**2. Energy policy levels and decision-making**

One can set many policy levels when looking at the policies that aim to mitigate climate change and cut energy use. On a national basis, the levels for industry can be as follows:

#### Company level

This can be either one company or an enterprise or a group of enterprises that have the same owner. At present, only companies belonging to the EU Emissions Trading System (the EU ETS) have a direct responsibility to control their CO2 emissions. Companies that do not belong to the ETS have no direct responsibility other than the country of their location.

© 2012 Aro, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### Regional level

Regional may mean different things in different contexts. For example, in Finland one province has one million inhabitants, another one has a few hundred thousand, whereas in some bigger countries one city may have many millions of inhabitants.

Tools for Categorizing Industrial Energy Use and GHG Emissions 291

of technical systems. The lower the air and liquid flows with fewer pressure lifts, the smaller the electricity consumption. At the systems level, frequency converters and more energy efficient motors give a good option to achieve the best possible level of efficiency with fans and pumps. At the systems level, there are always endless opportunities for energy savings

It is well known that compressed air systems require good maintenance to run efficiently. If not, air leakages may be more than 70% of the total compressed air production. Therefore, there always exists potential savings with compressed air systems. In the past, compressors were piston or screw types, as they are today. However, there have been efficiency improvements due to novel control systems and the use of frequency converters. Some 10- 30% improvements have been seen compared to the past. In total, over 10% of

Heat recovery from exhausted waste gas flows is used to heat fresh air for air-conditioning or process air use. During the last 30 years, no remarkable success has been achieved in the efficiency of the various types of heat recovery equipment applicable to air-conditioning.

Recovery of process exhausts is more demanding because of corrosive substances and particles. For these applications, new types of heat recovery have been developed as well as new materials tested. Although in the past success on the equipment level has been rather limited and it does not seem that it is going to be much better by 2020, there have been improvements due to advanced control systems that help to better run the systems than in

Heat recovery is meant to decrease heat consumption. Heat recovery equipment causes pressure losses in gas flows, which means that the fans and pumps must produce higher pressure and, therefore, more electricity is consumed. However, if they are well designed, the increase in electricity consumption is clearly less than the decrease in heat consumption.

Compressors for cooling and heat pumps were piston-operated ones in the past, whereas today they are mainly scroll or screw types. The latter ones are easy to control. The new compressors and improved control technology have given opportunities for an improvement in energy efficiency of 10-20% compared with the past. In Finland, free cooling by outdoor air or lake and river water has become more popular compared with the past. Free cooling still has many opportunities, especially in industrial process cooling and also in offices, where computers require cooling also during the heating season. Through free cooling, the electricity consumption of cooling can be reduced by dozens of percents. Although there have been improvements in cooling applications, the demand for electricity

and efficiency improvements.

improvements can be expected in the near future.

**3.3. Heat recovery from exhausted waste gas flows** 

**3.2. Compressed air** 

the past.

**3.4. Cooling and heat pumps** 

#### National level

Countries make agreements on GHG mitigation and they are responsible for fulfilling the agreements under the Kyoto Protocol or under some more limited agreements such as among the EU countries.

#### International level

A level where conclusions are made on the GHG emissions mitigation goals and how the mitigation targets are divided among the countries or groups of countries.

The service and public sectors are taking an ever-bigger role as an employer. In 2007, industry directly employed only 18% of the workforce in Finland. This is still a moderate number for an industrialised country among the EU-15, where the average is 17%. The decline in industrial employment has been very fast. In 2000, industrial employment in Finland was 20% (Eurostat, 2008). Whenever fewer people have a direct relation to industry, it is more and more difficult for industry to have a fair and effective communication with citizens and the authorities.

These thresholds for fair communication due to limited information will always exist. To lower the thresholds, information must be clear and jargon must be avoided. One precondition is that the subsidiary principle is applied. The decision-makers must understand the key points of industrial energy use in the target area of the policy as well as other conditions affecting industry. For those conducting the actions of the selected policy, choosing the correct policy level is even more important. The policy level must be selected so that the area of decision-making is understandable "in one man's head". The level is a very personal question. It depends on the persons and their personal experiences and skills. In Finland, one reasonable level is the province so as to cover "the scope of in one man's head".
