**3.4. Cooling and heat pumps**

Compressors for cooling and heat pumps were piston-operated ones in the past, whereas today they are mainly scroll or screw types. The latter ones are easy to control. The new compressors and improved control technology have given opportunities for an improvement in energy efficiency of 10-20% compared with the past. In Finland, free cooling by outdoor air or lake and river water has become more popular compared with the past. Free cooling still has many opportunities, especially in industrial process cooling and also in offices, where computers require cooling also during the heating season. Through free cooling, the electricity consumption of cooling can be reduced by dozens of percents. Although there have been improvements in cooling applications, the demand for electricity

for cooling can be expected to increase due to the need to improve working environments and due to new process requirements.

Tools for Categorizing Industrial Energy Use and GHG Emissions 293

technologies is 10-30 years, which means that most of the motors, pumps, fans, etc that are now in use will still be in use in 2020. With many individual technologies, there are not very remarkable efficiency improvement expectations. If a deep cut in energy consumption and CO2 emissions is pursued, it will be found through novel system thinking. This in turn means a lot of work for skilful people. Based on the past, the general energy efficiency in industry has improved 1% per year (Blok, 2007) and in future the expectations on the growth of production are clearly more than 1%. An equation to be solved means something else than what we have seen in the past. In future, energy efficiency policy must be more target-oriented, and not more or less a by-product of normal industrial development, as it has been until now. A study by Blok (2004) discusses the preconditions by which new equipment will achieve an energy efficiency improvement rate higher than 5% per year. According to the study, it may be possible but it will require substantial efforts from all

In a study (Stigson et al, 2008), the concept of a sectoral approach was seen to depend on the

*Sector-wide transnational* approaches, e.g. transnational industry-led approaches that aim to engage a sector on a broad international basis or global sectoral industry approach; bottomup *country commitment*, possibly combined with no-lose targets; and top-down sectoral

The same study found three common features typical of sectoral approaches: 1) collection of data and information about the sector to establish performance indicators or benchmarks; 2) sharing and distributing best practices within companies to enhance monitoring, reporting and verification of emissions and operational efficiency; and 3) engaging with major companies in emerging economies, where the greatest emissions growth and reduction

Of these three, the first one lays an information foundation for the other two, where the target is to achieve practical improvements in GHG mitigation, in energy efficiency, or in

Sectoral approaches are most useful especially in the fields of industry where rather homogenous products are handled, such as in the steel and other metal industries, the cement industry, and in the pulp and paper industry. Sectoral approaches provide useful background information on industry but they are time consuming, need a lot of work and a constant updating of the information. The main defect is the collection of reliable data, especially in global comparisons. Collected data is particularly poor even from "the easy sectors" such as the iron and steel, chemical and petrochemical, and pulp and paper sectors

Sectoral analysis based on economical figures, e.g. value added (€) or turnover (€) per tonne of steel produced, is easier to collect but not so useful in emission-reduction target setting

person who defines the concept. In the study, the following scope was categorized:

crediting as an incentive mechanism, e.g. sectoral Clean Development Mechanism

parts of society.

potential lie.

(Tanaka, 2008).

other fields of energy policy.

**4. Sectoral and cross-sectoral approach** 

Heat pumps have in principle still many opportunities in industrial processes but heat sources i.e. liquids and gas flows for heat pumps are difficult to exploit. There are blocking and corrosion problems with heat exchangers. No leap forward can be expected by 2020.

## **3.5. Heat production**

Heat production and heat use have been areas where energy efficiency improvements have been remarkable since the 1970s. There are various reasons for this positive development in Finland:


Boiler efficiencies with gas and oil were at a good level even 30 years ago. When one thinks about the future, no remarkable improvements can be expected. With solid fuel boilers, there are opportunities for improvements. With all types of boilers and heat distributing systems, there is always some potential as a result of good maintenance and operation.

#### **3.6. Lighting systems**

Incandescent lamps have disappeared in general lighting, but fluorescent and mercury lamps are still on the market with more efficient applications. High -pressure sodium lamps are taking more and more of the market due to their good energy efficiency. Many people think that the future is in light emitting diodes (LEDs). High expectations have been set for the good energy efficiency and long service life of the LED lamps. It is not certain what their market penetration will be by 2020. For the moment, barriers to market penetration include limited LED lamp applications for general industrial lighting as some of the existing lamps (such as sodium lamps) already have rather good energy efficiency and that the LED lamps need their own light fixtures. However, general lighting may give dozens of percents in saving opportunities through novel lamps, lighting fixtures, control of lighting, and good maintenance.

### **3.7. Conclusions**

For a variety of reasons, the changing of individual technologies to more energy efficient ones is not an easy way to achieve high reduction cuts by 2020. The service life of individual technologies is 10-30 years, which means that most of the motors, pumps, fans, etc that are now in use will still be in use in 2020. With many individual technologies, there are not very remarkable efficiency improvement expectations. If a deep cut in energy consumption and CO2 emissions is pursued, it will be found through novel system thinking. This in turn means a lot of work for skilful people. Based on the past, the general energy efficiency in industry has improved 1% per year (Blok, 2007) and in future the expectations on the growth of production are clearly more than 1%. An equation to be solved means something else than what we have seen in the past. In future, energy efficiency policy must be more target-oriented, and not more or less a by-product of normal industrial development, as it has been until now. A study by Blok (2004) discusses the preconditions by which new equipment will achieve an energy efficiency improvement rate higher than 5% per year. According to the study, it may be possible but it will require substantial efforts from all parts of society.
