**3. Methodologies used for study of transport energy efficiency**

274 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

development.

gas emissions1.

under various strategies for reducing the impacts of china's road vehicles on energy resources and environment. These strategies have concerned on the fuel economy regulation, alternative fuels and vehicles, public and non-motorized transport and economic incentives. Rudra (2010) explores the causality relationship between transport infrastructure, energy consumption and economic growth in India over the period 1970-2007. He finds a unidirectional causality from transport infrastructure to energy consumption. This results mains that energy and transportation policies must be recognized. Marshall *et al*. (2011) explores the causal relationship between residential location and vehicle miles of travel, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Chicago metropolitan area over the period 2007 - 2008. Reinhard *et al.* (2011) concluded that urban energy planning and urbanization management are strongly linked and must be coordinated to lead to sustainable energy

In order to study transport-related energy consumption, majority of works have used the decomposition method. It's one of the most effective applied tools used to investigate the factors influencing energy consumption and its environmental impacts. The intensity decomposition method dates back to studies undertaken in the 1980s. It has known an expansion with works interesting to evaluation of aggregate energy consumption caused especially by the preceding energy crisis. It had evoked especially in the industrial context (Howarth *et al.,* 1991, Parck 1992). However, in the 1990s and 2000s this technique has been generalized to be used and applied to other sectors such as transport sector. The main objective of this method is to identifying factors that influence directly or indirectly energy consumption. One of the important decomposition of energy efficiency is which had proposed by Kaya (1989) in the context of energy economy. Kolbs and Waker (1995) have used decomposition method to find determinants of energy consumption and greenhouse

For the case of transport, several studies have been interested to decomposing energy consumption in transport sector in order to show the contribution of traffic in pollution. Schipper, Scholl and Price (1997) have decomposed energy intensity on three factors; transport activity (tone kilometre), structure of transport (types of modals) and intensity (energy used per unit of transport). They have concluded that best energy efficiency cannot compensate increasing of transport and modal share of road transport. Kveiborg and Fosgerau (2004) have decomposed the energy intensity of road transport for Denmark along the period 1981-1997. They have found that energy efficiency has been ameliorated by reducing of industrial production share and travelling distance through implantation of logistic platforms. Steer Davies Gleave (2003) have concluded, for the case of Germany, France, Spain, Italy and England during the period 1970-2000, that reducing of the road transport share has ameliorated the energy efficiency for the countries group. Steenhof *et al*. (2006) have used decomposition of energy intensity in order to examine the determinants of GES caused by freight transport in Canada. They have concluded that technical progress is inadequate solution if share of freight road transport increase for USA. Tanczos and Torok

1 Liu and Ang (2007) have exposed a large majority of studies which used the method of intensity decomposition.
