**7. Acknowledgments**

This research scientific is granted by science financial support for 2011-2013.

### **8. References**

260 Novel Approaches and Their Applications in Risk Assessment

Fig. 17. Sensitivity analysis (*Cobwebs plot*) (SCR - *Spearman Rank Correlation*). (SRC) for the

"*Skewness*" and "*Kurtosis*" values form the basis of starting points for the analysis.

When the 10,000 trials are completed, the histograms provide by SimLab®, given in Figure 9 through Figure 14, present *statistics summary.* The "*Mean*", "*Variance*", "*Standard deviation*",

This study found that the purpose of uncertainty analysis, and sensitivity analysis is to determine the potential directions for waste management decision support systems under uncertainty, because this technique accounts for uncertainties in the assumptions, and to

Because all of the parameters of the economic model are independent, the using of the SRC

Cost risk analysis can answer some questions that the traditional estimating method cannot.

 "*What is the most likely cost*?" The traditional method assumes that this is the baseline cost computed by summing the estimates of cost for the project elements, but this is not so. *"How likely is the baseline estimate to be overrun?"* Traditional methods do not address this

"*What is the cost risk exposure?"* This is also the answer to the question; "How much

 "*Where is the risk in this project*?" This is the same as: "*Which cost elements cause the most need for the contingency*?" Risk analysis principles can be used to answer this question.

95% confidential level.

**6. Conclusions** 

Included are:

problem.

introduce the sensitivity analysis

is shown to be extremely satisfactory.

contingency do we need on this project?"


**14** 

**Methodology Applied to the Diagnosis** 

Yannick \*Fargier1,2, Cyrille Fauchard3, Patrice Mériaux4, Paul Royet4,

Sergio Palma-Lopes2, Daniel François1, Philippe Côte2 and Fréderic Bretar3

The recent and dramatic floods of the last years in Europe (Windstorm Xynthia, February 2010) and United-States (Hurricane Katrina, August 2005) showed the vulnerability of flood defence systems. The first key point for avoiding these dramatic damages and the high cost of a failure and its consequences lies in the conception and construction of the dams and dikes, taking into account the past flooding events. A well-designed dike with the correct

In this chapter, a dike is defined as a flood defence system, in dry condition (no contact with

Many factors introduce weaknesses in the dike. Most of them are old structures. For instance, some of the French Loire River dikes were built several centuries ago. They may have been rebuilt, modified, heightened several times, with some materials that do not necessarily match the original conception of the structure. In other aspects, trees, roots, burrows or nests could

Particular geological formation and their evolution could also threaten the dike. This is the case in the city of Orléans, France, where levees have collapsed in karstic areas. In urban context, the dikes present many other singularities, such as networks, canalisations, human constructions like houses and walls. Due to all these factors, dikes have to be considered as heterogeneous structures. Considering the social impact of a possible breach, the stretch of hundreds of kilometres and the heterogeneity of the materials, rapid, cost-effective and

This chapter presents the general approach for assessing earth embankments. The first part briefly presents a synthesis of the French approach related to dike diagnosis. The second part shows the recent improvements in this geophysical area given by current applied researches and international experiments. The third part is dedicated to the airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology, which provides extremely accurate topographic

*2Institut Français des sciences et technologies des transports, de l'aménagement et des réseaux, Nantes, France*

**1. Introduction** 

*1EDF – R&D, Chatou, France* 

height avoids failure and overtopping.

water). The term "levee" is often used, specially in the USA.

modify the structure of the dike and reduce the mechanical properties.

reliable techniques for surveying the dike must be carried out.

*3Laboratoire Régional des Ponts et Chaussées de Rouen, CETE NC, France 4Cemagref d'Aix-En-Provence, France* 

**and Monitoring of Dikes and Dams** 


 <http://www.projectrisk.com/Welcome/White\_Papers/Integrated\_Cost\_- \_Schedule\_Risk\_Analysis.pdf>


 *<*http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/brochures/pdfs/gasification\_brochure.pdf>

