**9. References**

Fort A.; Ryckaert, J.; Desset, C.; De Doncker, P.; Wambacq, P.; & Van Biesen, L. (2006). Ultra-Wideband Channel Model for Communication Around the Human Body, *IEEE Journal*  *on Selected Areas in Communications*, vol. 24, No. 4, (April 2006), pp. 927-933, ISSN: 0733- 8716.

IEEE 804.15.4 Standard (2011). Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs).

IEEE 804.15.6 Standard (2012). Wireless Body Area Networks.

100 Ultra Wideband – Current Status and Future Trends

**7. Future research directions** 

UWB BANs in medical environments.

fashion (Kaveh et al., 2011).

technology in the medical field.

**Author details** 

**9. References** 

**8. Summary** 

shared or generate a new shared master key (MK).

Security starts with a negotiation of the desired security suite between a node and a hub. Once the security selection is negotiated the two communicating parties activate a pre-

The UWB channel has been measured and modelled extensively in recent years. Experimental WBANs using this technology have been developed and studied. Now that standards are in place the expectations, for the near future, is to have actual deployment of

Commercial applications of UWB have been limited to situations where precise localization is needed. Once medical applications are deployed the excellent ranging characteristics of

More experimental work is needed to learn the capabilities of UWB to directly monitor human organ functions as well as the workings of medical implants. In addition to experimental work, there is the need to develop accurate mathematical models that can be

Assuming UWB WBANs are widely deployed long term future applications is their use to extend their range and data delivery capabilities by having the BANs work in a cooperative

This chapter describes features of the UWB channel that should be taken into account when it is being considered for medical applications, in particular in hospital scenarios. These scenarios include cases where the human body is in motion. Using actual measurements

It is also possible to use UWB technology to measure the workings of medical implants or body activities. This chapter presents the case of the response of an artificial aortic valve to

Finally there is a brief discussion of engineering standards applicable to the use of UWB

Fort A.; Ryckaert, J.; Desset, C.; De Doncker, P.; Wambacq, P.; & Van Biesen, L. (2006). Ultra-Wideband Channel Model for Communication Around the Human Body, *IEEE Journal* 

UWB waves and its potential use to evaluate the working status of the valve.

the UWB signals could also be used to localize patients and medical equipment.

used in simulation studies as well as in 3D immersion systems.

mathematical models of the channel have been proposed.

Carlos Pomalaza-Ráez and Attaphongse Taparugssanagorn *Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland* 


Yazdandoost K. & Sayrafian-Pour K. (2009). Channel Model for Body Area Network (BAN), *Report to the IEEE*, P802.15. ID: IEEE 802.15-08-0780-02-0006, April 2009.

**Chapter 6** 

© 2012 Lu et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Lu et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Cooperative Communication over Multi-Scale** 

The development of wireless communication applications in the last few years is unprecedented. Wireless communication has evolved in various ways. The next generation of wireless systems should service more users while supporting mobility and high data rates. These requirements necessitate efficient use of available resources to provide

In the wireless channel, fading can be coped with by using diversity techniques or by transmitting the signal over several independently fading channels and combining different signal at the receiver before demodulation and detection. Spatial diversity techniques are known to increase the system reliability without sacrificing time and bandwidth efficiency. However, due to the limitation of the diversity order and correlated channel, multiple

Spatial diversity has been studied intensively in the context of Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems [1]. It has been shown that utilizing MIMO systems can significantly improve the system throughput and reliability [2]. However, MIMO gains hinge on the independence of the paths between transmit and receive antennas, for which one must guarantee antenna element separation several times the wavelength, a requirement difficult to meet with the small-size terminals. To overcome this problem, and to benefit from the performance enhanced by MIMO systems, cooperative diversity schemes

Cooperative diversity [6] is an alternative way to achieve spatial diversity when the multiple antenna structure is not an option. Cooperative communications offer diversity based on the fact that other users in the cooperative network are able to overhear the transmitted signal and forward the information to the destination through different paths. Cooperative

**and Multi-Lag Wireless Channels** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

antenna diversity is not always practically feasible.

for the relay transmission have been introduced in [3-5].

H. Lu, T. Xu and H. Nikookar

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48719

acceptable service quality.

**1. Introduction** 

H. Lu, T. Xu and H. Nikookar

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48719
