**6. Discussion**

Whatever policy is conducted it requires generalisations and categorizations. Details are starting point and a base for the categorization and the categorization is a tool to change the details. This is also true with the target oriented energy policy whether you are conducting it at company, regional, national. or even international levels.

In this article, an approach that starts from the ways in which industry uses energy has been discussed. The energy use is categorised for four ways: building energy users (HVAC and lighting), process heat users, process electricity users, and direct combustion users. This categorisation can be applied at company, regional, or national levels. Of course, the details must be in balance with a selected level. This approach and other tools are only to conduct some policy, the tools are not the policy. The approach described in this article is used for the drafting of the energy management of industrial parks in Flanders. As a part of other tools, it has been seen as valuable (Maes, T., et al 2011).

For benchmarking and navigating their position in energy efficiency and GHG emissions, companies need parameters and specific numbers. For these purposes, there is still much to do. One source of information is industrial statistics. Based on these statistics, CO2 emissions and energy use parameters for national and regional comparisons can be developed. An approach, which combines company level CO2 emissions and energy analyses, energy use categorization and parameters, gives opportunities to develop a comprehensive industrial energy and GHG policy at the regional level.

Industrial cross-sectoral and energy use categorization approaches support an industrial symbiosis that has been well documented at Kalunborg (Ehrenfeld and Certle, 1997). In Finland, a common example of this symbiosis is the use of saw mill residuals for heat production and as raw material for other areas of the forest industry. These symbioses have thus far developed more or less for economic reasons. The same is also true of the use of district heat by the industries belonging to the building energy users category.

To conduct an energy policy, means that we have to build sandboxes where to play and to use the described tools. Unfortunately, in today's world this is more and more difficult. The life cycles of industrial plants have become shorter and production may be transferred from one place to another very quickly without forewarning. For example, the financial crisis has been with us since 2008 and there are no good predications when it will end. Anyway, it is quite sure that there will be changes in how the industry is located in the future.

### **Author details**

308 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

that 10% energy savings are possible.

challenging.

**6. Discussion** 

translates into some 100 000 tons of CO2 emissions.

it at company, regional, national. or even international levels.

tools, it has been seen as valuable (Maes, T., et al 2011).

energy and GHG policy at the regional level.

During the project, a case study of six companies was carried out. This study and other experiences show that there are energy saving opportunities – with a payback period of less than 5 years - between 4 – 25% depending on the company. On average, it can be estimated

Of the emissions, 70% are indirect. In Finland, there are many plans targeted at reducing the specific CO2 emissions of electricity. By 2020, Finland will have at least one new nuclear power plant and the share of wind power and biofuels will have increased. It is very likely that the specific CO2 emissions of electricity will decrease by around 10 – 15% which

This drafting "road map" shows that in the Pirkanmaa region it is possible to achieve the target of a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2020 with constant production, but if the industrial production grows by some 2% per year as expected, this target will be

Whatever policy is conducted it requires generalisations and categorizations. Details are starting point and a base for the categorization and the categorization is a tool to change the details. This is also true with the target oriented energy policy whether you are conducting

In this article, an approach that starts from the ways in which industry uses energy has been discussed. The energy use is categorised for four ways: building energy users (HVAC and lighting), process heat users, process electricity users, and direct combustion users. This categorisation can be applied at company, regional, or national levels. Of course, the details must be in balance with a selected level. This approach and other tools are only to conduct some policy, the tools are not the policy. The approach described in this article is used for the drafting of the energy management of industrial parks in Flanders. As a part of other

For benchmarking and navigating their position in energy efficiency and GHG emissions, companies need parameters and specific numbers. For these purposes, there is still much to do. One source of information is industrial statistics. Based on these statistics, CO2 emissions and energy use parameters for national and regional comparisons can be developed. An approach, which combines company level CO2 emissions and energy analyses, energy use categorization and parameters, gives opportunities to develop a comprehensive industrial

Industrial cross-sectoral and energy use categorization approaches support an industrial symbiosis that has been well documented at Kalunborg (Ehrenfeld and Certle, 1997). In Finland, a common example of this symbiosis is the use of saw mill residuals for heat production and as raw material for other areas of the forest industry. These symbioses have Teuvo Aro *AX Consulting, Axovaatio Ltd., Finland* 

#### **7. References**


Eurostat, 2008. Employment by sex, age groups and economic activity.

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. September 22, 2008.


http://www.motiva.fi. September 22, 2008.

	- Worrell, E., et al., 1997. Energy intensity in the iron and steel industry, a comparison of physical and economic indicators. Energy Policy, 26, 727-744.

**Section 4** 

**Energy Efficiency – Software and Sensors** 

**Energy Efficiency – Software and Sensors** 

310 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

physical and economic indicators. Energy Policy, 26, 727-744.

Worrell, E., et al., 1997. Energy intensity in the iron and steel industry, a comparison of

**Chapter 15** 

© 2012 Alla et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Hierarchical Adaptive Balanced Routing Protocol** 

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of many homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor nodes with limited resources. Routing techniques are the most important issue for networks where resources are limited. WSNs technology's growth in the computation capacity requires these sensor nodes to be increasingly equipped to handle more complex functions. Each sensor is mostly limited in their energy level, processing power and sensing ability. Thus, a network of these sensors gives rise to a more robust, reliable and accurate network. Lots of studies on WSNs have been carried out showing that this technology is continuously finding new application in various areas, like remote and hostile regions as seen in the military for battle field surveillance, monitoring the enemy territory, detection of attacks and security etiquette. Other applications of these sensors are in the health sectors where patients can wear small sensors for physiological data and in deployment in disaster prone areas for environmental monitoring. It is noted that, to maintain a reliable information delivery, data aggregation and information fusion that is necessary for efficient and effective communication between these sensor nodes. Only processed and concise information should be delivered to the sinks to reduce communications energy, prolonging

An inefficient use of the available energy leads to poor performance and short life cycle of the network. To this end, energy in these sensors is a scarce resource and must be managed in an efficient manner. In this chapter we propose Hierarchical Adaptive Balanced energy efficient Routing Protocol (HABRP) to decrease probability of failure nodes and to prolong the time interval before the death of the rst node (stability period) and increasing the lifetime in heterogeneous WSNs, which is crucial for many applications. We study the

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**for Energy Efficiency in Heterogeneous** 

**Wireless Sensor Networks** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47789

**1. Introduction** 

Said Ben Alla, Abdellah Ezzati and Ahmed Mohsen

the effective network lifetime with optimal data delivery.
