**2.8 Role of emulsified fuel in the CI engine (performance and emission)**

M.P.Ashok., et. al., (2007) have studied about the best performance and less emission of 50% diesel and 50% ethanol [(50D/50E); 100% proof] emulsified fuel. Oxygen-enriched additive Dimethyl ether has been added to the selected best ratio of 50D: 50E emulsified fuel. Then, the performance and emission tests for diesel, 50D: 50E emulsified fuel ratio and oxygenenriched additive-added emulsified fuel have been conducted. Finally, it has been found that the oxygen-enriched additive-added emulsified fuel has given the best performance and less emission when compared to the other two fuels. In comparison to diesel and the selected best ratio of the emulsified fuels, the oxygen-enriched additive-added emulsified fuel shows an increase in brake thermal efficiency and a decrease in SFC, PM, SD, and NOx.

Jae W.Park, et.al, [11] (2000) have done an experimental study on the combustion characteristics of emulsified fuel in a Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine (RCEM). Water–in–Oil emulsion type has been implemented and shows the best performance with respect to the better thermal efficiency. In the emission part, it is observed that NOx and Soot have been decreased. Also, the emulsified fuel has been characterized by a longer ignition delay and a lower rate of pressure rise in a premixed combustion.

### **2.9 Role of water added emulsified fuel in the CI engine (performance and emission)**

Svend Henningsen, (1994), has investigated that NOx emission has been reduced by adding water to the emulsified fuel. The result shows that NOx is reduced with the addition of water, without deterioration in the SFC and the NOx behaviour is correlated, with the injection intensity as well as the water amount in the fuel. The report explains the result of the parameters such as injection valve opening, closing, duration, combustion starts and ignition delay. The concluding result is that the NOx emission and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) have been reduced considerably, because of water added to the emulsified fuel.

Wagner U., et.al, (2008), have described the possibilities of simultaneous in-cylinder reduction of NOx and soot emissions, for the DI diesel engines. They have stated that diesel engines with direct fuel injection give the highest thermal efficiency. Optimization of the injection process and the addition of water to the emulsified fuel are the two different possibilities for the reduction of NOx and soot emission, which have been discussed. Result of water addition gives increase in the value of thermal efficiency and reduction of NOx and

Role of Emulsified Fuel in the Present IC Engines –

atoms condition it doesn't give any harm).

under the condition of Phase–III.

of Phase–IV, with the condition if Phase–III.

**emulsified fuel** 

**fuel** 

Need of Alodine EC Ethanol Corrosion Resistant Coating for Fuel Injection System 13

enriched additive is DME, which is having higher rate of its oxygen enriched properties, when it is mixed with ethanol, diesel fuels and surfactant. Also the additive DME is having higher rate of oxygen enriched molecular condition, giving good stability of the emulsified fuel.

Based on that, ethanol, diesel, additive and surfactant have been added 45%, 45%, 9%and 1% respectively, added to prepare the emulsified fuel. Also the addition of oxygen enriched additive added emulsified fuel leads to give the best stability and increased life span of the of the emulsified fuel under the condition of Phase–I. Another main point to be considered is that, DME has the properties of highly volatile and easy evaporation based one. But considering the small addition by volume basis, it hasn't given any harmful one (For an Example: 1000ml (millilitre) total of emulsified fuel, the role of DME is 90 ml only, while preparing time. Considering the vaporization property of DME and liberation of oxygen

**3.4 With the help of selected surfactant, additive with water as fuel addition to the** 

Already it is much familiar that, emulsified fuel cost is cheaper, when comparing with normal fossil fuel, because of the major addition of ethanol to the fossil fuel (Example: Diesel Fuel). So, in Phase–IV it has been considered that small quantity of water to be added to the emulsified fuel under the condition of Phase–III, for further reducing the cost of the emulsified fuel. Based on that 5% and 10% of water has been added to the emulsified fuel

At one part the addition of water leads to reduce the performance of the engine and spoiling the emulsified fuel properties and considering the another part, water is also consists of oxygen atoms and having the evaporation property. So the water addition to the emulsified fuel doesn't majorly affect the property of the emulsified fuel (For an Example: out of 1000 ml, the water to be added only 5ml or 10ml). Base on that, the outcome result give the result

**3.5 Emulsified fuel producing machine operation with surfactant, additive and water** 

Initially the required quantities of ethanol and diesel fuel are to be added as per the Water–in– Oil type emulsion type, along with the selected Surfactant. After adding all the above, the mixture is placed in a special type of mechanical stirrer, which has the specifications of 3- Phase, A.C. supply, 0-10000 rev/min variable speed, vertical motor having twin blades, helical shape attached with the vertical shaft of the motor, four numbers of zig- zag shaped blades which are fixed in the emulsified fuel containing drum vessel to get swirl motion for better mixing. After the required time interval, a good emulsion is formed due to the sharing effects produced by the helical blades of the shaft and fixed blades in the emulsified fuel vessel. Then selected best additive to be added along with the mixture of the emulsion, further the above mentioned action of the motor was started to get further best emulsified fuel. After getting the emulsified fuel, the required quantity of water fuel to be added to the emulsified fuel. The same Rapid Combustion and Expansion Machine (RCEM) action has been repeated, for the required time interval. At last the required emulsified fuel will be obtained. The stability period has been obtained 3 and 1/2 days for the prepared emulsified fuel. In all addition of the

test, the required all chemicals have been added under volumetric basis condition.

soot emissions, when using the emulsified fuel. As the concept of water addition to the emulsified fuel leads to the reduction of peak combustion temperature, the NOx emission gets decreased. It concludes that the potential of water added emulsified fuel in the diesel combustion process has improved in thermal efficiency and reduction of especially NOx and soot emissions.

### **2.10 Role of corrosion water added emulsified fuel in the CI engine (performance and emission)**

Teng Zhang and Dian Tang., (2009), have discussed about the recent patents on corrosion resistant coatings. The materials of corrosion resistant components, e.g.*,* metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers as well as composite materials, developed for environmental, economic and other concerns were discussed. In addition, the novel methods for forming the coatings, including the powder floating by vibration and the precursor gas, as well as some widely employed methods in the industrial applications were also included.
