**4.1 Sample collection and its preparation for analysis**

In case of human biomonitoring as was suggested two sample matrixes were used, once – hair samples which made possible to be applied for any kind of subjects as age, gender, etc. and secondly – breast milk samples which as it matrix nature shows it was possible to be applied just for a special class of subjects - namely nursing mothers, way throughout we were able to found information about mother exposure as well about the infant exposure. Both methods don't involve any kind of physical or physiological trauma on the involved subjects.


Table 1. General information about the studied inhabitants from the three selected regions.

As regards animal subjects that were implied in our biomonitoring programs, hair was used in case of mammalians and feather in case of poultry subjects subjected for study.

Totally 208 number of human subjects were involved in these biomonitoring studies. Details regarding the human biomonitors are given in table 1. Shortly, 98 females were involved in this study from which 18 were child and 26 were nursing mother from which milk samples were collected also. As regards male, 110 subjects were monitored from which 20 persons were child. From this 208 subjects 131 persons declared smoking and diet pattern from

Non-Invasive Matrices Use in Pollution Evaluation

it was set at 230 C.

temperature.

at Nanoscale Levels: A Way Forward in Ecotoxicological Studies 175

studied, namely 30 seconds and one, two, three and five minutes, respectively. In case of all monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds it was observed that short time of desorption as 30 seconds or one minutes is not enough to reach a complete desorption therefore the time that is required for a good desorption of these compounds was established at two minutes. In case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons the optimal desorption time was established at 5 minutes. As gas chromatograph injector temperature significant results were obtained when

Fig. 2. Monoaromatic hydrocarbon analytes response after HS-SPME extraction method

Considering the extraction temperature, a lots of study demonstrated that extraction temperature has multiple impact on the HS-SPME procedures. Liu et al, 2005, asserted that the high temperature increase the diffusion coefficients of the analytes in any kind of sample matrix and from it to the headspace, which reduce significantly the extraction time but in the same time have a negative influence on the partition coefficients of analytes in the fiber coating, reducing it, thus the efficiency of the extraction being reduced well. In this case the experiment was conducted for six different temperatures: 10, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ºC – see figure 2. In this figure it is observed that a good response for all mono aromatic hydrocarbon compounds is obtained at 30 ºC, decreasing for higher or lower

Extraction time represents another factor that could chasten or impair the extraction method sensitivity, so we take it in consideration also. In order to establish the most suitable extraction time for the mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds ten different time were examined as follows: 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, respectively. Compounds response increased up to 15 minutes extraction in case of monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds after that was registered a continue decreasing. In case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds the maximum response was achieved at 20 minutes extraction, after that presented the same pattern of

performance under different extraction temperature.

which 68 are smokers and 24 are involved in diet programs due to health problem and 39 persons are involved also in diet programs owing to their weight (in this case 78 % being females between 14 – 35 years).

Animal subjects were also chosen from both rural and urban sites as well from industrial sites. Just animals and poultries grown for consumption purposes in farms of the monitored inhabitants were considered in this study. As animal species were considered pig, cow and chicken, species that are the most popular in these three studied district. They are basically the most important source of meat for any humans from this part of Romania; they didn't missing from any rural farms and any plates of inhabitants from these regions.

Collected hair samples – 5 mg amount/subject – including the entire length of the hair were cut with uncontaminated scissors. These collected samples were placed in plastic bags (without adding of any stabilizing agent) and transported to laboratory. There washing process was done in order to avoid external contamination of the matrixes. After washing processes the samples were cute in small species (1-2 mm) from that 2.5 mg were placed in a 10 mL glass vials. This procedure was applied for both human and animal subjects' hair samples. Similarly was done in case of feather samples. In case of human scalp hair was used as sampling zone of human body while in case of animal subjects dorsal hair were used for biomonitoring.

As regards human breast milk analysis, 40 mL of samples were collected from every nursing mom in sterile glass vials to which prior was added K2Cr2O7 as stabilizing reagent after that the vials were closed with Teflon lined screw cap and put in a freezer at 4 C until analysis. No milk samples were stored more than three days from the sampling moment.

