeterioration of textiles. *International Biodeterioration and.* 

Szostak-Kot J. (2005) Fibres and nonwovens In: *Microbiology of materials* Zyska B., Żakowska

Szostak-Kot J. (2009) Biodeterioration of cultural heritage artefacts. Microbiological aspects

Tan S., Li G., Shen J., Liu Y., Zong M. (2000) Study of modified polypropylene nonwoven

Targoński Z. & Bujak S. (1991) Mikrobiologiczna degradacja ligniny. *Postępy Mikrobiologii* 30

Tyndal R.M. (1992) Improving the softness and surface appearance of cotton fabrics and

Wales D.S. & Sagar B.F. (1988) Mechanistic aspects of polyurethane biodeterioration. In:

Yamada H., Asano Y., Hino T. & Tani Y. (1979) Microbial utilization of acrylonitryle. *Jouranl* 

Yi E., Hong J.Y. & Yoo E.S. (2010) A novel bioactive fabric dyed with unripe Citrus grandis

Zyska B. (1977) Nonwoven and textiles (Włókna i tkaniny) In: *Microbial corrosion of technical* 

Zyska B. (2001) Textile industry (Przemysł włókienniczy) In: *Disasters, accidents and* 

*Central Statistical Office Yearbooks* – Roczniki GUS, Poland 2008, Zakład Wydawnictw

and atopic dermatitis. *Textiles Research Journal* 80 (20), pp. 2124-2131. Yu D.G., Teng M.Y., Chou W.L. & Yang M.C. (2003) Characterization and inhibitory effect of

Z.(Eds), pp. 89-136, Technical University of Lodz Publ., (in polish)

chitosan enzymatically functionalize with flavonoids. *Process Biochemistry* 44, pp.

synthetic fibres developed in the Institute of Chemical Fibres. *Fibers and Textiles in* 

of conservation. *Proceedings of V Symposium of Microbial Corrosion of Technical* 

cloth. II Antibacterial activity of modified polypropylene nonwoven cloths. Journal

garments by treatment with cellulose enzymes. *Textile Chemist and Colorist* 24(6),

*Biodeterioration 7*. Houghton D.R., Smith R.N., Eggins H.O.W. (Eds) Elsevier

Osbeck extract part 2: effects of the Citrus extract and dyed fabric on skin irritancy

antibacterial PAN-based hollow fibe loaded with silver nitrate. *Journal Membrane* 

*materials* (*Mikrobiologiczna korozja materiałów technicznych)* Zyska B (Ed) pp. 46-104,

*microbiological threats in industry and building* (Katastrofy, awarie i zagrożenia mikrobiologiczne w przemyśle i budownictwie). Zyska B. (Ed), pp. 48-59, Technical

*Degradation Stability* 96, pp. 523-528.

*Eastern Europe* 11 (2), pp. 96-98.

*Biodegradation* 53, pp. 165-170.

*Materials*, pp. 75-84 Łódź 2009.

(1), pp. 89-106.

pp. 23-26.

Applied Polymers Sciences 77, pp. 1869-1876.

Applied Science Publ.. Oxford, Melbourne

*Fermentaion Technology* 57, pp. 8-14.

*Science* 225, pp. 115-123.

NT Publ., Warszawa (in polish)

Statystycznych, Warszawa, 2008

University of Lodz Publ., Lodz (in polish).

749-756.
