**3.1 With the help of surfactant**

Normally Ethanol–in–Diesel emulsion fuel preparation method, diesel and ethanol are the dispersion and dispersed medium respectively. Hence, the dispersed medium is added slowly to the dispersion medium. The surfactant is used to reduce the interfacial tension between the diesel fuel and ethanol fuel. Here Tween–80 has been selected as surfactant, whose HLB (Hydrophile Lipophile Balance) value is 15. Based on the above, the selected surfactant reduced the interfacial tension between two fuels and producing the emulsified fuel. By varying different quantities of ethanol and diesel fuels at different ratios say 90D: 10E, 80D: 20E, 70D: 30E, 60D: 40E, 50D: 50E, with the variation of surfactant level, the emulsified fuel formed. But in and every cases the properties of the emulsified fuel have been changed.

In the Phase–I, for an example the best succeeded ratio of 50D: 50E has been prepared by adding 49.5% diesel fuel with ethanol fuel and the addition of surfactant Tween–80 of 1% by volume basis. Based on the above combination best emulsified fuel has been formed. All the addition of fuels, surfactants and other chemicals have been added by volumetric basis only.

### **3.2 With the help of surfactant and selected oxygen enriched additive addition**

In phase–II, for the preparation of the emulsified fuel, initially the ethanol fuel 44% has been added with the diesel fuel 44% with the addition selected additive of Hydrogen Peroxide 11% has been added by volume basis. The above mentioned surfactant Tween–80 (1%) has been added to prepare the emulsified fuel.

### **3.3 With the help of surfactant and best selected oxygen enriched additive addition**

Before preparing the emulsified fuel, the following oxygen enriched additives have been taken into account and finalized which additive is having higher rate of oxygen enriched properties for preparing the best emulsified fuel. For that, the following oxygen enriched additives of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Di-methyl Ether (DME) and Di-ethyl Ether (DEE) has been involved in the test. In phase–III, the outcome result shows that, the best selected oxygen

soot emissions, when using the emulsified fuel. As the concept of water addition to the emulsified fuel leads to the reduction of peak combustion temperature, the NOx emission gets decreased. It concludes that the potential of water added emulsified fuel in the diesel combustion process has improved in thermal efficiency and reduction of especially NOx

**2.10 Role of corrosion water added emulsified fuel in the CI engine (performance and** 

Teng Zhang and Dian Tang., (2009), have discussed about the recent patents on corrosion resistant coatings. The materials of corrosion resistant components, e.g.*,* metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers as well as composite materials, developed for environmental, economic and other concerns were discussed. In addition, the novel methods for forming the coatings, including the powder floating by vibration and the precursor gas, as well as some widely

Normally Ethanol–in–Diesel emulsion fuel preparation method, diesel and ethanol are the dispersion and dispersed medium respectively. Hence, the dispersed medium is added slowly to the dispersion medium. The surfactant is used to reduce the interfacial tension between the diesel fuel and ethanol fuel. Here Tween–80 has been selected as surfactant, whose HLB (Hydrophile Lipophile Balance) value is 15. Based on the above, the selected surfactant reduced the interfacial tension between two fuels and producing the emulsified fuel. By varying different quantities of ethanol and diesel fuels at different ratios say 90D: 10E, 80D: 20E, 70D: 30E, 60D: 40E, 50D: 50E, with the variation of surfactant level, the emulsified fuel formed. But in and every cases the properties of the emulsified fuel have been changed.

In the Phase–I, for an example the best succeeded ratio of 50D: 50E has been prepared by adding 49.5% diesel fuel with ethanol fuel and the addition of surfactant Tween–80 of 1% by volume basis. Based on the above combination best emulsified fuel has been formed. All the addition of fuels, surfactants and other chemicals have been added by volumetric basis only.

In phase–II, for the preparation of the emulsified fuel, initially the ethanol fuel 44% has been added with the diesel fuel 44% with the addition selected additive of Hydrogen Peroxide 11% has been added by volume basis. The above mentioned surfactant Tween–80 (1%) has

**3.3 With the help of surfactant and best selected oxygen enriched additive addition**  Before preparing the emulsified fuel, the following oxygen enriched additives have been taken into account and finalized which additive is having higher rate of oxygen enriched properties for preparing the best emulsified fuel. For that, the following oxygen enriched additives of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Di-methyl Ether (DME) and Di-ethyl Ether (DEE) has been involved in the test. In phase–III, the outcome result shows that, the best selected oxygen

**3.2 With the help of surfactant and selected oxygen enriched additive addition** 

employed methods in the industrial applications were also included.

**3. Procedure for the preparation of the emulsified fuel** 

and soot emissions.

**3.1 With the help of surfactant** 

been added to prepare the emulsified fuel.

**emission)** 

enriched additive is DME, which is having higher rate of its oxygen enriched properties, when it is mixed with ethanol, diesel fuels and surfactant. Also the additive DME is having higher rate of oxygen enriched molecular condition, giving good stability of the emulsified fuel.

