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**Chapter 11** 

© 2012 Sadollah and Bahreininejad, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Sadollah and Bahreininejad, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

properly cited.

becomes especially important for better quality of life in old age.

**Optimum Functionally Gradient Materials** 

Ali Sadollah and Ardeshir Bahreininejad

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45640

formation during the cooling cycle.

**1. Introduction** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**for Dental Implant Using Simulated Annealing** 

Biomaterials should simultaneously satisfy many requirements and possess properties such as non-toxicity, corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity, strength, fatigue durability, biocompatibility and sometimes aesthetics. A single composition with a uniform structure may not satisfy all such requirements. Natural biomaterials often possess the structure of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) which enables them to satisfy these requirements. FGMs provide the structure with which synthetic biomaterials should essentially be formed. The size of biomaterial components is relatively small. In the case of dental applications, the components are generally smaller than 20 mm. This substantially reduces the difficulty of fabricating such materials due to a mismatch in thermal expansion which causes micro crack

Biomaterials are essential for life and health in certain cases. They have a generally high added value for their size. Thus, biomaterials form one of the most important areas for the application of FGMs. It is an area for which FGMs, at the present time, are sufficiently developed for practical use. The dental implant is used for restoring the function of chewing and biting, and therefore eating, which is the most fundamental activity of human beings required for living. We are living in an era of longer life expectancy and thus, dental care

Implant may be classified to "implant'' as an artificial bone for medical use and ''dental implant'' as an artificial tooth for dental use. The specified properties are slightly different depending on their use. The implants in orthopaedics are used mostly as structurally enforced artificial bone which is inserted inside the corpus. Medical implants lay more weight on strength, toughness, torque in mechanical properties and the specific problem of tribology and abrasion resistance in artificial joint. Dental implant is usually much smaller and is used to

reconstruct the masticatory function when tooth root is completely lost or extracted.