#### **4.2 Organic chemical contaminants extraction**

Considering the previous research studies performed in these areas three main pollutants category were the targets in these biomonitoring studies, namely organochlorine compounds, mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organometallic compounds.

*Mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon* compounds from hair samples were extracted using headspace-solid phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME). To the 2.5 mg of hair samples that was placed in the 10 mL glass vials were added 15 µL of HCl and 100 µL of aqueous sodium dodecylsulphate and 5 mL of hexane. This aliquot it was subjected to ultrasonication at 50 C for 20 minutes after that the vials was subjected to centrifugation at 7 500 rpm for 10 minutes after that the hexane was separated and the remained aliquot was subjected again to centrifugation with hexane in the same condition as before. The two phases were put together finally and subjected to HS-SPME extraction.

Extraction method performance was increased through optimization of several extraction parameters as: selection of suitable fiber coating type, using or not of a derivatizing agent, desorption time and temperature, extraction time, applied agitation mode and salt effects. In this case using of a 100 µm thickness polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) fiber increased the extraction method capacity comparing with extraction performance parameters obtained through using other types of fiber or different film thickness of the fibers.

As regards desorption time and gas chromatograph injector temperature optimization in order to increase the sensitivity of extraction procedure five different desorption times were

which 68 are smokers and 24 are involved in diet programs due to health problem and 39 persons are involved also in diet programs owing to their weight (in this case 78 % being

Animal subjects were also chosen from both rural and urban sites as well from industrial sites. Just animals and poultries grown for consumption purposes in farms of the monitored inhabitants were considered in this study. As animal species were considered pig, cow and chicken, species that are the most popular in these three studied district. They are basically the most important source of meat for any humans from this part of Romania; they didn't

Collected hair samples – 5 mg amount/subject – including the entire length of the hair were cut with uncontaminated scissors. These collected samples were placed in plastic bags (without adding of any stabilizing agent) and transported to laboratory. There washing process was done in order to avoid external contamination of the matrixes. After washing processes the samples were cute in small species (1-2 mm) from that 2.5 mg were placed in a 10 mL glass vials. This procedure was applied for both human and animal subjects' hair samples. Similarly was done in case of feather samples. In case of human scalp hair was used as sampling zone of human body while in case of animal subjects dorsal hair were

As regards human breast milk analysis, 40 mL of samples were collected from every nursing mom in sterile glass vials to which prior was added K2Cr2O7 as stabilizing reagent after that the vials were closed with Teflon lined screw cap and put in a freezer at 4 C until analysis.

Considering the previous research studies performed in these areas three main pollutants category were the targets in these biomonitoring studies, namely organochlorine compounds, mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organometallic compounds. *Mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon* compounds from hair samples were extracted using headspace-solid phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME). To the 2.5 mg of hair samples that was placed in the 10 mL glass vials were added 15 µL of HCl and 100 µL of aqueous sodium dodecylsulphate and 5 mL of hexane. This aliquot it was subjected to ultrasonication at 50 C for 20 minutes after that the vials was subjected to centrifugation at 7 500 rpm for 10 minutes after that the hexane was separated and the remained aliquot was subjected again to centrifugation with hexane in the same condition as before. The two

Extraction method performance was increased through optimization of several extraction parameters as: selection of suitable fiber coating type, using or not of a derivatizing agent, desorption time and temperature, extraction time, applied agitation mode and salt effects. In this case using of a 100 µm thickness polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) fiber increased the extraction method capacity comparing with extraction performance parameters obtained

As regards desorption time and gas chromatograph injector temperature optimization in order to increase the sensitivity of extraction procedure five different desorption times were

No milk samples were stored more than three days from the sampling moment.

phases were put together finally and subjected to HS-SPME extraction.

through using other types of fiber or different film thickness of the fibers.

