**4. Risk study in warehouse by scenarios**

Within the framework of scenarios modeling, three different scenarios are built, including causes and effects of accident risks that define a basis for further risk assessment by communicating objects.

The methodology used is the one usually practised in audit or studies of risks and dangers and also in the impact procedures.

#### **4.1. Methodology**

The methodology used for scenarios definition aims at characterizing, analyzing, and assessing the risks in warehouse. Those risks can have two different causes: due to logistic exploitation (e.g., shipping, handling, storage), or due to external causes such as flooding, lightning.

This first analysis, find all the regulatory constraints aims to identifying and at recording, through various tools, the potential hazards that may occur in the retailer warehouse and its operating system. The natural and human environment hazards are also analyzed. These steps are intended to identify external attackers at the retailer warehouse.

#### *4.1.1. Risk evaluation*

6 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

**Figure 2.** Identification of storage compatibilities between dangerous goods. The letter F means inflammable, F+ means very inflammable, T means toxic, Xi means very irritant, means O oxidizing, Xn

constitute a risk assessment strategy to mitigate the risk of chemical reactions.

incompatibilities for storage that is why the maintain of segregation between products

Once dangerous goods are stored in separate places of a warehouse, other sources of risks

Within the framework of scenarios modeling, three different scenarios are built, including causes and effects of accident risks that define a basis for further risk assessment by

The methodology used is the one usually practised in audit or studies of risks and dangers

The methodology used for scenarios definition aims at characterizing, analyzing, and assessing the risks in warehouse. Those risks can have two different causes: due to logistic exploitation (e.g., shipping, handling, storage), or due to external causes such as flooding,

means noxious, N means polluting and C means corrosive.

• Storage conditions (humidity, heat, cold, light);

**4. Risk study in warehouse by scenarios**

remain:

• Container falls; • Container damages;

communicating objects.

**4.1. Methodology**

lightning.

and also in the impact procedures.

An analysis of the warehouse neighborhood is conducted in order to identify targets and their vulnerabilities and to characterize the severity of the dangerous phenomena. Equipments that may be impacted (eg. racks, clarks, trucks) due to internal or external logistics processes are also identified.

#### *4.1.2. Preliminary risk analysis*

A rating of hazardous phenomena identified enable to identify major accidents and through a combination of different criteria:


Following this preliminary risk evaluation, we can discard non significant risk, which are evaluated as low gravity, and probability. Therefore, we perform a detail analysis over the major identified risks.

This rating corresponds to a hierarchy through a matrix (gravity/probability) allow identifying two categories of risk:


#### **4.2. Scenario 1: Aerosol explosion**

The warehouse is likely to receive products classified under the heading 1412 UN code, bottles generating aerosols. The propellant gases contained in these bottles is most of the time of butane or propane under pressure.

In this scenario, we describe the explosion of aerosol (air freshener). It is considered as an inflammable.

#### *4.2.1. Risk evaluation*

The principle of a generating bottle of aerosols is to allow the propulsion of the product (lacquer, deodorant, adhesive, maintenance product, ...) out of the bottle thanks to a gas under pressure contained in the bottle. Common bottles have a varying volume from 50 to 500 ml and contain between 30 and 150 G of product plus propellant gas.

The behavior in fire of aerosols generators of depends on one hand nature on propellant gas and on the other hand on the nature of the conditioned liquid. Therefore, if the propellant gas

#### 8 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH 192 Risk Management – Current Issues and Challenges Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union <sup>9</sup>

is a flammable gas standard butane or propane, there is a risk of explosion. The bottles are then dispersed by missile effect and can be in their turn a propagator of fire.

The following scenario develops the consequences of a fire truck loaded with pallets at a unloading dock site. The fire or explosion of aerosols and fertilizer is due to inflammation of a palette (mechanical heating, inflammation, engine, non-compliance with the prohibition of smoking). We left the assumption that a cigarette would be has the origin of the starting point of fire. We leave the principles which another vehicle charged with manure would be been parked on the quay dimensioned. The starting point of fire and the propagation with the truck containing of manure cause effects missile, explosions, and dangerous heat fluxes for the man as well as the toxic dispersion of smoke, of projection has missile effect as well as

Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union

193

Accidental discharge is related to the presence of liquid products on site. The spill may trigger the leakage of an important quantity of hazardous liquid. A leakage of hazardous substances can occur due to the fall of one or more pallets of a rack but also due to a weakness in on (or a series) of container (bottle, can). A spill of hazardous substances can have an impact on the

Because of the loss of integrity of a container, a liquid will flow and form a pool of dangerous liquid which mainly function of the topography, the viscosity of the product and quantity. The multitude of references and stored products do not enable to study exhaustively all dangerous chemical reactions. However, all possible precautions are taken to avoid storing

This scenario occurred and may occur throughout the life of the installations and no person will be impacted. We will find a fall of pallet that will provoke liquid spill which is the starting point of fire, projection missiles effect, various explosions and propagation of smoked and gas

According to the nature of fire, it must there have a respect of the means of extinction, in this case of figure it will be impossible to respect this standard, and the means of extinction set up,

In this section, we model the scenarios presented previously by UML diagrams to describe the sequential chain of events following an accident. In particular, we are interested in identifying

As we said, the accidents are evaluated by several measures, by the place and by the number of persons within this place. The type of accidents we consider and which can occur during the manipulation of dangerous goods is correlated to the chemical features of those goods.

the main damages and consequences of accidents involving dangerous goods.

Further, the main effects we consider in our scenarios are the followings:

• Release of substances which are toxic to health and to the environment;

discharge of water and product polluting for environment.

**4.4. Scenario 3: Hazardous liquid spill**

environment and on people.

incompatible products in a single cell.

dangerous for the man and the environment.

will cause a pollution of the natural environment.

*4.4.2. Preliminary risk analysis*

**4.5. Scenarios modelling**

*4.4.1. Risk evaluation*

In the same way, if the liquids contained are flammable liquids, they will support the fire. The generators of aerosols are thus the subject to specific storage, depending on the nature of the containing products (gas and/or liquid).

#### *4.2.2. Preliminary risk analysis*

Based on the calculating probability scale and the calculation of gravity scale, this scenario occurred and may occur throughout the life of the installations and no person will be impacted.

The method used to assess the effects of an explosion of aerosols in a warehouse is multi-energy model. Explosion cloud formed by the gas contained in a bottle would not reach the thresholds of overpressure. Regardless of the distance to the cloud, a target suffers less than 20 mbar pressure which causes no human and material damage. We consider the explosion of the cloud formed by the simultaneous outbreak of 100 bottles of aerosols, which is extremely unlikely even when taking into account that the bottles are for most made on aluminium.
