**1. Introduction**

336 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

Ad Hoc Networks 3 (3) 325–349.

Actor Network Protocols and Applications,

System Modeling, pp. V3-612- V3-616, IEEE.

Applications Vol. 02, Issue: 04, pp. 745-754,

of Advanced Science and Technology. Vol.36.

communications 29, pp 2230- 2237.

March.

2528-2532.

CiSE. pp. 1-4, IEEE.

IEEE INFOCOM, 2005.

K. Akkaya, M. Younis, (2005). A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks,

S. Lindsey and C. S. Raghavendra, (2002). PEGASIS: Power Efficient GAthering in Sensor Informatio Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana,

G. Smaragdakis, I. Matta, A. Bestavros, 2004. SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Second International Workshop on Sensor and

L. Qing, Q. Zhu, M. Wang, (2006). Design of a distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. ELSEVIER, Computer

X. Du, F. Lin. (2005). Improving Routing in Sensor Networks with Heterogeneous Sensor Nodes. Proceedings of IEEE 61st Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC, Vol. 4, pp.

LI Han, (2010). An Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of th International Conference on Computer Application and

Q. Xuegong, M. Fuchang, Ch.Yan, Y. Weizhao (2009). The Protocol of Cluster Multi-Hop Transmission Based on Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering,

V. Katiyar, N. Chand, S. Soni, (2011). A Survey on Clustering algorithms for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Internationnal journal Advanced Networking and

M. Yarvis, N. Kushalnagar and H. Singh (2005).Exploiting heterogeneity in sensor networks,

W.B.Heinzelman et al. (2002),An application-specic protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 1 (4) 660–670. R. Sheikhpour, S. Jabbehdari, A. Khadem-Zadeh (2011). Comparaison of Energy Efficient Clustering Protocols in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal An urban network, according to the document RFC 5548 (2009) - Routing Requirements for Urban Low-Power and Lossy Networks, is defined as:

"Sensing and actuating nodes placed outdoors in urban environments so as to improve people's living conditions as well as to monitor compliance with increasingly strict environmental laws. These field nodes are expected to measure and report a wide gamut of data (for example, the data required by applications that perform smart-metering or that monitor meteorological, pollution, and allergy conditions). The majority of these nodes are expected to communicate wirelessly over a variety of links such as IEEE 802.15.4, low-power IEEE 802.11, or IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), which given the limited radio range and the large number of nodes requires the use of suitable routing protocols".

According to Gungor et al. (2010), low-range WSNs are being widely recognized as a promising technology due to results obtained for smart metering, in particular the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, standardized by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) in 2006 (IEEE 802.15.4), for its robustness, financial costs, low power consumption and simplicity.

Furthermore, there are two task groups that foresee the extension of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol in order to suit the requirements from smart grids. One of them (IEEE 802.15 WPAN TASK GROUP 4G, 2011) is preparing a protocol to support large networks, geographically diverse, with minimal infrastructure and millions of nodes; the other (IEEE 802.15 WPAN TASK GROUP 4E, 2011) is including characteristics extracted from CWPAN (Chinese WPAN standard – Chinese Wireless Personal Area Network), which specify power-saving methods for networks with high latency tolerance.

This paper presents an application for urban networks using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which is used for monitoring and control electric variables in a public lighting scenario.

© 2012 Pantoni et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This application consists of an urban network, where sensors (nodes) are coupled to the lamp posts or lighting points in order to control the control the lighting for these points, and capture important information from diagnostics, operation and failures.

Street Lighting System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks 339

projects on the "Brazilian Smart Grid Program" (ANEEL, 2010a). This program focuses on presenting project proposals in order to join efforts to coordinate and generate new technological knowledge of great relevance for the Brazilian electricity sector. More specifically, in accordance with the document generated by the mentioned public hearing (ANEEL, 2010a), this study contributes to the research of "telecommunication

In addition, the regulatory resolution nº 414, of September 9, 2010 (ANEEL, 2010b) from ANEEL establishes changes to the maintenance policy for the Brazilian public lighting structure. This document states that, from September 2012, municipal governments shall be responsible for maintaining the public lighting structure, instead of the concessionaires,

Finally, control and monitoring public lighting, through lamps or dimming ballasts, decreases light pollution, caused by poor adjustment of luminosity and number of lamps lit in specific directions, depending on the angle, intensity, etc (Figure 1). Besides, light pollution should be studied aiming to improve roads, streets and avenues conditions, in order to provide better maneuverability for drivers, and brightness for unsafe places, such

The current public lighting structure in Brazil consists of a set of lighting points arranged in a certain manner. Each point has a housing with a device called photocell relay, which is responsible for turning the lights on or off according to a brightness sensor. Then, at nightfall, the relay turns the light on at the lighting point. This limited structure may compromise consumption efficiency, quality of service to the community, and other factors,

To solve the problems mentioned above in an automatic way, allowing fast and efficient preventive and corrective maintenance, an automation system may be applied. The basis for such a system is implementing the communication between parts involved, like devices,

for example, problems in the lamp, power supply, the photocell relay, etc.

which shall be responsible only for power supplying.

as alleys and public squares (MIZON, 2001) (SCHWARZ, 2003).

infrastructure".

**Figure 1.** Light Pollution

This type of application is expected to improve quality in public lighting service and rationalize power consumption through smart sensors and supervision screens. The next section describes specific aspects involving the quality of public lighting service and the current stage of its structure in Brazil. Section 3 describes the system requirements, which its understanding is fundamental to develop the control and monitoring application and routing protocols. In section 4 the solutions regarding the control and monitoring application are detailed. Section 5 is presented the routing protocols strategies. In the last section, the conclusions are indicates the conclusions.