**4.2 Organic chemical contaminants extraction** 

missing from any rural farms and any plates of inhabitants from these regions.

females between 14 – 35 years).

used for biomonitoring.

studied, namely 30 seconds and one, two, three and five minutes, respectively. In case of all monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds it was observed that short time of desorption as 30 seconds or one minutes is not enough to reach a complete desorption therefore the time that is required for a good desorption of these compounds was established at two minutes. In case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons the optimal desorption time was established at 5 minutes. As gas chromatograph injector temperature significant results were obtained when it was set at 230 C.

Fig. 2. Monoaromatic hydrocarbon analytes response after HS-SPME extraction method performance under different extraction temperature.

Considering the extraction temperature, a lots of study demonstrated that extraction temperature has multiple impact on the HS-SPME procedures. Liu et al, 2005, asserted that the high temperature increase the diffusion coefficients of the analytes in any kind of sample matrix and from it to the headspace, which reduce significantly the extraction time but in the same time have a negative influence on the partition coefficients of analytes in the fiber coating, reducing it, thus the efficiency of the extraction being reduced well. In this case the experiment was conducted for six different temperatures: 10, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ºC – see figure 2. In this figure it is observed that a good response for all mono aromatic hydrocarbon compounds is obtained at 30 ºC, decreasing for higher or lower temperature.

Extraction time represents another factor that could chasten or impair the extraction method sensitivity, so we take it in consideration also. In order to establish the most suitable extraction time for the mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds ten different time were examined as follows: 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, respectively. Compounds response increased up to 15 minutes extraction in case of monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds after that was registered a continue decreasing. In case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds the maximum response was achieved at 20 minutes extraction, after that presented the same pattern of

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minutes. The FID detector temperature was set at 300 C.

was mantained constant for 7 minutes.

scan monitoring mode.

at Nanoscale Levels: A Way Forward in Ecotoxicological Studies 177

mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons flame ionization detector was used in order to

In case of *mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analysis* these were performed on Trace GC Ultra gas chromatographic apparatus (Thermo Electron Corporation) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a split/splitless injector. After desorption of target analytes the SPME fiber was injected in the injector with a constant 230 C temperature. As column was used TR 5 % phenyl methylsiloxane column, provided by Thermo Electron Corporation, having as characteristics 0.53 mm ID x 0.50 μm film thickness x 30 m length.

The oven temperature program has set as follows: 40 C for 5 minutes, followed by increases with 5 C·min-1 at 150 C and held at this temperature for 3 minutes, subsequent by an increases of temperature with 10 C·min-1 at 220 C and kept at this temperature for 5

As regards *organochlorine compounds* previous researches has demonstrated that electron capture detector in gas chromatographic analysis has an increased sensibility to halogenated organic compounds detection (ca. 10-13 g·mL-1), this detector being considered probably the most sensitive gas chromatographic detector that is available (Quan et al, 2002; Chen et al, 2004; Khajeh et al, 2006). Considering these the analysis of extracts was performed in the followings through Trace GC Ultra gas chromatography (Thermo Electron Corporation) equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detection system (Thermo Electron Corporation).

Good response were obtained for all target chlorinated organic compounds in case of TR-V1 Trace GC capillary column with cyanopropylphenyl polysiloxane phase type and with 0.53 mm I.D. x 3.0 μm film thickness x 30 m column length using the following working conditions: nitrogen was used as carrier gas with 30 mLmin-1 flow. Split ratio was set at 1:2 while the injector temperature and detector temperature were set at 220 and 250 C, respectively. Oven temperature programe through out were done the analysis was as follows: 40 C (with 3 minutes hold time) increased with 7 Cmin-1 at 100 C (hold for 3 minutes time period) after that increased with 10 Cmin-1 at 220 C, where this temperature