Based on that, ethanol, diesel, additive and surfactant have been added 45%, 45%, 9%and 1% respectively, added to prepare the emulsified fuel. Also the addition of oxygen enriched additive added emulsified fuel leads to give the best stability and increased life span of the of the emulsified fuel under the condition of Phase–I. Another main point to be considered is that, DME has the properties of highly volatile and easy evaporation based one. But considering the small addition by volume basis, it hasn't given any harmful one (For an Example: 1000ml (millilitre) total of emulsified fuel, the role of DME is 90 ml only, while preparing time. Considering the vaporization property of DME and liberation of oxygen atoms condition it doesn't give any harm).

#### **3.4 With the help of selected surfactant, additive with water as fuel addition to the emulsified fuel**

Already it is much familiar that, emulsified fuel cost is cheaper, when comparing with normal fossil fuel, because of the major addition of ethanol to the fossil fuel (Example: Diesel Fuel). So, in Phase–IV it has been considered that small quantity of water to be added to the emulsified fuel under the condition of Phase–III, for further reducing the cost of the emulsified fuel. Based on that 5% and 10% of water has been added to the emulsified fuel under the condition of Phase–III.

At one part the addition of water leads to reduce the performance of the engine and spoiling the emulsified fuel properties and considering the another part, water is also consists of oxygen atoms and having the evaporation property. So the water addition to the emulsified fuel doesn't majorly affect the property of the emulsified fuel (For an Example: out of 1000 ml, the water to be added only 5ml or 10ml). Base on that, the outcome result give the result of Phase–IV, with the condition if Phase–III.

#### **3.5 Emulsified fuel producing machine operation with surfactant, additive and water fuel**

Initially the required quantities of ethanol and diesel fuel are to be added as per the Water–in– Oil type emulsion type, along with the selected Surfactant. After adding all the above, the mixture is placed in a special type of mechanical stirrer, which has the specifications of 3- Phase, A.C. supply, 0-10000 rev/min variable speed, vertical motor having twin blades, helical shape attached with the vertical shaft of the motor, four numbers of zig- zag shaped blades which are fixed in the emulsified fuel containing drum vessel to get swirl motion for better mixing. After the required time interval, a good emulsion is formed due to the sharing effects produced by the helical blades of the shaft and fixed blades in the emulsified fuel vessel. Then selected best additive to be added along with the mixture of the emulsion, further the above mentioned action of the motor was started to get further best emulsified fuel. After getting the emulsified fuel, the required quantity of water fuel to be added to the emulsified fuel. The same Rapid Combustion and Expansion Machine (RCEM) action has been repeated, for the required time interval. At last the required emulsified fuel will be obtained. The stability period has been obtained 3 and 1/2 days for the prepared emulsified fuel. In all addition of the test, the required all chemicals have been added under volumetric basis condition.

Role of Emulsified Fuel in the Present IC Engines –

The specifications of the engine are given below:

Number of cylinder : 1

Speed (rpm) : 1500

Injection Pressure (kgf/cm2) : 220

Table 1. Specifications of the Diesel engine

Table 2. Properties of Ethanol and Diesel No: 2

**5. Results and discussion** 

**combustion)** 

Bore Stroke (mm) : 87.5 x110 Compression ratio : 17.5:1

Rated brake power (kW) : 5.4 @1500rpm

Make : Kirlosker TV – I

Cooling system & Fuel used : Water Cooling & Diesel

Ignition timing : 23 before TDC (rated) Ignition system : Compression Ignition

The properties of Ethanol and Diesel No: 2 are given in table 2.

Type : Vertical cylinder, DI diesel engine

Need of Alodine EC Ethanol Corrosion Resistant Coating for Fuel Injection System 15

measure the fuel consumption for a specified time interval. During this interval of time, how much fuel the engine consumes is measured, with the help of the stopwatch. Regarding the fuel injection system, MICO plunger pump type fuel injection system is used in this experiment. All the measurements are collected and recorded by a data acquisition system.

Fuel Injection pump : MICO inline, with mechanical governor, flange mounted

Chemical formula CH3CH2OH C12H26 Boiling point (ºC) 78 180 to 330 Cetane number 8 50 Self ignition temperature (ºC) 420 200 to 420 Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (wt/wt) 9 14.6 Lower Heating value (kJ/kg) 27000 42800 Viscosity in centipoises at (20ºC) 1.2 3.9 Specific gravity 0.783 0.894 Density (kg/m3) 794 830

**5.1 Phase – I selection of best emulsified fuel ratio (performance, emission and** 

Figure 2 shows the variation of brake thermal efficiency. All the emulsified fuel ratios have given the best efficiency than the diesel fuel. The difference in the value of the brake thermal efficiency at 5 kW between the emulsified fuel ratio of 50D: 50E and diesel fuel is 6.6%. This is due to more quantity of oxygen enriched air present in ethanol fuel than in diesel fuel. (Presence of volume of air in ethanol and diesel fuel is 4.3–19 and 1.5–8.2 respectively). The possible reason for this increase in efficiency is that, ethanol contains oxygen atoms, which are freely available for combustion, (Naveen Kumar., et.al., 2004). The oxygen present in ethanol
