**2. Original system description**

4 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

improving the load factor[4]-[6].

level of the consumed power).

a new technology such as introduced here will be extended.

processes/loads to improve the system load factor. Load-management procedures involve changes to equipment and/or consumption patterns on the customer side. There are many methods of load management which can be followed by an industry or a utility, such as load shedding and restoring, load shifting, installing energy-efficient processes and equipment, energy storage devices, co-generation, non-conventional sources of energy, and reactive power control [1]-[3]. Meeting the peak demand is one of the major problems now facing the electric utilities. With the existing generating capacity being unmanageable, authorities are forced to implement load shedding in various sectors during most of the seasons. Load shifting will be a better option for most industries. Load shifting basically means scheduling the load in such a way that loads are diverted from peak period to offpeak periods, thereby shaving the peak and filling the valley of the load curve, so

To encourage load shifting in industries, and thereby to reduce peak demand automatically,

Also, power quality is of major concern to all types of industries, especially those operating with critical machinery and equipments. Poor quality of power leads to major problems like break-downs, production interruptions, excess energy consumption etc. Modern industries require automation of their operation enabling them to produce quality products and also for mass production. The conventional systems are being replaced by modern Power Electronic systems, bringing a variety of advantages to the users. Classic examples are DC & AC Drives, UPS, soft starters, etc. Power Quality Alarming and Analysis provides a comprehensive view into a facility's electrical distribution system. Power Quality can be monitored at the electrical mains or at any critical feeder branch in the distribution system such as described here. Devices in this category typically provide all of the parameters found in basic devices, plus advanced analysis capabilities [7]-[8]. These advanced analysis capabilities include using waveform capture to collect and view waveform shape and magnitude, providing harmonic analysis graphs, collection and storage of events and data, and recording single or multiple cycle waveforms based on triggers such as overvoltage or transients. With the ever-increasing use of sophisticated controls and equipment in industrial, commercial, and governmental facilities, the continuity, reliability, and quality of electrical service has become extremely crucial to many power users. Electrical systems are subject to a wide variety of power quality problems which can interrupt production processes, affect sensitive equipment, and cause downtime, scrap, and capacity losses.

Momentary voltage fluctuations can disastrously impact production [7]-[8].

analyzed from the system. The original system can afford the following features:

The proposed modified intelligent monitoring and controlling system will introduce monitoring, alarming, controlling, and power quality mitigation based on data collected and



PROFIBUS is the powerful, open and rugged bus system for process and field communication in cell networks with few stations and for data communication. Automation devices such as PLCs, PCs, HMI devices, sensors or actuators can communicate via this bus system. PROFIBUS is part of totally integrated automation, the uniform, integrated product and system range from Siemens for efficient automation of the entire production process for all sectors of industry. PROFIBUS can be used, for example, for the following applications: Factory automation, Process automation and Building automation. Different PROFIBUS versions are available for the various fields of application:

• Process or field communication (PROFIBUS DP) (for fast, cyclic data exchange with field devices). PROFIBUS PA (for intrinsic safety applications in process automation)

	- Data communication (PROFIBUS FMS) (for data communication between programmable controllers and field devices).

Load Management System Using Intelligent Monitoring and Control System for Commercial and Industrial Sectors 7

Several S7-300s can communicate together and with other SIMATIC S7 PLCs via PROFIBUS bus cables. Fig. 3 shows the components of the PLC. The Runtime application of the WinCC basic software offers all essential functions of a powerful SCADA-System. Using WinCC User Administrator, One can assign and control users access rights for configuration and

The application functions of the data collection and monitoring are all performed via two workstations, PLC and two different software programmes. The program can include data exchange communication protocol between the communication system and PLC, through digital power meters, breakers' status (On/Off), power quality monitoring, threshold for alarming. Figs. 4 and 5 show part of the system operation for monitoring feeder-2 and transformer-2 parameters for the system installed at Eastern Company in Egypt. Fig. 6 shows one of the event messages produced from the system. Fig. 7 shows the block diagram that demonstrates the various function components of IMCS. All of these components are programmed as functions of the system. Some of the system functionality can be described

Sensors and power meters communicate measurements and status information from the

IMCS offers a wide range of options for monitoring the plant. Information can be monitored locally and centrally. Access to the IMCS is protected and the users must login to gain access to functionality. Information received from the plant can be monitored in different forms from data or trends mode. The monitoring includes; Alarms, Trends, Recommendations

The control of the system is limited while the system is based on monitoring purposes and

The IMCS has the feature of data logging for some selected parameters such as (switching procedure during week; temperature, breaker status, transients, etc.) for further analysis.

• Function modules (FM)

runtime.

as;

**3.2. Monitoring**

**3.3. Control**

**3.4. Data logging**

• Communication processor (CP).

**3. Original system operation** 

**3.1. Sensors, power meters and breakers status**

Status, Configuration utilities, Event messages, etc.

given recommendation messages for the operator.

plant to the monitoring modules of the IMCS.

