**5. References**

16 Novel Approaches and Their Applications in Risk Assessment

to human health. This threshold value is equal to 2.5 ng/kg bw/day for genotoxic substances and 25 ng/kg bw/day for all other substances (Kroes *et al.*, 2004; EFSA, 2011).

Concerning OAs, the levels of exposure are equal to 54; 39 and 149 ng/kg bw/day, for the mean, median and 95th percentile, respectively. These levels of exposure are not below the

For OAs, the values of the mean and 95th percentile intake issued from the probabilistic approach (0.054 and 0.15 μg/kg bw/day, respectively) are only about 5- and 2-fold less than the most protective OA ARfD (0.30 μg/ kg bw). Thus chronic OA intakes were close to ARfD. TDI is, by definition, less than ARfD. The former is, indeed, derived from a NOAEL value or a LOAEL one determined from long-term toxicological studies, whereas the latter is determined from acute toxicological studies. Moreover, in addition to the traditional security factors employed for ARfD, the establishment of TDI requires the use of a few other ones such as, for example, an uncertainty factor of 10 to extrapolate subchronic to chronic exposure (Lewis, 1995), leading to TDIs much lower than ARfD. The finding, in this study, of a chronic exposure to OA via shellfish consumption (only 2 to 5 fold below the ARfD) suggests that OA should be considered as a possible cause for

For SPX, the values of the mean, the median and 95th percentile intake issued from the probabilistic approach (5.4; 4.6 and 11.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) are higher than the TTC (2.5 ng/kg bw/day). We made the comparison with the most protective TTC because no (sub)chronic and genotoxic data are available for SPX. Thus, the only exposure data do

As neither ARfD nor TDI have been allocated to SPX by international committees, no comparison can be made. Though there is no toxicological reference value, the calculations made in this study highlighted the regular exposure of humans to low SPX doses. Thus, in the case where toxicological data indicate chronic impact by SPX on health, it would be

Further to the increasing number of reports about phycotoxin-induced intoxications and deaths, these compounds have become a matter of concern for human health. But, phycotoxin exposure assessments are almost non-existent because related data about consumption and contamination are missing. This led us to study, in the same geographical area, shellfish consumption by humans and shellfish contamination by

TTC, thus it cannot be excluded that there would be a risk to human health.

**3.4.2.1 Okadaic acid and analogs** 

Comparison with TTC

Comparison with ARfD

concern about human health.

Comparison with TTC

Comparison with ARfD

not allow to reject a chronic risk due to SPX.

worth taking into account exposure to SPX.

**3.4.2.2 Spirolides** 

**4. Conclusion** 


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**2** 

*France* 

**Spatial Cadmium Distribution in the Charente** 

**Watershed and Potential Risk Assessment for** 

**the Marennes Oleron Bay (Southwest France)** 

In recent years, high levels of pollutants in coastal ocean waters and in the marine food chain have been attributed to inputs either via the atmosphere (Nriagu, 1989) or by direct inputs from rivers and estuaries (e.g. Millward et al., 1996; Baeyens et al., 1997; Chiffoleau et al., 1999). In fact, rivers are considered as a major pathway for the organic and inorganic contaminant transfers from the continent to the ocean, especially during flood events (e.g.

The Marennes Oleron Bay (MOB) is the first oyster-producing area in France providing nearly half of the oysters commercialised (Goulletquer & Héral, 1997; Soletchnik et al., 1999, 2002; Bry & Hoflack, 2004). The MOB and its biological compartments are subject to chronic pollution by some metals, especially Cd, representing a potential risk for shellfish cultivation (Pigeot et al., 2006; Strady et al., 2011). The latest estimates suggest that legal restrictions of oyster production in the MOB would result in a shortfall of between 50% and 70% of oysters on the market in the next years. Given that oyster is one of the top ten seafoods consumed in France, the economic consequences would be catastrophic for this

The Gironde Estuary, located ~30 km southward of the MOB, is affected by historic metal (e.g. Cd, Zn, Hg, Ag; Blanc et al., 1999; Schäfer et al., 2006; Castelle et al., 2009; Larrose et al., 2010; Lanceleur et al., 2011) contamination due to former Zn ore treatment in the industrial Decazeville basin, that was stopped after a major pollution accident in 1986. In this watershed drained by the Riou Mort River, anthropogenic contributions to particulate element fluxes were estimated to ~90-95% for Cd, Zn and Hg (Coynel et al., 2009). Despite decreasing Cd emissions in the Decazeville area due to ongoing remediation efforts since the early 1990s, the Lot-Garonne River system still contributes up to 80% to the annual Cd gross uxes into the Gironde Estuary (Schäfer et al., 2002; Audry et al., 2004). Additionally, intensive agriculture and ongoing urbanization also considerably contribute to metal (e.g. Zn, Cu, Ag) gross fluxes into the Gironde Estuary (e.g. Masson et al., 2006; Lanceleur et al., 2011). In contrast to the well-studied Garonne-Gironde system, the Charente fluvial-

**1. Introduction** 

Coynel et al., 2007).

region.

Blanc Gérard, Bossy Cécile, Derriennic Hervé and Schäfer Jörg

Coynel Alexandra, Khoury Alaa, Dutruch Lionel,

*University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence* 