Organometallic compounds were detected also through gas chromatographyc technique but this time a quadrupole mass spectrometer was used as detector. Therefore a Focus GC engaged to a DSQ II quadrupole mass spectrometer provided by Thermo Electron Corporation was used as analytical instrument for organometallic compounds separation and quantification. A split/splitless injector in the splitless mode was used. Its temperature was set at 260 C. The target analytes were separated using a TR 5-MS 5 % phenyl polysilphenylene-siloxane capillary column with the following characteristics: 0.25 mm ID x 0.25 μm film thickness x 30 m length. This column was inserted into the mass spectrometer and the interface temperature between GC and MS was set at 270 C. For the GC oven the next temperature program was found to be optimum in case of organometallic compounds analysis: 35 C (hold for 2 minutes), raised with 5 C·min-1 at 90 C and kept at this temperature for one minute after that continue the temperature increasing with 12 C·min-1 until 220 C, temperature that once achieved was maintained constant for five minutes. As carrier gas high purity helium was used with 0.8 mL·min-1 flow rate. The analysis through mass spectrometer detector was done in electron impact mode at 70 eV and through full

perform the analysis. Used working parameters are presented shortly in the follows.

decreasing as the monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds Also the equilibrium was obtained at different time in case of all aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, therefore this equilibrium was approached more rapidly in case of monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds (10 – 15 minutes) and after longer periods in case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. According with these results 25 minutes was established as the most suitable extraction time for these compounds and as equilibration time 20 minutes was established as being satisfying.

The extraction method performance was evaluated based on the determination of recovery factor which was between 82-109 %b in case of monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds and between 78-119 % in case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.

*Organochlorine compounds* presence from *hair samples* were extracted as follows: to the 2.5 mg of hair samples that was placed in the 10 mL glass vials were added 15 µL of HCl and 100 µL of aqueous sodium dodecylsulphate and 5 mL of isooctane. This aliquot it was subjected to ultrasonication at 40 C for 10 minutes after that the vials was subjected to centrifugation at 3 500 rpm for 10 minutes after that the isooctane was separated and the remained aliquot was subjected again to centrifugation with isooctane in the same condition as before. The two phases were put together finally and subjected to rotary evaporation at in a water bath at 40 C until 1 mL aliquot it was obtained. This obtained aliquot then was subjected to HS-SPME extraction procedure followed finally by instrumental analysis. Shortly the optimal HS-SPME parameters were 2 and 5 minutes as desorption time respectively as extraction time. The optimal extraction temperature was found at 30 C.

The extraction method performance in case of organochlorine compounds was evaluated based on the determination of recovery factor which was between 92-121 %, considering all studied compounds.

In case of *organometallic compounds* also HS-SPME extraction method was used with almost similar condition as in case of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, but in this case a dervatization step using sodium tetraethyl borate as derivatization agent was introduced before instrumental analysis. After derivatization process the following parameters were considered as optimum for HS-SMPE extraction process where desorption time and the extraction time were set at 7 and 12 minutes, respectively. The extraction temperature was set at 75 C.

Target chemical compounds extractions from breast milk analysis were performed through HS-SPME extraction procedure using a PDMS fiber coating with 100 μm film thickness. The lipids from milk were separated according to Johansen et al, 2004 and Behrooz et al, 2009 without any significant modification in methods. Extraction method used for organochlorine compounds as well for mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds was the same as that was described by Skrbic et al in 2010.

#### **4.3 Instrumental analysis of organic chemical contaminants from samples collected through non-invasive procedures**

All sample extracts were analyzed through gas chromatographic method. In case of organochlorine compounds analysis electron capture detector was used while in case of organometallic compounds quadrupole mass spectrometer was used as detector. In case of

decreasing as the monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds Also the equilibrium was obtained at different time in case of all aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, therefore this equilibrium was approached more rapidly in case of monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds (10 – 15 minutes) and after longer periods in case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. According with these results 25 minutes was established as the most suitable extraction time for these compounds and as equilibration time 20 minutes

The extraction method performance was evaluated based on the determination of recovery factor which was between 82-109 %b in case of monoaromatic hydrocarbon compounds and

