**3. Dangerous goods management in logistics**

A good is considered as dangerous when it may present a danger on population, environment or on infrastructure according to its physicochemical properties or because of the reactions it can imply.

Activities involving dangerous goods concern all parts of the world. A global regulation is needed and should be coordinated with local authorities to make laws more reliable and respected. Since the logistics tend to be global, the control should be also global for a better efficiency.

Laws related to the use, the loading, the unloading, the storage, the transportation and the handling of dangerous material differ according to activities, status or modality of transports. Countries rely on international recommendations proposed by the Organization of United Nations to regulate the operation on dangerous goods.

The UN proposes recommendations for the dangerous goods since 1957 and updates periodically its texts. It is a reference which provides the main recommendations related to the dangerous goods notably about the different methods of transport: air, road, railway, canals and sea. A specialized authority is dedicated for each means of transportation, they are the followings:


Due to the existence of international regulations, countries or groups of countries (the European Union for example) have adapted their laws to harmonize them with the UN model. Thus, country legislations tend to follow the international regulations to make the management of dangerous goods more standard and more visible by a third.

#### **3.1. Dangerous goods identification**

Considering the important number of substances, there is a clear need for dangerous goods classification. Existing classifications of dangerous goods are based on chemical families (acid, alcohol, amide, etc.), chemical reactions (oxidation, reduction, combustion) or also on chemical compositions.

The CLP (Classification, Labelling, Packaging) regulation is relative to the chemical substances imported or commercialized in the European Union. This regulation entered into force in January 2009 and will be totally applied in 2015.

#### *3.1.1. Obligations under CLP*

CLP provides a global obligation for all suppliers in the supply chain to cooperate. This cooperation is necessary to make the different suppliers meet the requirements for classification, labelling and packaging.

#### *3.1.2. Terminology*

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Depending on actors involved in Supply Chain (SC) (suppliers, transporters, customers), SC definitions can differ regarding the described interactions and dependences between actors. A definition is given by [1]: *"A network of organizations that are involved, through upstream to downstream links, in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products*

With this definition, it appears that each company owns an internal SC and participates to another SC. A SC is a succession of activities related to a specific function performed by one or several actors in order to satisfy customer demands. Then, each actor belongs to a global flow, he evolves according to three interactions: his internal tasks, his provider status and his

A SC exists if at least two companies work together to the production of a particular product or service. If this association is explicitly guided to improve the performance then we describe

From a general point of view, the SCM can be defined as the coordination between companies internal and external activities. The goal of this management is to improve the SC performance on long term basis so that each actor of the SC can take benefit of this global management.

The SCM consists of managing the whole organizations involved in the delivery of a final product or service. Its aim is, on one hand, to produce products relying on information received from the customer needs and, on the other hand, to minimize the different supply, production, warehousing and delivery costs. The SCM gathers two parts: the integration of the company along the SC and the coordination between the physical, information and

The main objective of the SCM is to improve the competitiveness of companies by minimizing

A good is considered as dangerous when it may present a danger on population, environment or on infrastructure according to its physicochemical properties or because of the reactions it

Activities involving dangerous goods concern all parts of the world. A global regulation is needed and should be coordinated with local authorities to make laws more reliable and respected. Since the logistics tend to be global, the control should be also global for a better

Laws related to the use, the loading, the unloading, the storage, the transportation and the handling of dangerous material differ according to activities, status or modality of transports. Countries rely on international recommendations proposed by the Organization of United

the costs while the quality of service required by the customer is guaranteed.

**2. Supply chain management in logistics**

*and services in the hands of the ultimate customer".*

this as supply chain management, also called SCM.

**3. Dangerous goods management in logistics**

Nations to regulate the operation on dangerous goods.

**2.1. Supply chain management**

customer status.

financial flows.

can imply.

efficiency.

A new terminology is used, terms of existing regulation are kept whereas news are adopted. The term substance is used to designed hazardous material and the transformation of these substances into a new one is called mixture.

As well, the properties of substances are described according to three properties: physicocochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological. According to these three criterion, the definition of hazard classes helps to classify a substance. Then, a hazard class defines the nature of a hazard, it can be physical, on health or on the environment.

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#### *3.1.3. Classification of substances*

CLP possesses specific criteria of classifications that are rules that allow associating a substance to a class of hazard or a category in this class. In particular, the classification process is based on the substance concentrations to establish the effects of those substances on the health and the environment.

CLP defines three hazard classes and 28 categories, such as:


For example, the physical hazards regroup explosives, flammable gases, solids, aerosols, liquids. The health hazards are relative to acute toxicity, skin corrosion, irritation and sensitization. The environmental hazards address hazardous to the aquatic environment and hazardous to the ozone layer.

#### *3.1.4. Labelling*

A substance contained in packaging should be labelled according to the CLP rules with the following information (called labelling elements):

**Figure 1.** Pictograms used in CLP regulation.

and consequently risks evolve also;

The Process Safety Management (PSM) defines risk as follows:

goods manipulation. Among these factors, there are the followings:

*"Risk is defined as a measure of frequency and severity of harm due to a hazard. (...) In the context of public safety, risk is commonly characterized by fatalities (and injury) to members of the public".*

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Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union

According to this definition, several factors make difficult to assess the risk for dangerous

• Because of the diversity of hazards, the chemicals physicochemical properties are different

• The localization of potential accidents stays uncertain, it is not possible to determine where

• The large diversity of causes implies that it is impossible to enumerate all cases and to treat

Among dangerous goods, products can react when they are in contact. For these reasons, they must be stored in separate places. Strategy of storage consists in avoiding that incompatible products are neighbors. To this end, a first step is needed to identify substances as a function

In order to prevent any storage of incompatible chemicals and risk of chemical reaction in case of wrong handling, seggregation strategies are used. As shown in Fig. 2, it exists

an accident can occur (warehouse, highways, county roads, local roads, etc.);

*3.2.1. Risk definition*

these risks.

