**4.5. Scenarios modelling**

In this section, we model the scenarios presented previously by UML diagrams to describe the sequential chain of events following an accident. In particular, we are interested in identifying the main damages and consequences of accidents involving dangerous goods.

As we said, the accidents are evaluated by several measures, by the place and by the number of persons within this place. The type of accidents we consider and which can occur during the manipulation of dangerous goods is correlated to the chemical features of those goods. Further, the main effects we consider in our scenarios are the followings:

• Release of substances which are toxic to health and to the environment;

#### 10 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 194 Risk Management – Current Issues and Challenges Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union <sup>11</sup>

**Figure 3.** Scenario 1: a bomb attack triggered from a stored pallet.


The consequences that derive from an accident depend obviously on the type of dangerous goods, the area population, the accident time, the accident place, etc. Here, we are interested in describing the impacts of accidents by scenarios. In particular, we study the consequences of energy release according to the two phenomenons of Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion (UVCE) with the first scenario and the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) with the second scenario.

**Figure 4.** Scenario 1: activity diagram for a bomb attack.

pallets implied during the fires and the explosions.

*4.5.2. Scenario 2: Fire truck incident*

thermal flow from the fire and the projectiles from the damaged goods.

have: inhaled gases, been victims of missile effects or building collapses, been burnt. The structure damages regroup the building destructions notably the racks, the traverses and the building structure. The merchandise destructions are easily evaluable and correspond to the

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This first scenario describes actually the consequences of a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion, BLEVE. This scenario describes the chain reaction explosion generated from the expansion of inflammable vapors produced by gas substances (previously kept under pressure in a liquid state). The effects that derive from this type of explosion are effects of excess pressure and fire balls projections and provoke damages on people, structures and goods. This type of event entails three main dangers: the shockwave from the explosion, the

This scenario involve a set of actors during the loading or the unloading of a truck. Then, the transporter is present and follows the operations while the driver handles pallets between the dock and the stock. This scenario is modeled by a sequence diagram in Fig. 5. The accident

We describe by an activity diagram, see Fig. 6, the chain of events from this accident. As we see, the collision is the trigger of this scenario and occurs on the dock. The presence of a cigarette increases strongly the accident consequences. The shock provokes the release of gas which concentrates to form a cloud around the dock and the truck. The cigarette provides

occurs in the dock after the driver knocks its cargo against another one on the dock.

#### *4.5.1. Scenario 1: Aerosol explosion*

Based on the scenario introduced as Scenario 1, we describe how a bomb attack can occur in a warehouse. We propose a first sequence diagram; see Fig. 3, to model this scenario.

We remark that the bomb is transported from a first place to the final storage place where the bomb attack is triggered. Nevertheless, by considering that terrorism attacks have a probability to miss their targets, we can assume that a remote bomb attack can potentially become a road accident when the bomb explodes at an untimely moment.

We describe by an activity diagram, see Fig. 4, the events following a bomb explosion once it has been stored. The first events are relative to the way that the bomb is susceptible to explode when the trigger is activated; it can burn first before exploding. Once the explosion happens, the shock wave provokes damages on near products and a domino effect starts from the pallet to the rack beams. With time the whole pallets are susceptible to burn and then to explode. The fire and explosions provoke pressure effects and thermal effects which have consequences on persons present in the stock. The damages caused by this bomb attack are measurable by three dimensions: the human, the structure and the merchandises damages. Here the humans damages are relative to the persons working in the warehouse and who 194 Risk Management – Current Issues and Challenges Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union <sup>11</sup> 195 Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union

**Figure 4.** Scenario 1: activity diagram for a bomb attack.

have: inhaled gases, been victims of missile effects or building collapses, been burnt. The structure damages regroup the building destructions notably the racks, the traverses and the building structure. The merchandise destructions are easily evaluable and correspond to the pallets implied during the fires and the explosions.

