**Author details**

Robert Elliott Allinson *Soka University of America, USA* 

### **16. References**


**Risk and Supply Chain Management** 

154 Risk Management – Current Issues and Challenges

more ethically responsible world.

*Soka University of America, USA* 

**Author details** 

**16. References** 

Robert Elliott Allinson

1997, pp. 98-102.

Springer, 2005.

Times, November 29, 2011.

York, Toronto: McGraw Hill, 2001.

2006.

1988.

to never using this term, but rather replacing it with the phrase, 'risk taking', we may have a

Allinson, Robert Elliott, Diane Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision, Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp. 575, Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1998, pp. 743-756. Allinson, Robert Elliott, Diane Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision, Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp. 575, Society, Volume 35, Number 1, November-December,

Allinson, Robert Elliott, 'Risk Management: demythologizing its belief foundations,' International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, Volume 7, No. 3, 2007. Allinson, Robert, Elliott, Saving Human Lives, Lessons in Management Ethics, Dordrecht:

Bell, Trudy E., Esch, Karl, 'The Fatal Flaw in Flight 51-L,' IEEE Spectrum, February, 1987. Cook, Richard, Challenger Revealed, An Insider's Account of How the Reagan Administration Caused the Greatest Tragedy of the Space Age, New York: Avalon,

Corrigan, Grace, George, A Journal for Christa, Christa McAuliffe, Teacher in Space, Lincoln

Harris, Charles E., Pritchard, Michael S., Rabins, Michael J., Engineering Ethics, Concepts

Jensen, Claus, No Downlink, A Dramatic Narrative about the Challenger Accident and Our Time, Barbara Haveland (trans.), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996. Lattman, Peter and Anderson, Jenny'For 92nd St. Y, a Break from Wall Street Worry,' NY

Lewis, Richard S., Challenger, The Final Voyage, New York: Columbia University Press,

Slay, Alton, Post-Challenger Evaluation of Space Shuttle Risk Assessment and Management,

Schinzinger, Roland and Martin, Mike W., Introduction to Engineering Ethics, Boston, New

Vaughan, Diane, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance

and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988.

at NASA, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

and Cases, Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1996.

**Chapter 8** 

© 2012 Ekwall, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Ekwall, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Supply Chain Security – Threats and Solutions** 

In recent years, the cargo transport process has improved mainly in the areas of logistics efficiency and documentation handling. The World Trade Centre terror attack in 2001 changed the world and with it the conditions for logistics world-wide. The logistics consequences were according to[1]: *It is instructive to note that these disruptions were not caused by the attack itself, but rather by the government's response to the attack: closing borders, shutting down air traffic and evacuating buildings throughout the country*. The aftermath to the attack brought needed attention to the vulnerability of modern supply chains. Supply chain vulnerability reflects sensitivity of the supply chain to disruption [2]. This vulnerability can in many cases be described as "unwanted effects" in the supply chain caused either by internal or external forces that create disturbances larger than the supply chain is designed to handle. The objective of Supply chain security is to prevent antagonistic threats from affecting the supply chain performance. Antagonistic threats and other risks and uncertainties are demarcated by three key words: deliberate (caused), illegal (defined by

This chapter presents first the major antagonistic threats to the supply chain and secondly how these threats should be prevented. This leads to the current development of different

[4] defines the supply chain as, "*The network of organisations that are involved through upstream and downstream relationships in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate customer".* These processes can be in different companies or in the same company. The different building blocks in a supply chain can, literally, be located throughout the world and connected through the use of a transport network. The transport network is designed to use economy of scale when moving products

law), and hostile (negative impact for transport network activities) [3].

Daniel Ekwall

**1. Introduction** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48365

supply chain security programs.

**2. Supply chain and the transport network** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
