**7. References**


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**Chapter 8** 

© 2012 Liang et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Pumped-Storage and Hybrid Energy** 

**Solutions Towards the Improvement** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

H.M. Ramos

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50024

**1. Introduction** 

**of Energy Efficiency in Water Systems** 

The needs of water consumption, environmental targets and energy savings have become the main concerns of water managers over the last years, becoming more and more important goals for the sustainable development and energy efficiency in water systems (Ramos & Covas, 1999). The needs for water consumption, environmental targets and saving energy have become ones of the world's main concerns over the last years and they will grow to be more and more important in a near future (Refocus, 2006). The objective of these systems is to guarantee the delivery of enough water with good quality to populations. Although, in order to achieve that, energy for pumping is needed, representing the main cost for water companies who operate the systems. The evaluation of the energetic potential in water systems may become a common procedure to achieve energy improvements on these systems. This can be done by taking advantage of the possible environmental and economical

The optimization of operations energy consumer or production systems has been investigated for some decades. The interest in this area is not only related to the complexity of the problem but mainly by the environmental, economical and social benefits by adopting this type of solution. The implementation of energy production components in water supply systems is a solution that intends to increase the energy efficiency by using local available renewable resources. With this kind of systems the external energy dependence and their costs can be reduced. The adaptation of water supply systems to produce energy is an advantageous solution because most of the system components already exist (e.g. reservoirs, pipe system, valves) and there is a guaranteed discharge continuous flow along each day. Pump hydro storage systems are used as energy and water storage on systems' networks. These systems consist of two reservoirs, where one is located at a low level and the other at

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

benefits from the instalation of a water turbine as a clean energy converter.


<http://www.grasso.nl/en-us/News-and-Media/technical-articles-

Grasso/Documents/Possibilities%20for%20saving%20energy%20in%20part%20load.pdf> Yoshimura, M. (2007). System Design Optimisation for Product Manufacturing. *Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications*, Vol.15, No.4, pp. 329-343, ISSN 1063-293X