This first scenario describes actually the consequences of a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion, BLEVE. This scenario describes the chain reaction explosion generated from the expansion of inflammable vapors produced by gas substances (previously kept under pressure in a liquid state). The effects that derive from this type of explosion are effects of excess pressure and fire balls projections and provoke damages on people, structures and goods. This type of event entails three main dangers: the shockwave from the explosion, the thermal flow from the fire and the projectiles from the damaged goods.

#### *4.5.2. Scenario 2: Fire truck incident*

10 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

The consequences that derive from an accident depend obviously on the type of dangerous goods, the area population, the accident time, the accident place, etc. Here, we are interested in describing the impacts of accidents by scenarios. In particular, we study the consequences of energy release according to the two phenomenons of Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion (UVCE) with the first scenario and the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE)

Based on the scenario introduced as Scenario 1, we describe how a bomb attack can occur in a

We remark that the bomb is transported from a first place to the final storage place where the bomb attack is triggered. Nevertheless, by considering that terrorism attacks have a probability to miss their targets, we can assume that a remote bomb attack can potentially

We describe by an activity diagram, see Fig. 4, the events following a bomb explosion once it has been stored. The first events are relative to the way that the bomb is susceptible to explode when the trigger is activated; it can burn first before exploding. Once the explosion happens, the shock wave provokes damages on near products and a domino effect starts from the pallet to the rack beams. With time the whole pallets are susceptible to burn and then to explode. The fire and explosions provoke pressure effects and thermal effects which have consequences on persons present in the stock. The damages caused by this bomb attack are measurable by three dimensions: the human, the structure and the merchandises damages. Here the humans damages are relative to the persons working in the warehouse and who

warehouse. We propose a first sequence diagram; see Fig. 3, to model this scenario.

become a road accident when the bomb explodes at an untimely moment.

**Figure 3.** Scenario 1: a bomb attack triggered from a stored pallet.

• Release of thermal energy;

• Release of pressure.

with the second scenario.

*4.5.1. Scenario 1: Aerosol explosion*

This scenario involve a set of actors during the loading or the unloading of a truck. Then, the transporter is present and follows the operations while the driver handles pallets between the dock and the stock. This scenario is modeled by a sequence diagram in Fig. 5. The accident occurs in the dock after the driver knocks its cargo against another one on the dock.

We describe by an activity diagram, see Fig. 6, the chain of events from this accident. As we see, the collision is the trigger of this scenario and occurs on the dock. The presence of a cigarette increases strongly the accident consequences. The shock provokes the release of gas which concentrates to form a cloud around the dock and the truck. The cigarette provides

**Figure 5.** Scenario 2: a pallet collapse and a chain reaction on dock.

the spark so that uncontrollable events start. In presence of the cigarette, the released gas provoke thermal and pressure effects. The damages caused by this accident spread on four dimensions: the human, the structure, the merchandises and the environment damages. The human damages are relative to the person evolving around the accident place. Among them, we can cite the transporter, the driver, the person who works near the dock and near the stock. The structure damages implies the dock itself which can be deformed by the explosion, the truck which can burn and also the warehouse building which can suffer from the explosion. The merchandises destroyed are the ones present on the dock or the ones which burnt during the fire. This type of accident provokes the formation of toxic gas clouds which are polluting the environment. Before and after the cloud explodes the mixed gases stay in suspension and moves with the ambient air. It constitutes then environment pollution.

**Figure 6.** Scenario 2: activity diagram for a pallet collision on dock.

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**Figure 7.** Scenario 3: rack failure and chain reaction.

#### *4.5.3. Scenario 3: Hazardous liquid spilt*

The third scenario describes how a rack failure is susceptible to involve a collapse of pallets and then provoke an accident. The pallets fall over each others contributing to gas emanations and liquid spreads, see Fig. 7.

We propose an activity diagram to describe the actions, see Fig. 8, leading to an accident. Here, we don't use any aggravating facts and we consider that the gas emanation and liquid spreads stay stable and don't provoke yet any explosions. Nevertheless, this unstable situation represents a danger for different reasons. Thus, the gas emanations are toxic for the persons working in the warehouse and the different pallet collapses and rack damages constitute structure and goods damages.

