**7. References**

Antonarakis, A. S., Richards, K. S. & Brasington, J. (2008). Object-based land cover classification using airborne LiDAR, *Remote Sensing of Environment* Vol. 112: 2988–2998

Bolève, A., Revil, A., Janod, F., Mattiuzzo, J. L. & Jardani, A. (2007). A new formulation to compute self-potential signals associated with ground water flow, *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences* Vol. 11: 1–11

of the normalization indicates that the influence of the lower layer decreases. This result suggests that the lower layer is in fact an artefact due to the presence of the water reservoir. Figure 10.c), after applying InGEOHT - 2D+, shows that the effects of the water reservoir has been entirely removed (the lower conductive layer disappeared). The resistivity section is smoother than the two previous calculations except for three resistive anomalies between 9m and 12m depth. In conclusion, we think that this last result provide a better insight of the true behaviour of the dike and the detection of some suspicious zones will be further investigated by high resolution geophysical and geotechnical methods to validate this result.

In many countries, the regulation of hydraulic structures has recently been enhanced and is declined in classes depending on the issues in case of breakage. It stresses the need to know the level of safety of the structures, through in-depth diagnosis and analysis of risks, and to strengthen the surveillance. In France, these regulations now apply to 700 large dams, tens

We have presented in this chapter on going improvements in the global methodology of dike diagnosis in Europe. The stakeholders involved in the management of dikes must continue to integrate these improvements in their practices so that an efficient diagnosis should be drawn over time for a sustainable maintenance of the earthworks and dams.

Nowadays, the ERT method becomes the reference one for dike and dam geophysical investigations. Coupled with accurate 3D topographic data acquired with a LiDAR system, the 3D effects should be better integrated when interpreting the data. Those improvements will be all the more interesting for stakeholders (e.g. multi temporal analysis of long stretch

Phenomena like leakage or seepage are still difficult to detect and future research works on streaming potential (Bolève et al., 2007) and optic fibres (Khan et al., 2010) methods should

The authors would like to thank EDF-R&D, French Ministry of Ecology (DREAL Centre),

Framework Programme through the grant to the budget of the FloodProBE project, and by

Antonarakis, A. S., Richards, K. S. & Brasington, J. (2008). Object-based land cover classification using airborne LiDAR, *Remote Sensing of Environment* Vol. 112: 2988–2998 Bolève, A., Revil, A., Janod, F., Mattiuzzo, J. L. & Jardani, A. (2007). A new formulation to

compute self-potential signals associated with ground water flow, *Hydrology and* 

SNCF and Fugro-Geoid for supporting a part of the works mentioned above. This work has been partly supported by the European Community's Seventh.

EDF-R&D through the grant of the PAREOT project and the INTREPHYD project.

of thousands of small dams, and about 10 000 km of linear dikes.

dikes) as repetitive survey will be performed.

supplement the available tools of stakeholders.

*Earth System Sciences* Vol. 11: 1–11

**6. Acknowledgments** 

**7. References** 

**5. Conclusion** 


**15** 

*USA* 

**Transforming Risk Assessment** 

**Tools from Paper to Electronic** 

As the use of electronic health records (EHR) continues to grow, there is an increasing need for the development and translation of risk assessment tools for use in electronic media. The federal government of the United States is compensating hospitals that are meeting the usage guidelines of electronic health information systems (Kocher et al. 2010). Evidence suggests that use of electronic health records improves patient safety and outcomes (Radicki & Sittig, 2011). This incentive has dramatically increased interest in EHR and content that is

Risk assessment is defined in this chapter as a process of evaluating a potential hazard, likelihood of suffering, or any adverse effects (Mosby, 2008). Assessment of a risk, and subsequent prevention is becoming standard practice in healthcare (Carayon et al. 2006). Hospitals in the United States are being held accountable for preventable iatrogenic events like; pressure ulcers, falls, catheter associated urinary tract infections, and central line associated infections (United States Federal Register, 2011). Use of risk assessment tools is thus necessary to prevent these and other hospital-acquired problems. Our hospital first converted a Fall and Injury Risk Assessment tool from paper to electronic (Chapman et al. 2011). Since that time we have been translating many of our risk assessment tools into the electronic medium. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the processes necessary to

The translation of risk assessment tools from paper to electronic is a multi-layered, complex process that aims at maintaining their integrity, scientifically tested properties and feasibility in clinical settings, thus, many factors need to be considered. Planning for this type of change requires an interdisciplinary team of nurses and Information Technology (IT) workers (see Wenzel 2002). The goal of this team is to determine the requirements of a successful transformation and implementation. The steps in preparation for this conversion include the following phases: (1.) Workflow Analysis, (2.) Design and Building an electronic version of the tool, (3.) Testing and Signoff, (4.) Training of staff/users of the tool, (5.) ' Go-Live' and Support, and ( 6.) Reporting (Courtney et al. 2005). Using electronic applications

transform and implement a risk assessment tool in an electronic environment.

**2. The process of transforming a risk assessment tool** 

**1. Introduction** 

easily translated to an electronic format.

Daniel Bergeron1 and Kristiina Hyrkäs1,2

*1Maine Medical Center, Portland Maine;* 

*2University of Southern Maine* 

