**5. Conclusion**

284 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

which aim to reduce the travelling distances but not transported tons.

economic growth in term of transportation can be also reduced.

substitute of the clean fuels to fossil fuels.

for users of rail services.

*Logistic solutions*, such as relocation of production units, multimodality, intermodality, optimization of the entire transportation chain from origins to final delivery and rescheduling of transport operations for companies are some examples of instruments

*Modal shifting* is also a decoupling instrument which aims to improve the demand of less energy-intensive modes of transport. In the large majority of countries, road transport is the predominant mode. It has often the important share in transport sector fuel consumption. To reduce its energy intensity, authority should shift over to rail mode. To this end some tools should be applied, for examples, reinforcing of rail infrastructures, the amelioration of services quality (availability, speed, regularity, tariffs, security, accessibility) and subsidizes

*Economic structure change* which increases the share of service sector in the GDP can reduce transport intensity and so ameliorate the energy efficiency of transport sector. Volume of physical production and its movements from production market to consumption market have a determining influence on travel distances. When economic growth is driving especially by tertiary sector and trucks with high transportation capacities are used for freight transport, travels can be reduced and energy necessary to satisfying the demand of

*Transport planning* can be reduce personal mobility and reduce distances especially in urban areas. It should be adopted by local authorities in order to make sustainable their transport system. Shifting over public transport is one of the important solutions of urban transport planning. Ameliorating supply and quality of public passengers transport could reduce personal motorization. Developing of public transport network by extension of public transport lines and through integration of private investment could be improving the public transportation. Moreover, revising the spatial distribution of households and activities in order to reduce travels can be deteriorating the urban density, the urbanized kilometers number and so road transport-related energy consumption in urban areas. New equity in term of spatial repartition of activities between all cities could reduce the concentration of

*Fiscal and economic instruments* could ameliorate the transport energy efficiency. They can be use to encourage the shifting over to energy efficient mode and the switching to clean fuels. In order to ameliorating the vehicle fuel efficiency and so reducing the vehicle fuel intensity, governments can impose some fiscal instruments. For examples, taxation of fossils fuels for personal cars use can increase the personal fuel expenditures and so encouraging the substitution of collective transportation to individual transportation. In addition, fossil fuel taxes for road freight transport could encourage the companies to promote the use of vehicle with high capacities transportation and less energy consumption. These taxes could be applied along with subsidies given for users of renewable energy. Government can also apply economic instruments, such as the increase of diesel and gasoline prices in order to

populations and economic activities in megacities and so urbanized kilometers.

As stated at the beginning of this chapter, the relationship between economic growth, transport activity and energy consumption is analyzed by more existing studies. In this chapter, majority of methodologies used to study energy efficiency for transport sector has been examined. From the sustainable transport point of view, there are large set of factors which influence transport sector energy consumption. All these factors are defined in the contexts of coupling and decoupling relationship between transport development and economic growth.

Ameliorating of transport sector energy efficiency depends on economic, urban, technological and fiscal factors. Decisions in land use planning and transport planning, prices and quality of fuels, taxes and subsidizes and investments on new technologies have a significant impacts on control of energy efficiency from transport sector and their environmental effects. However, in developing countries, improving the energy efficiency in transport sector requires more attention by government authorities, investors and civil society. Policymakers in these countries give more importance to transport accessibility to population and search to satisfying the economic growth in term of freight transport without any policy of energy economy.
