Preface

The objective of this book is to present different programs and practical applications for energy efficiency in sufficient depth. The approach is given to transfer the long academic and practical experiences from researchers in the field of energy engineering to readers. The book is enabling readers to reach a sound understanding of a broad range of different topics related to energy efficiency. The book is highly recommended for engineers, researchers and technical staff involved in energy efficiency programs.

Energy efficiency is a relatively quick and effective way to minimize depletion of resources. It is the way for the future development of alternative resources. Effective energy efficiency programs can reduce a country's reliance on non-domestic energy sources, which can in turn improve national security and stabilize energy prices. Smart Energy is the philosophy of using the most cost effective long term approach to meeting the energy needs maintaining the lowest environmental impact and maximum efficiency.

The electric power delivery system is almost entirely a system with only modest use of sensors, minimal electronic communication and almost no electronic control. In the last 30 years almost all other industries in the world have modernized themselves with the use of sensors, communications, electrical and mechanical equipment and computational ability. For industries, many enormous improvements are produced in productivity, efficiency, quality of products and services, and environmental performance.

Smart grid is the way to achieve smart energy with optimized and high performance use of electrical and mechanical equipment, sensors, communications, computational capabilities, demand / load management and control in different forms, which enhances the overall functionality of the electric power delivery system. Traditional system becomes smart by sensing, communicating, applying intelligence, exercising control and through feedback, continually adjusting. This permits several functions in the power system and allows optimization of the use of generation and storage, transmission, distribution, distributed resources and consumer end uses. This is the way to ensure reliability and optimize or minimize the use of energy, mitigate environmental impact, manage assets, and reduce cost.

#### X Preface

Improving energy efficiency will require concerted and effective policies and programs at the international and local levels in addition to extensive improvements in technology. This book provides some studies and specific sets of policies and programs that are implemented in order to maximize the potential for energy efficiency improvement. It contains unique studies that provide a multi-disciplinary forum for the discussion of critical issues in energy policy, science and technology, and their impact on society and the environment.

Preface XI

This section presents a comprehensive compilation of several state-of-the-art methods that can be used for the detailed electrical energy measurement in houses, with emphasis on the techniques which can provide a complete knowledge of the energy consumption of all appliances in a home. The section also introduces energy efficiency comparison study between the countries using a dynamic analysis. The reliability design and its direct effect on the energy efficiency are also discussed in this section. The steam in iron and steel plants is an important secondary energy. Accurate measurement of steam flow rate is of great significance for the rational use of steam and improving energy efficiency. However, due to the complex nature of steam and the low precision of instruments, the reliability of the measured data is low. That makes negative impact to the production scheduling. Here we have three data processing approaches proposed for the real-time flow rate measurements. In addition, energy consumption of transport sector depends on several factors, such as economic, fiscal, regulatory and technological factors. The investigation of the main driving factors of transport energy consumption changes requires analysis of the relationship between transport activity and economic growth. Finally this section also presents the problems of energy efficiency in transport sector, methods of determination of the contributing factors and the policy options to make the

An inefficient use of the available energy leads to poor performance and short life cycle of the sensors network. This section provides Hierarchical Adaptive Balanced Energy Efficient Routing Protocol to decrease probability of failure nodes and to prolong the time interval before the death of the first node and increasing the lifetime in heterogeneous Wireless sensor networks, which is crucial for many applications. Sensing and actuating nodes placed outdoors in urban environments so as to improve people's living conditions as well as to monitor compliance with increasingly strict environmental laws. Furthermore, in this section an application for urban networks using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is presented, which is used for monitoring and control electric variables in a public lighting scenario. It also deals with the matter of finding relationships between software usage and power consumption. Two experiments have been designed, consisting in running benchmarks on two common desktop machines, simulating some typical scenarios and then measuring the energy consumption in order to make some statistical analysis on results. Finally the section also outlines wireless sensors network scenarios and analysis of the energy

**Prof. M. M. Eissa**

Helwan University,

Egypt

Faculty of Engineering at Helwan

**Section 3: Energy Efficiency – Measurement and Analysis** 

**Section 4: Energy Efficiency – Software and Sensors** 

sector more sustainable.

consumption of the devices.

