**Section 3**

**Risk Assessment in System Design** 

242 Novel Approaches and Their Applications in Risk Assessment

Piedrahíta, H., Punnett, L., & Shahnavaz, H. (2004). Musculoskeletal symptoms in cold

Riley, M. W., & Cochran, D. J. (1984). Dexterity performance and reduced ambient

Schieffer, R.E., Kok, R., Lewis, M.I., & Meese, G.B. (1984). Finger skin temperature and manual dexterity; some inter-group difference. *Applied Ergonomics*, 15(2): 135-141. Shih, Y.C. (2007). Glove and Gender Effects on Muscular Fatigue Evaluated by Endurance and Maximal Voluntary Contraction Measures. *Human Factors*, 49(1): 110-119. Suizu, K., Inoue, M., Fujimura, T., Morita, H., Inagaki, J., Kan, H., & Harada, N. (2004).

Suizu, K. & Harada. N. (2005). Effects of waterproof covering on hand immersion tests using

Sawada, S., Araki, S., & Yokoyama, K. (2000). Changes in cold-induced vasodilatation, pain

Wolff, B.B. (1984). *Methods of testing pain mechanisms in normal man*. In P.D. Wall and R. Melzack (Eds.), Textbook of Pain, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 186-194.

*International Archives Occupation Environment Health*, 78: 311-318.

*Ergonomics*, 34(4): 271-278

79-82.

temperature. *Human Factors*, 26: 207-214.

environment. *Industrial Health*, 38:79-86

exposed and non-cold exposed workers. *International Journal of Industrial* 

Influence of waterproof covering on finger skin temperature and hand pain during immersion test for diagnosing hand-arm vibration syndrome. *Industrial Health*, 42:

water at 10℃、12℃and 15℃ for diagnosis of hand-arm vibration syndrome.

and cold sensation in fingers caused by repeated finger cooling in a cool

**13** 

Boguslaw Bieda

*Poland* 

**Risk Analysis of the Waste to Energy** 

**Pyrolysis Facility Designs for City of** 

**Konin, in Poland, Using SimLab® Toolpack** 

*AGH University of Science and Technology, Management Department, Kraków,*

The term "*thermal treatment*" is used to describe a range of technologies that use heat to degrade the constitution of solid matter. These includes incineration and its variations, as well as advanced thermal conversion (ATC) technologies such as pyrolysis and gasification

To ensure sustainable development in waste management, faster development and uptake of new technology is necessary. Landfills pollute the valuable underground water, incinerations emit dioxin and produce toxic ash. The solution is Integrated Waste Management, which uses all available resources for dealing with the waste problem. Novel processes utilizing pyrolysis and gasification have attracted publicity as a potential alternative to incineration. The main advantage that gasification has over incineration is its ability to conserve the chemical energy of the waste in the produced syngas rather than convert it to heat energy in hot flue gases. Therefore, gasification has greater flexibility in the recovery of energy and chemical value from waste stream (Klein et al., 2004). Gasification is by no means a novel process; in the 19th century so-called: "*town-gas*" was produced by gasification of coal and for example used for illumination purposes (Astrup & Bilitewski, 2010). Gasification (and combinations of pyrolysis plus gasification) processes are being developed in a number of countries. In Europe, there continues to be a strong desire to avoid incineration and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill in order to meet the EU landfill Directives. In the USA, low disposal costs and plenty of landfill availability in most regions have proved a significant barrier to the construction of any new thermal treatment facilities. Incinerations also increase the amount of CO2 in the carbon cycle because the have to burn fuel together with the wastes. The governments of most countries have signed a treaty to limit CO2 emissions at their 1999 levels. In Canada, a number of waste management projects are being planned based on the waste incineration technology. In Japan all leading thermal process companies now offer gasification solutions alongside

For many people, thermal treatment technologies for waste management represent an image

incineration with financial support from the Japanese Government.

of hell on Earth (Everard, 2004).

**1. Introduction** 

(Everard, 2004).
