**Acknowledgement**

This paper has been partially funded by the C2POWER (FP7-ICT- 248577) and the GREENET (FP7-PEOPLE 264759), projects, and co-financed by the EU (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: Heracleitus II. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund.

## **7. References**


*Dept. of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Athens, Greece* 

*Instituto de Telecomunicações – Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago,* 

*Telecommunications Technological Centre of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain* 

Communications Magazine, vol.46, no.9, pp.59-67, Sept. 2008.

probability.

*Portugal* 

Social Fund.

**7. References** 

Dec. 2010.

Conference, pp.1-6, Apr. 2010.

Systems (ISWCS), pp.315-319, Sept. 2010.

**Author details** 

Christos Verikoukis

**Acknowledgement** 

Dionysis Xenakis and Nikos Passas

Ayman Radwan and Jonathan Rodriguez

interference at the LTE cell sites. The proposed policy is backwards compatible with the standard LTE handover decision procedure, as it is employed by adapting the HHM with respect to the user's mean SINR target and standard link quality measurements describing the status of the candidate cells. Even though employing the proposed policy necessitates an enhanced network signaling between cells, numerical results demonstrate greatly lower network-wide RF interference, and reduced UE power consumption owing to transmit power, compared to the strongest cell HO policy. The impact of using an increased HHM for mobility mitigation has also been investigated in terms of HO

This paper has been partially funded by the C2POWER (FP7-ICT- 248577) and the GREENET (FP7-PEOPLE 264759), projects, and co-financed by the EU (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program: Heracleitus II. Investing in knowledge society through the European

[1] V. Chandrasekhar, J. Andrews, A. Gatherer, "Femtocell networks: a survey", IEEE

[2] A. Galindo-Serrano, L. Giupponi, M. Dohler, "Cognition and Docition in OFDMA-Based Femtocell Networks," 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp.1-6,

[3] H. Leem, S. Y. Baek, D. K. Sung, "The Effects of Cell Size on Energy Saving, System Capacity, and Per-Energy Capacity," IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking

[4] F. Cao, Z. Fan, "The tradeoff between energy efficiency and system performance of femtocell deployment," The 7th International Symposium on Wireless Communication

	- [24] D. Xenakis, N. Passas, and C. Verikoukis, "An energy-centric handover decision algorithm for the integrated LTE macrocell–femtocell Network", Computer Communications, Elsevier, 2012, to appear. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom. 2012.04.024

**Chapter 4** 

© 2012 Taib and Al-Mofleh, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Tools and Solution for Energy Management** 

Energy efficiency can be defined as utilizing minimum amounts of energy for heating, cooling, lighting and the equipment that is required to maintain conducive conditions in a building [1,2]. An important factor impacting energy efficiency is not only the building envelope but also the management of energy within the premises. The amount of energy consumed varies depending on the design of the building, the available electrical systems and how they operate. The heating and cooling systems consume the most energy in a building; however control system such as programmable thermostats and building energy management systems can significantly reduce the energy use of these systems. Some buildings also use zone heating and cooling systems, which can reduce heating and cooling in the unused areas of the building. In commercial buildings, integrated space and water cooling/ heating systems can provide the best approach to energy-efficient heating [3]. Energy audits can be conducted as a useful way of determining how energy efficient the building is and what improvements can be made to enhance its efficiency. Tests should be undertaken to ensure that the heating and cooling systems as well as equipments and

Building cooling and heating also produces Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, but this sector receives less attention compared to other pollution contributors such as the transportation and industry sectors. In addition to energy conservation and energy efficiency approach, a strategic plan to introduce renewable energy resources would be an advantage to any sector as it will reduce the carbon dioxide emissions as well they could be used for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting systems [4]. As illustrated in Figure 1, the percentage of energy consumed by various type of building is presented. It was shown that the rental and service buildings utilize the highest energy consumption. It is easier to design energy efficient features for energy management of new buildings using available tools; however existing buildings comprise approximately 99% of the building stock. Although energy efficiency initiatives for existing buildings can be demonstrated to be cost effective, there has

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Soib Taib and Anwar Al-Mofleh

lightings work effectively and efficiently.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48401

**1. Introduction** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