Moreover the book provides innovative ways of energy research by addressing key topics in this wide-ranging field; from different expert programs in the field related to electrical and mechanical equipment, load management and quality, to energy efficiency in sensors and software, measurement and auditing.

The book contains four main sections; Energy Efficiency with Load Management, Energy Efficiency-Equipment, Energy Efficiency-Measurement and Analysis, and Energy Efficiency Software and Sensors. Every section contains several chapters related to the topic of the section. More than 30 Scientists with academic and industrial expertise in the field of the energy efficiency have contributed to this book which aim was to provide sufficient innovative knowledge and present different energy efficiency policies from multi-disciplinary point of view.

#### **Section 1: Energy Efficiency – Load Management**

This section describes modified Intelligent Monitoring and Controlling System to high voltage customers. It also assembles the complete work of environmental design developed for the new research centre of Petroleum Companies. Energy Efficient Mobility Management for the Macrocell–Femtocell LTE Network is also presented. Finally this section defines the concept and the need for energy efficiency as a solution for energy management.

#### **Section 2: Energy Efficiency – Equipment**

This section describes high efficiency mix energy system design with low carbon footprint for wide-open Workshops. Ventilation fans are energy-demanding equipment that stands for a significant share of a building's total energy consumption. Improving energy efficiency of ventilation fans is thus important. In addition, different approach of controlling the static pressure difference of a fan is suggested. One of the important industry utilities that has to be encompassed by this energy policy are compressed air systems. The section is also concerned with the identification of the current state of energy efficiency in the production and usage of compressed air and possibilities for improvements that would yield the corresponding energy saving. Moreover, it presents an optimization model that determines the best hourly operation for one day, according to the electricity tariff, for a pumped storage system with water consumption and inlet discharge with wind turbines. Finally energy dissipation due to gas-liquid mixing as a function of different physical, geometric and dynamic variables of the system is enunciated in this section.

#### **Section 3: Energy Efficiency – Measurement and Analysis**

X Preface

Improving energy efficiency will require concerted and effective policies and programs at the international and local levels in addition to extensive improvements in technology. This book provides some studies and specific sets of policies and programs that are implemented in order to maximize the potential for energy efficiency improvement. It contains unique studies that provide a multi-disciplinary forum for the discussion of critical issues in energy policy, science and technology, and

Moreover the book provides innovative ways of energy research by addressing key topics in this wide-ranging field; from different expert programs in the field related to electrical and mechanical equipment, load management and quality, to energy

The book contains four main sections; Energy Efficiency with Load Management, Energy Efficiency-Equipment, Energy Efficiency-Measurement and Analysis, and Energy Efficiency Software and Sensors. Every section contains several chapters related to the topic of the section. More than 30 Scientists with academic and industrial expertise in the field of the energy efficiency have contributed to this book which aim was to provide sufficient innovative knowledge and present different energy

This section describes modified Intelligent Monitoring and Controlling System to high voltage customers. It also assembles the complete work of environmental design developed for the new research centre of Petroleum Companies. Energy Efficient Mobility Management for the Macrocell–Femtocell LTE Network is also presented. Finally this section defines the concept and the need for energy efficiency as a solution

This section describes high efficiency mix energy system design with low carbon footprint for wide-open Workshops. Ventilation fans are energy-demanding equipment that stands for a significant share of a building's total energy consumption. Improving energy efficiency of ventilation fans is thus important. In addition, different approach of controlling the static pressure difference of a fan is suggested. One of the important industry utilities that has to be encompassed by this energy policy are compressed air systems. The section is also concerned with the identification of the current state of energy efficiency in the production and usage of compressed air and possibilities for improvements that would yield the corresponding energy saving. Moreover, it presents an optimization model that determines the best hourly operation for one day, according to the electricity tariff, for a pumped storage system with water consumption and inlet discharge with wind turbines. Finally energy dissipation due to gas-liquid mixing as a function of different physical, geometric and dynamic variables

their impact on society and the environment.

efficiency in sensors and software, measurement and auditing.

efficiency policies from multi-disciplinary point of view.