Power Quality devices are installed at various measuring points in order to record a series of measurements of the required values for an analysis of the network quality. The devise can be installed on the load. In addition to all relevant measured variables, the meter can also record system disturbances, always when an upward or downward limit value violation has occurred. The recorded values can be called up and evaluated using a PC. Power Quality is available in 3 device versions with the following communication interfaces: RS232, RS485, and PROFlBUS-DP. Furthermore the device version Power Quality with PROFIBUS-DP interface opens up another area of application. Together with programmable control systems (PLCs), it can be used as a "sensor" for electrical measured variables. In the system achieved, the PROFIBUS-DP technology is used.

The Power Quality PAR parameterization software is executable under the Windows 2000/XP operating systems. The software allows you to define the device address, so that each device is uniquely identified and to configure the power quality for the communication protocol to be used (PROFIBUS DP) in order to prepare it for the measurement task. Fig. 2 shows the display of the currently transmitted measured values.

Power Meter is a power meter for panel mounting, with big graphic display and background illumination. The major application area is power monitoring and recording at MV and LV level. The major information types are measured values, alarms and status information. Power monitoring systems with Power Meter, a permanently installed system, enables continuous logging of energy-related data and provides information on operational characteristics of electrical systems. Power Meter helps identify sources of energy consumption and time of peak consumption. This knowledge allows you to allocate and reduce energy costs. Measured values include r.m.s values of voltages (phase-to-phase and/or phase-to-ground), currents, active, reactive and apparent power and energy, frequency, power factor, phase angle per phase, symmetry factor, harmonics of currents and voltages, total harmonic distortion. Ten maters are installed on the system and arranged on the incoming feeders, transformers and also on the generators. PROFIBUS-DP and Power Meter are connected in a master-slave operation mode. The communication parameters are loaded to the master station using the GSD file. The Power Meter supports data transmission rates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s. The Measured values can be: Voltage, Current, Active power, Reactive power, Apparent power, Power factor, Active power factor, Phase angle, Frequency, Active energy demand, Active energy supply, Active energy total, Active energy total, Reactive energy, inductive, Reactive energy, capacitive, Reactive energy total, Apparent energy, Unbalance voltage, Unbalance current, THD voltage, THD current, Harmonic voltage, and Harmonic current.

SIMATIC S7-300 PLC: S7-300 programmable controller is made up of the following components:


• Function modules (FM)

6 Energy Efficiency – The Innovative Ways for Smart Energy, the Future Towards Modern Utilities

variables. In the system achieved, the PROFIBUS-DP technology is used.

current, THD voltage, THD current, Harmonic voltage, and Harmonic current.

components:

• CPU

• Power supply (PS)

• Signal modules (SM)

SIMATIC S7-300 PLC: S7-300 programmable controller is made up of the following

shows the display of the currently transmitted measured values.

programmable controllers and field devices).

• Data communication (PROFIBUS FMS) (for data communication between

Power Quality devices are installed at various measuring points in order to record a series of measurements of the required values for an analysis of the network quality. The devise can be installed on the load. In addition to all relevant measured variables, the meter can also record system disturbances, always when an upward or downward limit value violation has occurred. The recorded values can be called up and evaluated using a PC. Power Quality is available in 3 device versions with the following communication interfaces: RS232, RS485, and PROFlBUS-DP. Furthermore the device version Power Quality with PROFIBUS-DP interface opens up another area of application. Together with programmable control systems (PLCs), it can be used as a "sensor" for electrical measured

The Power Quality PAR parameterization software is executable under the Windows 2000/XP operating systems. The software allows you to define the device address, so that each device is uniquely identified and to configure the power quality for the communication protocol to be used (PROFIBUS DP) in order to prepare it for the measurement task. Fig. 2

Power Meter is a power meter for panel mounting, with big graphic display and background illumination. The major application area is power monitoring and recording at MV and LV level. The major information types are measured values, alarms and status information. Power monitoring systems with Power Meter, a permanently installed system, enables continuous logging of energy-related data and provides information on operational characteristics of electrical systems. Power Meter helps identify sources of energy consumption and time of peak consumption. This knowledge allows you to allocate and reduce energy costs. Measured values include r.m.s values of voltages (phase-to-phase and/or phase-to-ground), currents, active, reactive and apparent power and energy, frequency, power factor, phase angle per phase, symmetry factor, harmonics of currents and voltages, total harmonic distortion. Ten maters are installed on the system and arranged on the incoming feeders, transformers and also on the generators. PROFIBUS-DP and Power Meter are connected in a master-slave operation mode. The communication parameters are loaded to the master station using the GSD file. The Power Meter supports data transmission rates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s. The Measured values can be: Voltage, Current, Active power, Reactive power, Apparent power, Power factor, Active power factor, Phase angle, Frequency, Active energy demand, Active energy supply, Active energy total, Active energy total, Reactive energy, inductive, Reactive energy, capacitive, Reactive energy total, Apparent energy, Unbalance voltage, Unbalance • Communication processor (CP).

Several S7-300s can communicate together and with other SIMATIC S7 PLCs via PROFIBUS bus cables. Fig. 3 shows the components of the PLC. The Runtime application of the WinCC basic software offers all essential functions of a powerful SCADA-System. Using WinCC User Administrator, One can assign and control users access rights for configuration and runtime.
