**7. Conclusion**

334 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

*6.3.7. Improvement of stability period* 

**Table 2.** Improvement of HABRP compared to LEACH with ���

• HABRP can achieve twice the energy savings than LEACH and SEP protocol.

node through out the network and extends network lifetime.

• HABRP outperforms LEACH and SEP due to balanced energy dissipation of individual

• For all base station locations we simulated, as the base station moves further away from the network, the energy efcient performance of HABRP improves compared to

• In heterogeneous WSNs, HABRP provides an extended lifetime of approximately twice LEACH protocol and the stability period of the HABRP was prolonged than LEACH

• Energy dissipation is balanced between normal nodes and advanced nodes in the

• Balancing the energy consumption, reducing the phenomenon of rapid death of the cluster head caused by excessive energy consumption, also preventing the situation of instability period caused by one cluster head failure to work, ensure that the network

• Using gateway and cluster head, it saves excessive energy consumption for long-

distance transmission, increased energy utilization of the entire network.

From our simulations, we observed the followings:

and SEP in heterogeneous settings.

HABRP compared to LEACH and SEP.

**FND (First Node Dies)**

**6.4. Result analysis** 

LEACH and SEP.

work normally.

In Fig.16. the simulation result shows, that the network lifetime decrease in large area network and the period that the first dead node appears is earlier than those of previous cases. The phenomenon is caused by the fact that the cluster heads waste the considerable amount of energy for transmitting their data to the far away base station. In HABRP cluster head would transmit data to base station through gateway to eliminate that the cluster head far away from the base station dissipate their energy much faster than those close to the BS. HABRP outperforms LEACH and SEP for different values of total additive energy a ∗ m. Because in LEACH and SEP, all cluster heads transmits aggregated data to the BS directly.

The comparison results are shown in Table2. show that HABRP is more energy-efficient and the stability period is extended than LEACH in both homogeneous and heterogeneous WSNs.

> �∗� **LEACH HABRP Improvement**  0 892 1335 **49,66%**  0.1 908 1704 **87,66%**  0.3 1020 1820 **78,34%**  0.5 1076 1888 **75,46%**  0.7 1100 1966 **78,72%**  0.9 1145 2111 **84,36%**

Energy efcient routing is paramount to extend the stability and lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Routing in sensor networks is very challenging due to several characteristics that distinguish them from traditional communications and wireless ad-hoc networks since several restrictions, e.g., limited energy supply, computing power, and bandwidth of the wireless links connecting sensor nodes. The major difference between the WSN and the traditional wireless network is that sensors are very sensitive to energy consumption. Introducing clustering into the networks topology has the goal of reducing the number of message that need to be delivered to the sink in large-scale WSNs.

In this chapter, we have proposed an Hierarchical Adaptive Balanced energy efficient Routing Protocol (HABRP) for wireless sensor networks. The energy efciency and ease of deployment make HABRP a desirable and robust protocol for wireless sensor networks. In order to improve the lifetime and performance of the network, routing in HABRP works in rounds and each round is divided into two phases, the Set-up phase and the Steady State phase. During the set-up phase some high-energy nodes called NCG nodes are elected gateways, other choised cluter heads and the clusters are organized. During the steady-state phase, data are transmitted from the cluster members nodes to the cluster head to agregate data and transmit it to the base station through a chosen gateways that requires the minimum communication energy to reduce the energy consumption of cluster head and decrease probability of failure nodes.

Simulation results shows that the HABRP improves the stable region of the clustering hierarchy and decrease probability of failure nodes and increase the lifetime of the network due to balanced energy dissipation of individual node through out the network and extends network lifetime. Balancing the energy consumption, reducing the phenomenon of rapid death of the cluster head caused by excessive energy consumption, also preventing the situation of instability period caused by one cluster head failure to work, ensure that the network work normally.

Finally, HABRP is scalable and achieves better performance compared to SEP and LEACH in both heterogeneous and homogenous environments.
