**8. References**


Fig. 23 shows the variation of corrosion with standing capacity of the material verses duration days. In this case, alodine EC coated material and normal material have been kept in bath contact with Phase–IV condition of the emulsified fuel. Keeping the room temperature and moisture content, the above mentioned test has been carried out. After 90 days duration, both the materials have been undergone for the corrosion resistance test. Based on the test result,

Also figure 24 & 25 show diagrams of Alodine EC coated fuel injector, edge of the nozzle part fuel injection hose lines. Figure 26 represents axial distance from the fuel injector, edge of the nozzle part verses Alodine EC Coating thickness given to the fuel Injector. It would indicate the different in thickness, diameter and height provided by the Alodine EC coated matrial. Also it shows that, the minute hole of the fuel injector gets Alodine coating with minimum thickness. Based on that entire fuel injection system gets safe against ethanol

Further research work will be taken the study based on the performance, emission and combustion test along with alodine EC coated material of the engine parts, including fuel

 From Phase–I, it is well understood that Emulsified fuel 50E: 50D is the best emulsified fuel ratio for the CI Engine operation with increase in performance and NOx emission From Phase–II, it is understood that H2O2 additive added emulsified fuel under the

 From Phase–III, it has been proved that DME is the best additive, when compared with the other two additives, which gives best performance and much poor emission. Phase–IV illustrates that water is also a fuel to the CI engine operation along with

Finally Phase–V shows that Alodine EC coating is the best solution against corrosion,

Abu-Zaid.M. (2004). *Performance of Single Cylinder, Direct Injection Diesel Engine using Water Fuel Emulsions*, Elsevier: Energy Conversion and Management 45 (2004) 697 – 705. Ajav.E.A. & Akingbehin. O.A. (2002). *A Study of Some Fuel Properties of Local Ethanol Blended* 

Ajav. E.A.; Singh. B. & Bhattacharya. T.K. (1998). *Performance of a Stationary Diesel Engine* 

Alan.C. Hansen.; Qin Zhang. & Petter.W.L. Lyne. (2005). *Ethanol–Diesel Fuel Blends–A*

*with Diesel Fuel* - CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development. EE 01 003.

*using vapourized Ethanol as Supplementary Fuel,* Bio Mass Bio energy 1998; 15(6): 493

*Review,* Elsevier – Journal of Bio Resource Technology – No: 96 (2005) Page No: 277

ratio of 50D: 50E gives the best performance and less emissions of NOx.

the alodine EC material gives maximum life then the ordinary material.

based emulsified fuel corrosion.

**6. Future scope of the work** 

injection system.

**7. Conclusions** 

emulsified fuel.

– 502.

–285.

**8. References** 

which has been caused by the emulsified fuel.

Vol. IV. March, 2002.


**2** 

*Brazil* 

**Multivariate Modeling in Quality Control of** 

Leandro Valim de Freitas1,2, Fernando Augusto Silva Marins2,

Messias Borges Silva2,3 and Carla Cristina Almeida Loures2,3

Ana Paula Barbosa Rodrigues de Freitas3,

*1Petróleo Brasileiro SA (PETROBRAS) 2São Paulo State University (UNESP) 3University of São Paulo (USP)*

**Viscosity in Fuel: An Application in Oil Industry** 

This chapter aims to present an alternative to quality control of the viscosity of two important fuels in the international scenery - aviation kerosene and diesel oil – by statistical

Viscosity is one of the most important properties of fuels; it influences the circulation and the fuel injection in the operation of injection engines. Engines efficiency in the combustion

Out of specification values can decrease the fuel volatilization, thus implying, in an incomplete combustion (Pontes et al., 2010). This physicochemical property can vary significantly with the modification of the cast during the processing of crude in a refinery (Figure 1), maintaining the same conditions of production control, which compromises the quality standards. This leads to the need to determine the viscosity or provide it as often as possible in lieu of performing

According to Dave et al. (2003), the use of field instruments in conjunction with statistical multivariate techniques to determine, in real-time, properties of the products is one way to

Each refinery has at least one primary distillation tower, where the components of crude oil are separated into different sections using different boiling points, and different arrangements of unit conversion. In general, the refining margin increases with the complexity of the refinery. Decisions about how to operate and monitor a refinery and how

The hydrotreatment is a catalytic process that removes large amounts of sulfur and nitrogen from the distillation fractions (Fernández et al., 1995). The fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) is a process widely used in a petroleum refining industry. It consists in cracking large molecules into smaller ones by high temperatures. Thus, heavy oils are converted into products with

to build the units, are factors that provide competitive advantages to oil companies.

the traditional point analysis in the laboratory that can take long time.

**1. Introduction** 

multivariate modeling (Pasadakis et al., 2006).

process depends on this property.

optimize the operations of oil refining.

