**Acknowledgement**

Thanks to: Anésia Frota, Anna Miana, Alessandra Shimomura, Bruna Luz, Cecília Muller, Gisele de Benedetto, Jose Cremonesi, Jose Ovidio, Luciana Ferreira, Marcia Alucci, Rafael

<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

Brandão and Rodrigo Cavalcante, for the support in the development of the environmental analytical work. The authors are also thankful to the architects from Zanettini Arquitetura S.A., especially to Siegbert Zanettini and Érika Bataglia for their collaborative work throughout the environmental assessments and, finally, to Petrobras S.A. for the support provided during the design project and authorizing the publication of the information presented in this text.

Environmental Design in Contemporary Brazilian Architecture:

The Research Centre of the National Petroleum Company, CENPES, in Rio de Janeiro 55

II, o novo centro de pesquisas da Petrobras, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 9, n. 2, p. 151-172, jan./mar. 2009. Available at: <http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/ambienteconstruido/article/view/7434/5477> [13] ABNT, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (2005). NBR 15215-3: Iluminação natural, Parte 3 - Procedimento de cálculo para a determinação da iluminação natural

[14] ABNT, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (1991). NBR 5413: iluminância de

[15] Deutsches Institut Für Normung (1985a) DIN 5034: daylight in interiors: part 1 u. 2.

[16] Deutsches Institut Für Normung (1985b). DIN 5035: artificial light of interiors: part 1 u.

[17] United States Green Building Council (2002). Green building rating system: for new

[18] Mardaljevic, J. (1999). Daylight Simulation: Validation, Sky Models And Daylight

[19] Marcondes, M. P., Mueller, Cecília Mattos, Brandão, Rafael Silva, Benedetto, Gisele Severiano, Shimomura, A. R. P., Frota, Anésia Barros, Brunelli, Gustavo, Gonçalves, Joana Carla Soares, Duarte, Denise Helena Silva (2010). Conforto e Desempenho Térmico nas Edificações do Novo Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras, no Rio de Janeiro. Ambiente Construído (Online), Porto Alegre, v.10, p.7 - 29. Available at: <http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/ambienteconstruido/article/view/4807/4722> [20] Ministério do Trabalho (1978). NR 15: atividades e operações insalubres, anexo 3:

[21] Ministério do Trabalho (1973). NR 17: ergonomia e segurança do trabalho. Brasília. [22] ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (2004). ASHRAE 55-2004: thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy.

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[13] ABNT, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (2005). NBR 15215-3: Iluminação natural, Parte 3 - Procedimento de cálculo para a determinação da iluminação natural em ambientes internos. Rio de Janeiro.

54 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

presented in this text.

**8. References** 

Brandão and Rodrigo Cavalcante, for the support in the development of the environmental analytical work. The authors are also thankful to the architects from Zanettini Arquitetura S.A., especially to Siegbert Zanettini and Érika Bataglia for their collaborative work throughout the environmental assessments and, finally, to Petrobras S.A. for the support provided during the design project and authorizing the publication of the information

[1] Dias, Maria Angela (2010). O Concurso e os Projetos Finalistas. In: Arquiteturas em Contextos de Inovação: Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento na Cidade Universitária

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[6] Aroztegui, José Miguel (1995). Cuantificacion del impacto de las sombras de los edificios, in: Encontro Nacional Sobre Conforto no Ambiente Construído (ENCAC), 3,

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[10] Szokolay, S. (2001). Use of the new effective temperature: ET\* in practice. In: PLEA 18,

[11] Monteiro, L. M.; Duarte, D.; Gonçalves, J.; Alucci, M. P. (2008). Conforto térmico como condicionante do projeto arquitetônico-paisagístico: o caso dos espaços abertos do novo centro de pesquisas da Petrobras no Rio de Janeiro, Cenpes II. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre, v. 8, n. 4, p. 61-86, out./dez. Available at: <http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/ambienteconstruido/article/view/4807/4722> [12] Moura, Norberto Corrêa da Silva; Miana, Anna Christina; Gonçalves, Joana Carla Soares; Duarte, Denise Helena Silva. Arquitetura e desempenho luminoso: Cenpes

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**Chapter 3** 

© 2012 Xenakis et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Energy Efficient Mobility Management for** 

The demand for higher data rates and improved energy-efficiency have motivated the deployment of short-range, low-cost, consumer-deployed cellular access points, referred to as femtocells [1]. Femtocells are consumer-deployed cellular access points, which interconnect standard user equipment (UE) to the mobile operator network via the end user's broadband access backhaul. Although femtocells typically support up to a few users, e.g., up to four users [2], they embody the functionality of a regular base station which operates in the mobile operator's licensed band. From the mobile operator perspective, the deployment of femtocells reduces the capital and operational costs, i.e., femtocells are deployed and managed by the end user, improves the licensed spectrum spatial reuse, and decongests nearby macrocell base stations. On the other hand, the end users perceive enhanced indoor coverage, improved Quality of Service (QoS), and significant User

The deployment of femtocells is one of the most promising energy efficiency enablers for future networks [3-5, 23]. The study in [3] indicates that compared to a standard macrocell deployment, femtocell deployments may reduce the energy consumption on both the access network and the mobile terminals from four to eight orders of magnitude. Analogous results are derived in terms of system capacity per energy unit, although the performance degradation due to increased RF interference between the macro – femto and the femto – femto systems is not investigated. The latter effect is incorporated in [4], where it is shown that in-band macro – femto coexistence results in non-negligible performance degradation on the macrocell network layer. Nevertheless, improved QoS and significantly reduced energy consumption per bit are simultaneously achieved in the UE, with respect to the femtocell deployment density. To further reduce the energy consumption on the femtocell access point (FAP), the authors in [5]

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**the Macrocell – Femtocell LTE Network** 

Dionysis Xenakis, Nikos Passas, Ayman Radwan, Jonathan Rodriguez and Christos Verikoukis

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48251

Equipment (UE) energy savings.

**1. Introduction** 


**Chapter 3** 