*Organochlorine compounds* presence from *hair samples* were extracted as follows: to the 2.5 mg of hair samples that was placed in the 10 mL glass vials were added 15 µL of HCl and 100 µL of aqueous sodium dodecylsulphate and 5 mL of isooctane. This aliquot it was subjected to ultrasonication at 40 C for 10 minutes after that the vials was subjected to centrifugation at 3 500 rpm for 10 minutes after that the isooctane was separated and the remained aliquot was subjected again to centrifugation with isooctane in the same condition as before. The two phases were put together finally and subjected to rotary evaporation at in a water bath at 40 C until 1 mL aliquot it was obtained. This obtained aliquot then was subjected to HS-SPME extraction procedure followed finally by instrumental analysis. Shortly the optimal HS-SPME parameters were 2 and 5 minutes as desorption time respectively as extraction

The extraction method performance in case of organochlorine compounds was evaluated based on the determination of recovery factor which was between 92-121 %, considering all

In case of *organometallic compounds* also HS-SPME extraction method was used with almost similar condition as in case of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, but in this case a dervatization step using sodium tetraethyl borate as derivatization agent was introduced before instrumental analysis. After derivatization process the following parameters were considered as optimum for HS-SMPE extraction process where desorption time and the extraction time were set at 7 and 12 minutes, respectively. The extraction

Target chemical compounds extractions from breast milk analysis were performed through HS-SPME extraction procedure using a PDMS fiber coating with 100 μm film thickness. The lipids from milk were separated according to Johansen et al, 2004 and Behrooz et al, 2009 without any significant modification in methods. Extraction method used for organochlorine compounds as well for mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

**4.3 Instrumental analysis of organic chemical contaminants from samples collected** 

All sample extracts were analyzed through gas chromatographic method. In case of organochlorine compounds analysis electron capture detector was used while in case of organometallic compounds quadrupole mass spectrometer was used as detector. In case of

compounds was the same as that was described by Skrbic et al in 2010.

between 78-119 % in case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.

time. The optimal extraction temperature was found at 30 C.

was established as being satisfying.

studied compounds.

temperature was set at 75 C.

**through non-invasive procedures** 

mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons flame ionization detector was used in order to perform the analysis. Used working parameters are presented shortly in the follows.

In case of *mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analysis* these were performed on Trace GC Ultra gas chromatographic apparatus (Thermo Electron Corporation) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a split/splitless injector. After desorption of target analytes the SPME fiber was injected in the injector with a constant 230 C temperature. As column was used TR 5 % phenyl methylsiloxane column, provided by Thermo Electron Corporation, having as characteristics 0.53 mm ID x 0.50 μm film thickness x 30 m length.

The oven temperature program has set as follows: 40 C for 5 minutes, followed by increases with 5 C·min-1 at 150 C and held at this temperature for 3 minutes, subsequent by an increases of temperature with 10 C·min-1 at 220 C and kept at this temperature for 5 minutes. The FID detector temperature was set at 300 C.

As regards *organochlorine compounds* previous researches has demonstrated that electron capture detector in gas chromatographic analysis has an increased sensibility to halogenated organic compounds detection (ca. 10-13 g·mL-1), this detector being considered probably the most sensitive gas chromatographic detector that is available (Quan et al, 2002; Chen et al, 2004; Khajeh et al, 2006). Considering these the analysis of extracts was performed in the followings through Trace GC Ultra gas chromatography (Thermo Electron Corporation) equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detection system (Thermo Electron Corporation).

Good response were obtained for all target chlorinated organic compounds in case of TR-V1 Trace GC capillary column with cyanopropylphenyl polysiloxane phase type and with 0.53 mm I.D. x 3.0 μm film thickness x 30 m column length using the following working conditions: nitrogen was used as carrier gas with 30 mLmin-1 flow. Split ratio was set at 1:2 while the injector temperature and detector temperature were set at 220 and 250 C, respectively. Oven temperature programe through out were done the analysis was as follows: 40 C (with 3 minutes hold time) increased with 7 Cmin-1 at 100 C (hold for 3 minutes time period) after that increased with 10 Cmin-1 at 220 C, where this temperature was mantained constant for 7 minutes.

