**2. Energy efficiency concept**

The simple concept of energy flow can be shown in Figure 2. The whole idea is to minimize the energy loss either from the primary to secondary or from secondary to end use. Implementation of energy practices is part of the solution in reducing the loss from the infrastructure requirement to the energy demand. Energy is essential in increasing productivity and ensuring a high quality of life, thus the relation between energy and economic growth is crucial. However, the proportionality of economic growth and energy demand constitutes the depletion of energy resources. One essential and effective way to manage around the depletion of resources while at the same time fostering economic growth is by applying an energy efficiency concept [7, 8]. Since the late 1970s, a considerable increase in energy efficiency has been achieved in response to energy price hikes, supply uncertainties, government policies, and independent technology improvements [9,10]. Nowadays, the focus of international incentives for people to practice energy efficiency is to inject considerable amounts of awareness concerning climate change into the society. Energy efficiency is a generic term which refers to the usage of less energy to produce the same amount of services or useful output [11, 12].

However, the term energy efficiency depends heavily on its application. Thus there is no defined and clear qualitative measure of it. The input, output, analysis and monitoring parameters are very crucial in executing energy efficiency to the maximum in order to achieve the desired result. In general, the energy efficiency indicators are of the form of

$$\text{Energy} \quad \text{Efficancy} = \frac{output \text{ power}}{input \text{ power}} \tag{1}$$

**Figure 1.** Building energy efficiency (Electric Power Research Institute)

energy efficiency projects such as retrofits, and retro commissions [5].

implemented.

**2. Energy efficiency concept** 

amount of services or useful output [11, 12].

been limited success in convincing large organizations and building owners to undertake

An important factor that rises while doing a comparison is the use of benchmarks as representative standards against the buildings to be compared and monitored. For example, the comparison of energy consumption with a square meter of floor area to the benchmark will allow the decision maker to observe and assess the amount of energy consumed. Therefore determination for the improvements can be made to minimize the consumption within that specific area. An effective energy management of a buildings do not necessarily cost more to build as compares to normal buildings, provided they are well maintained and manages effectively. Due to the use of energy efficient tools they are set to be very reliable, comfortable and as productive as a normal building. Numerous studies have focused on improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings. As stated by Escriva [6] engineers and researchers have developed complex methods to improve energy efficiency, but buildings are often managed by non-specialized technicians who need understandable and costeffective actions to implement in their buildings. Therefore basic actions for the base improvements in energy efficiency for commercial buildings had to be stated and

The simple concept of energy flow can be shown in Figure 2. The whole idea is to minimize the energy loss either from the primary to secondary or from secondary to end use. Implementation of energy practices is part of the solution in reducing the loss from the infrastructure requirement to the energy demand. Energy is essential in increasing productivity and ensuring a high quality of life, thus the relation between energy and economic growth is crucial. However, the proportionality of economic growth and energy demand constitutes the depletion of energy resources. One essential and effective way to manage around the depletion of resources while at the same time fostering economic growth is by applying an energy efficiency concept [7, 8]. Since the late 1970s, a considerable increase in energy efficiency has been achieved in response to energy price hikes, supply uncertainties, government policies, and independent technology improvements [9,10]. Nowadays, the focus of international incentives for people to practice energy efficiency is to inject considerable amounts of awareness concerning climate change into the society. Energy efficiency is a generic term which refers to the usage of less energy to produce the same

However, the term energy efficiency depends heavily on its application. Thus there is no defined and clear qualitative measure of it. The input, output, analysis and monitoring parameters are very crucial in executing energy efficiency to the maximum in order to achieve the desired result. In general, the energy efficiency indicators are of the form of

*output power Energy Efficiency input power* <sup>=</sup> (1)

The opposite of energy efficiency is referred to as energy intensity. The output of energy efficiency results can be physically determined, or enumerated in monetary units. The only plausible evaluation of energy efficiency is by looking at its indicators and then evaluating them by observing the results achieved targets, and relative situations among other groups. Energy efficiency number normally gives different interpretations relates to energy processes, programmers, investments, conservation properties, as well as system performances. Comparisons can be made to the past and to the projected future. This is important to ensure that the distribution of energy efficiency technologies and procedures can be systematically promoted. Evaluation and monitoring of energy efficiency practices give beneficial motivation mainly on the financial side. In many factories and buildings, overhead accounts duly increase the energy cost; therefore it saves a lot of money when total energy management is being practiced. Improvements can be adjust and implemented through accounting systems and at the end more accurately allocate energy costs within plants could be shown [8]. Diakaki et all in [9] investigate the feasibility of the application of multi objective optimization techniques to the problem of the improvement of the energy efficiency in buildings, so that the maximum possible number of alternative solutions and energy efficiency measures may be considered

Tools and Solution for Energy Management 83

The fifth group with addition to Patterson's definition is environmental EE indicators. They are special for measuring energy related specific emission which is direct to environmental issues. However these indicators only allow for the comparison of the efficiency of processes which require the same end use service. It is a very evident that the energy quality problem is a fundamental problem across all energy efficiency indicators when trying to compare

Energy efficiency indicators, while functioning to provide information about EE consumption and its end results, also function to compare and provide benchmarks for present and future technologies. Benchmarking is quite a tedious process, where external influences that affect economic, financial and other non-includable parameters have to be excluded from the judgment [15]. The influence of external factors tends to dynamically increase which can easily frustrate assessments [13]. According to [8] the main problems

ii. Geographical differences that make the ratios and indicators vary continuously, and

The evaluation of EE indicators heavily depend on the transparency of the data collected and calculation of indicators. In order to reach this 3 targets are identified as follows [9].

i. Progressive harmonization of data and regularity of updated database for data

ii. Defining the status of common technology for EE assessment. This can also be applied on the consequences on Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the related ratios. iii. Acquiring necessary mechanisms in order to regularize the findings to the real time experiences. Harmonization of interpretations is a necessity to ensure the reliability of

Energy efficiency standards and labels usually come together. Standards are technical settings of energy efficiency, while labels provide guidelines to consumers to select more

Energy efficiency labels are educational labels that are affixed to explain the energy performance of manufactured products, and to give the consumer the necessary data for making knowledgeable purchases [16]. According to [17] there are three kinds of labels.

i. Endorsement Labels: Fundamentally given according to products that meet specified

process with different quality inputs and outputs [8, 14].

**3.1. Management of energy efficiency indicators** 

iii. Interpretations of ratios that diverge accordingly

indicators produced from common database.

**3.2. Energy efficiency labels and standards** 

efficient appliances when they make a purchase [16].

with EE indicators are.

management.

*3.2.1. Labels* 

criteria.

i. Inhomogeneous data,

**Figure 2.** General layout of energy flow