*3.2.2. Risks in warehousing*

of their potential chemical reactions.


A substance contained in packaging is labelled according to the CLP rules and contains a set of information such as name of the supplier of the substance, quantity of the substance in the packages or hazard pictograms, see Fig. 1.

The CLP regulation helps then the identification of chemical substances through the supply chain since it provides a standard framework for the classification, the labelling and the packaging of substances.

#### **3.2. Risks in dangerous goods storage**

In the context of logistics the main considered risks are relative to the physical or information flows disruption. The case of a supply chain whose physical flow manages dangerous goods, the risk becomes different and takes another dimension.

188 Risk Management – Current Issues and Challenges Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union <sup>5</sup> 189 Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union

**Figure 1.** Pictograms used in CLP regulation.

#### *3.2.1. Risk definition*

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CLP possesses specific criteria of classifications that are rules that allow associating a substance to a class of hazard or a category in this class. In particular, the classification process is based on the substance concentrations to establish the effects of those substances on the

For example, the physical hazards regroup explosives, flammable gases, solids, aerosols, liquids. The health hazards are relative to acute toxicity, skin corrosion, irritation and sensitization. The environmental hazards address hazardous to the aquatic environment and

A substance contained in packaging should be labelled according to the CLP rules with the

A substance contained in packaging is labelled according to the CLP rules and contains a set of information such as name of the supplier of the substance, quantity of the substance in the

The CLP regulation helps then the identification of chemical substances through the supply chain since it provides a standard framework for the classification, the labelling and the

In the context of logistics the main considered risks are relative to the physical or information flows disruption. The case of a supply chain whose physical flow manages dangerous goods,

• the name, address and telephone number of the supplier of the substance;

*3.1.3. Classification of substances*

health and the environment.

hazardous to the ozone layer.

*3.1.4. Labelling*

• hazard pictograms;

• hazard statements;

• supplemental information.

packaging of substances.

• signal word;

• 16 categories for physical hazards; • 10 categories for health hazards;

• 2 categories for environmental hazards.

following information (called labelling elements):

• the quantity of the substance in the packages;

• appropriate precautionary statements;

packages or hazard pictograms, see Fig. 1.

**3.2. Risks in dangerous goods storage**

the risk becomes different and takes another dimension.

CLP defines three hazard classes and 28 categories, such as:

The Process Safety Management (PSM) defines risk as follows:

*"Risk is defined as a measure of frequency and severity of harm due to a hazard. (...) In the context of public safety, risk is commonly characterized by fatalities (and injury) to members of the public".*

According to this definition, several factors make difficult to assess the risk for dangerous goods manipulation. Among these factors, there are the followings:


#### *3.2.2. Risks in warehousing*

Among dangerous goods, products can react when they are in contact. For these reasons, they must be stored in separate places. Strategy of storage consists in avoiding that incompatible products are neighbors. To this end, a first step is needed to identify substances as a function of their potential chemical reactions.

In order to prevent any storage of incompatible chemicals and risk of chemical reaction in case of wrong handling, seggregation strategies are used. As shown in Fig. 2, it exists


This first analysis, find all the regulatory constraints aims to identifying and at recording, through various tools, the potential hazards that may occur in the retailer warehouse and its operating system. The natural and human environment hazards are also analyzed. These

Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union

191

An analysis of the warehouse neighborhood is conducted in order to identify targets and their vulnerabilities and to characterize the severity of the dangerous phenomena. Equipments that may be impacted (eg. racks, clarks, trucks) due to internal or external logistics processes are

A rating of hazardous phenomena identified enable to identify major accidents and through

Following this preliminary risk evaluation, we can discard non significant risk, which are evaluated as low gravity, and probability. Therefore, we perform a detail analysis over the

This rating corresponds to a hierarchy through a matrix (gravity/probability) allow

The warehouse is likely to receive products classified under the heading 1412 UN code, bottles generating aerosols. The propellant gases contained in these bottles is most of the time of

In this scenario, we describe the explosion of aerosol (air freshener). It is considered as an

The principle of a generating bottle of aerosols is to allow the propulsion of the product (lacquer, deodorant, adhesive, maintenance product, ...) out of the bottle thanks to a gas under pressure contained in the bottle. Common bottles have a varying volume from 50 to 500 ml

The behavior in fire of aerosols generators of depends on one hand nature on propellant gas and on the other hand on the nature of the conditioned liquid. Therefore, if the propellant gas

and contain between 30 and 150 G of product plus propellant gas.

steps are intended to identify external attackers at the retailer warehouse.

*4.1.1. Risk evaluation*

also identified.

*4.1.2. Preliminary risk analysis*

• Intensity of these effects;

major identified risks.

a combination of different criteria:

identifying two categories of risk:

**4.2. Scenario 1: Aerosol explosion**

butane or propane under pressure.

inflammable.

*4.2.1. Risk evaluation*

• risk level is considered generally sufficient; • risk has to be subject to a closer examination.

• Probability of occurrence of a dangerous phenomenon;

• Vulnerability of the target impacted by these effects.

**Figure 2.** Identification of storage compatibilities between dangerous goods. The letter F means inflammable, F+ means very inflammable, T means toxic, Xi means very irritant, means O oxidizing, Xn means noxious, N means polluting and C means corrosive.

incompatibilities for storage that is why the maintain of segregation between products constitute a risk assessment strategy to mitigate the risk of chemical reactions.

Once dangerous goods are stored in separate places of a warehouse, other sources of risks remain:

