**2.7 Role of emulsified fuel in the CI engine (performance and emission)**

M.P.Ashok., et. al., (2007) have stated in their research work that various emulsified fuel ratios of 50D: 50E (50% Diesel No: 2: 50% Ethanol 100% proof), 60D: 40E and 70D: 30E have been prepared. Performance and emission tests are carried out for the emulsified fuel ratios and they have been compared with diesel fuel. The test results show that 50D: 50E has given

emulsified fuel. Emulsified fuels have been prepared with different ratios of 50D: 50E (50 Diesel: 50 Ethanol - 100% Proof), 60D: 40E, 70D: 30E, 80D: 20E and 90D: 10E. From the investigation, it is observed that the emulsified fuel ratios have given the best result than diesel fuel. Also, 50D: 50E has given the best performance result than the other emulsified fuel ratios and diesel fuel. It has been observed that there is reduction in Smoke Density (SD), Particulate Matter (PM) and Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) with an increase of

Cherng – Yuan Lin and Kuo-Hua Wang, (2004) have given their report on the effects of an oxygenated additive in the emulsion field. Emulsified fuel characteristics have also been discussed, after adding the additives. They have shown the oxygenated additive to the diesel fuel which improves the combustion characteristics of the diesel engines. For the purposes of comparison, the emulsification characteristics of the two phases of emulsified fuels with additive have been analyzed. The chemical structures, HLB values and specific gravity of the surfactants Span-80 and Tween-80, have been given in detail. Also, they have stated that the efficiency and combustion properties of the CI engine have been improved by

Mark.P.B.Musculus and Jef Dietz, (2005) have stated the effects of additives in the emulsion field on in-cylinder soot formation in a heavy duty DI diesel engine. Report states that the additives could potentially reduce in–cylinder soot formation by altering combustion chemistry. Chemical and physical mechanisms of the additives may affect soot formation in diesel engines. From the investigation, they have concluded that the effect of ignition delay on the soot formation and ethanol containing fuels display a potential for reduction of in –

**2.6 Role of best selected additive in the emulsified fuel (performance and emission)**  M.P.Ashok., et., al., (2007) have studied about identifying an alternate fuel, for the current existing engines without any modification, with better performance and less emission. Emulsion technique is the best method to solve the above mentioned problems. Emulsified fuel with a surfactant is familiar nowadays. Addition of oxygen enriched additives in the emulsified fuels gives good results than the previous one. Usually NOx emission is high for the emulsified fuels, when compared with diesel fuel. But additive added emulsified fuels emit less NOx than diesel. Based on this, the present work has been carried out using oxygen enriched additives: Diethyl Ether (DEE), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Dimethyl Ether (DME). The W/O type emulsion method is used to prepare the emulsified fuel. The test results have shown that DME has given the best performance and less emission, with the selected emulsified fuel ratio of 50D: 50E, comparing with the other two additives.

**2.7 Role of emulsified fuel in the CI engine (performance and emission)** 

M.P.Ashok., et. al., (2007) have stated in their research work that various emulsified fuel ratios of 50D: 50E (50% Diesel No: 2: 50% Ethanol 100% proof), 60D: 40E and 70D: 30E have been prepared. Performance and emission tests are carried out for the emulsified fuel ratios and they have been compared with diesel fuel. The test results show that 50D: 50E has given

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Brake Thermal Efficiency.

adding oxygenated additives in the emulsified fuel.

cylinder soot emission.

**2.5 Role of selected oxygen enriched additive in the emulsified fuel** 

the best result based on the performance and less emission than the other fuel ratios. By keeping the selected fuel 50D: 50E, the same performance and emission tests are conducted by varying their injection angles at 18º, 20º, 23º and 24º. The outcome shows better performance and less emission by the fuel 50D: 50E at 24º Injection Angle (IA). Further, ignition delay, maximum heat release and peak combustion pressure tests have been conducted. These results show that increase in IA decreases the delay period thus increasing the pressure obtained at the maximum output. Also, P-θ diagram is drawn between crank angle and cylinder pressure. The maximum value is attained by the fuel 50D: 50E at 24º IA. All the tests have been conducted by maintaining the engine speed at 1500 rev/min. The result shows that 50D: 50E ratio fuel has been identified as a good emulsified fuel and its better operation is obtained at 24º IA based on its best performance and less emissions.