Organometallic compounds were detected also through gas chromatographyc technique but this time a quadrupole mass spectrometer was used as detector. Therefore a Focus GC engaged to a DSQ II quadrupole mass spectrometer provided by Thermo Electron Corporation was used as analytical instrument for organometallic compounds separation and quantification. A split/splitless injector in the splitless mode was used. Its temperature was set at 260 C. The target analytes were separated using a TR 5-MS 5 % phenyl polysilphenylene-siloxane capillary column with the following characteristics: 0.25 mm ID x 0.25 μm film thickness x 30 m length. This column was inserted into the mass spectrometer and the interface temperature between GC and MS was set at 270 C. For the GC oven the next temperature program was found to be optimum in case of organometallic compounds analysis: 35 C (hold for 2 minutes), raised with 5 C·min-1 at 90 C and kept at this temperature for one minute after that continue the temperature increasing with 12 C·min-1 until 220 C, temperature that once achieved was maintained constant for five minutes. As carrier gas high purity helium was used with 0.8 mL·min-1 flow rate. The analysis through mass spectrometer detector was done in electron impact mode at 70 eV and through full scan monitoring mode.

Non-Invasive Matrices Use in Pollution Evaluation

Soil [μgkg-1]

animals and humans body.

Water [μgL-1]

Table 2. Chlorophenols average amounts in soil and water samples.

carbon tetrachloride).

of soil samples.

Period

at Nanoscale Levels: A Way Forward in Ecotoxicological Studies 179

**5.1 Living things exposure to organochlorine compounds – Case study of paper mills**  During previous studies it was observed an increased presence of organochlorine compounds in regions near Dej city (zone 2 from figure 3). Main organochlorine compounds that were detected were chlorophenols (dichlorophenol, trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) and chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and

Presence of these compounds in environmental samples as soil and water were between range of 0.3 – 32 μgkg-1 and 0.5 – 25.1 μgL-1, respectively, usually with higher levels in case

Major amounts being detected in case of dichlorophenol and trichloroethylene compounds, usually with higher amounts in case of soil samples – see table 2 and figure 4.a. and 4.b.

> Soil [μgkg-1]

2008 0.5 – 12.5 0.3 – 8.9 0.8 – 19.2 0.5 – 14.5 0.9 – 31.9 0.4 – 17.5 2009 0.3 – 18.5 0.5 – 17.2 1.8 – 22.5 0.4 – 16.8 0.5 – 21.9 0.3 – 19.5 2010 0.4 -16.2 0.4 – 10.2 0.5 – 12.5 0.6 – 8.59 0.3 – 9.2 0.7 – 3.2

Increased presence of these compounds was attributed to the presence of paper mills that discharge its waste water in Somes River (one of the main river that cross northern part of Transylvania which is used as water source both for drinking water purposes and for irrigation networks of agricultural lands). This was demonstrated by the results of environmental monitoring before and after the closing of factory in 2009, when the factory was closed for a period of two months for rehabilitation – see figure 4a and 4b, when it was observed a decreasing tendency of organochlorine compounds presence in environmental

In order to evaluate these pollutants impact on living beings it was observed that are quite strong correlation between the amount of these chlorinated compounds in surrounding environment and the amount of organochlorine compounds detected in animals and humans hair samples collected from subjects that live in the corresponding environment – see figure 5. But such dependence was obtained just in this special case, for other regions

Consulting the obtained results it was observed that the amount of these compounds were lower in case of poultries feathers and higher in the case of cow hair. Also in case of human hair subjects their levels were higher even 30 – 50 percent than in other living beings. This could be explained by the cumulative effects of these pollutants, therefore once with age increases are possible to increase also the levels of environmental contaminants from

samples (as soil and surface water) from the moment when the factory was closed.

such correlation (in case or organochlorine compounds) wasn't applicable.

Chlorophenols average values Monochlorophenols Dichlorophenols Trichlorophenols

> Water [μgL-1]

Soil [μgkg-1]

Water [μgL-1]