#### **5. Integration of communicating objects for a dynamic risk management**

Over the past few years, communicating objects have become a new emergent solution to secure the international trade by providing tracking tools [2–4] and environmental monitoring

**Figure 6.** Scenario 2: activity diagram for a pallet collision on dock.

12 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

the spark so that uncontrollable events start. In presence of the cigarette, the released gas provoke thermal and pressure effects. The damages caused by this accident spread on four dimensions: the human, the structure, the merchandises and the environment damages. The human damages are relative to the person evolving around the accident place. Among them, we can cite the transporter, the driver, the person who works near the dock and near the stock. The structure damages implies the dock itself which can be deformed by the explosion, the truck which can burn and also the warehouse building which can suffer from the explosion. The merchandises destroyed are the ones present on the dock or the ones which burnt during the fire. This type of accident provokes the formation of toxic gas clouds which are polluting the environment. Before and after the cloud explodes the mixed gases stay in suspension and

The third scenario describes how a rack failure is susceptible to involve a collapse of pallets and then provoke an accident. The pallets fall over each others contributing to gas emanations

We propose an activity diagram to describe the actions, see Fig. 8, leading to an accident. Here, we don't use any aggravating facts and we consider that the gas emanation and liquid spreads stay stable and don't provoke yet any explosions. Nevertheless, this unstable situation represents a danger for different reasons. Thus, the gas emanations are toxic for the persons working in the warehouse and the different pallet collapses and rack damages

**5. Integration of communicating objects for a dynamic risk management** Over the past few years, communicating objects have become a new emergent solution to secure the international trade by providing tracking tools [2–4] and environmental monitoring

**Figure 5.** Scenario 2: a pallet collapse and a chain reaction on dock.

moves with the ambient air. It constitutes then environment pollution.

*4.5.3. Scenario 3: Hazardous liquid spilt*

constitute structure and goods damages.

and liquid spreads, see Fig. 7.

**Figure 7.** Scenario 3: rack failure and chain reaction.

**Figure 9.** Risk assessment description. The risk assessment is based on classification and activities that

Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union

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The communicating objects are integrated at the pallet level. The cost is shared by the different actors and the programming of communicating objects is realized by an upstream actor: the pallet-provider. This last is responsible of writing information in RFID tags and initializing

A basic RFID system contains three elements; a tag, a reader and a middleware. A tag is mainly formed by a microchip attached to an antenna. An RFID tag is read when it receives radio signals from the reader and sends data back to the reader. The reading and writing process between the tag reader and the RFID tag can be realized from centimeters up to meters

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSANs) refer to a group of sensors linked by a wireless medium to carry out phenomenon sensing and acting in consequence. The devices deployed in the environment are considered as nodes. Nodes are sensors whose main features are: low-space,

The proposed risk assessment is based on the chemicals physicochemical properties. Depending on these properties, the substances are classified to a specific class of hazard according to the CLP regulation. From this classification, constraints are deduced and must be respected all along the supply chain. Then, chemicals evolve in an environment that defines their "context". The combination of the identified constraints and the environment of chemicals are the source of risks, see Fig. 9. The deployment of communicating objects for

a dynamic risk assessment allows monitoring in real-time pallet environments.

low-cost and low-power, they are able to collect environmental data.

**5.4. Risk assessment with communicating objects**

define constraints to be respected along the supply chain.

wireless sensors.

**5.2. RFID technologies**

depending on the system characteristics.

**5.3. WSNs: Wireless Sensor Networks**

**Figure 8.** Scenario 3: activity diagram for a rack failure.

[5, 6]. Then, tracking tools provide geolocation solutions that can be used to detect any risks inherent to goods location. environmental geolocation gives the possibility of detecting any "unusual" or "dangerous" environmental conditions such as high temperature or incorrect constraints.

In this chapter, a SCM approach that exploits RFID tags and wireless sensors is presented. The studied supply chain manipulates chemical substances that represent potentially hazard for persons and environment. The developed approach integrates constraints from existing regulations and complies with them to finally propose a dynamic risk assessment.