**Section 1: Energy Efficiency – Load Management** 

**Section 2: Energy Efficiency – Equipment** 

of the system is enunciated in this section.

for energy management.

This section presents a comprehensive compilation of several state-of-the-art methods that can be used for the detailed electrical energy measurement in houses, with emphasis on the techniques which can provide a complete knowledge of the energy consumption of all appliances in a home. The section also introduces energy efficiency comparison study between the countries using a dynamic analysis. The reliability design and its direct effect on the energy efficiency are also discussed in this section. The steam in iron and steel plants is an important secondary energy. Accurate measurement of steam flow rate is of great significance for the rational use of steam and improving energy efficiency. However, due to the complex nature of steam and the low precision of instruments, the reliability of the measured data is low. That makes negative impact to the production scheduling. Here we have three data processing approaches proposed for the real-time flow rate measurements. In addition, energy consumption of transport sector depends on several factors, such as economic, fiscal, regulatory and technological factors. The investigation of the main driving factors of transport energy consumption changes requires analysis of the relationship between transport activity and economic growth. Finally this section also presents the problems of energy efficiency in transport sector, methods of determination of the contributing factors and the policy options to make the sector more sustainable.

#### **Section 4: Energy Efficiency – Software and Sensors**

An inefficient use of the available energy leads to poor performance and short life cycle of the sensors network. This section provides Hierarchical Adaptive Balanced Energy Efficient Routing Protocol to decrease probability of failure nodes and to prolong the time interval before the death of the first node and increasing the lifetime in heterogeneous Wireless sensor networks, which is crucial for many applications. Sensing and actuating nodes placed outdoors in urban environments so as to improve people's living conditions as well as to monitor compliance with increasingly strict environmental laws. Furthermore, in this section an application for urban networks using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is presented, which is used for monitoring and control electric variables in a public lighting scenario. It also deals with the matter of finding relationships between software usage and power consumption. Two experiments have been designed, consisting in running benchmarks on two common desktop machines, simulating some typical scenarios and then measuring the energy consumption in order to make some statistical analysis on results. Finally the section also outlines wireless sensors network scenarios and analysis of the energy consumption of the devices.

> **Prof. M. M. Eissa** Faculty of Engineering at Helwan Helwan University, Egypt

**Section 1** 

**Energy Efficiency – Load Management** 

**Energy Efficiency – Load Management** 

**Chapter 1** 

© 2012 Eissa et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Load Management System Using Intelligent** 

There are vast opportunities to improve energy use efficiency by eliminating waste through process optimization. Applying today's computing and control equipment and techniques is one of the most cost-effective and significant opportunities for larger energy users to reduce their energy costs and improve profits. An Energy Management Information System (EMIS) is an important element of a comprehensive energy management program. It provides relevant information to key individuals and departments that enable them to improve energy performance. Today it is normal for companies, particularly in process sectors, to collect huge amounts of real-time data from automated control systems, including Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), etc. The captured data is shared and analysed in an orderly and precise way that identifies problem areas and provides solutions, this mass of data is merely information overload. Advances in information technology (IT), defined here as the use of computers to collect, analyse, control and distribute data, have developed rapidly. It is now common for managers and operators to have access to powerful computers and software. Today there are a number of techniques to analyse the factors that affect efficiency, and models are automatically generated based on "what if" scenarios in order to improve decisions to be

The paper shows a very advanced technology for handling automatically more than 200 digital and analogue (i/p and o/p) parameters via intelligent monitoring and controlling

However, load management is the process of scheduling the loads to reduce the electric energy consumption and or the maximum demand. It is basically optimizing the

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Monitoring and Control System** 

M.M. Eissa, S.M. Wasfy and M.M. Sallam

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51850

**1. Introduction** 

taken.

system.

**for Commercial and Industrial Sectors** 
