**2. Personal knowledge management from knowledge worker's perspective**

Personal knowledge management (PKM) is one of knowledge management (KM) sub-areas. KM research area exists already for a while, though PKM as a sub-area is not well enough researched one (Pauleen, 2009). Thus PKM has been chosen as one of basic research objects of this work.

By conducting research in this area it is determined that PKM includes series of processes an individual has to accomplish. In addition, analysis of this area has led to identification of several sets of such processes, which are summarized and systematized in Table 1. As in different sets several of these processes are very kindred or their essential is the same just each of them having a different name, then within this summary a number of processes (i.e. names of processes) are combined and should be considered as one. Accordant order of processes within each set (i.e. based on accordant researcher provided definition) is given by using numbers. At the same time these numbers indicate that particular PKM process is included within accordant researcher's given PKM definition.

Authors of this work provide a new view within PKM process context by taking into account summarized PKM processes in Table 1 and Barth's description of information processing skills and tools (Barth, 2005). Authors distinguish nine PKM processes, which include in PKM context comprehensive set of actions or functions to do. The nine PKM processes are: creation, access, processing, organizing, analysing, retrieving, collaboration, usage and sharing, and security.

Agent Based Personal Knowledge Management

Fig. 1. Personal knowledge management process model

latter mentioned sources.

desktop and wiki environment.

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It is determined, that PKMS supports knowledge objects finding, acquisition, creation and sharing. PKMS also supports decision making and environment creation so that individual could share his / her knowledge with other knowledge workers or with CoP acquaintances. Miller considers that PKMS from practical point of view contains that how individual can find personal information sources in a computer or in a mobile device, and how this information can be adopted to particular situation to create intellectual and knowledge values to foster success at work or in personal life (Miller, 2005). In addition PKMS focuses not just to an individual personal information sources, but also to sources outside the set of

So far observed PKM research areas can be divided in two directions. One direction mainly focuses on PKMS as a part of company's KMS (Völkel & Abecker, 2008) and it's interaction with KMS. Another direction focuses on usage of PKMS or PKM tools in individual's context thus paying less attention to company's KMS factor (Jarche, 2006; Li & Li, 2009). **Personal knowledge management tools and systems development approaches**. By conducting PKMS analysis it is determined that there are several types of PKMS based on their structure. So far more known and developed PKMS are based on desktop approach (Doong & Wang, 2009), for example, Google Desktop, Windows Search, Apple Spotlight and Copernic Desktop Search. Other PKMS are based on Web technologies such as wiki, for example, WikiPad (WikiPad, 2010), or Web blogging (Li & Li, 2009). There have been attempts to combine latter mentioned approaches (Kim et al., 2007), thus trying to come up with such system, which would allow its user to avoid information doubling by using both


Table 1. Personal knowledge management sets of processes

Based on nine PKM processes, authors have developed a PKM process model which is shown in Figure 1. This model pictures processes to be used for knowledge element development and usage in PKM context. In process designating squares is an area in blue. It is a process sub-level, which if needed can omit particular process actions and to pass control to the next process. Dotted lines in context with security process means that accordant security action can or can not be applied during particular PKM process action(s). One can observe that security process is parallel to all other PKM processes.

With Barth words PKM essentially is responsible about what you know, who you know, and what they know (Barth, 2005). PKM cultural and collaboration edge is included in essential of this laconic definition. That points that PKM is not just focusing on individual as such. Rather it also focuses on cultural, collaborative and social aspects among knowledge workers.

PKM fosters creation of communities of practice (CoP) (Cakula & Osis, 2010; Martin 2006), which serves as a fertile ground for knowledge acquisition, sharing and usage, and as follows also for knowledge creation.

It is necessary to follow trends of own work areas and to continuously supplement own knowledge. In order for an individual to successfully manage these challenges authors see PKM as a solution and as a support provider for a knowledge worker and for an individual towards his / her growth and improvement. Thus it is also important that for a knowledge worker personal knowledge management system's (PKMS) support is available for simple information management tasks as well as for more intellectual activities.

By conducting analysis of PKMS it was determined that research in this area started relatively recently. So far PKM and PKMS is less researched KM area (Pauleen, 2009). As PKMS definition within this paper is considered one by Apshvalka and Grundspenkis (Apshvalka & Grundspenkis, 2005), which states that PKMS is a complex system and it contains social, psychological and technological aspects. Its operation is closely tied with a knowledge worker's perception, emotions, believes, surrounding society, environment, wishes and goals. Technology in PKMS context has an important role as well. A PKMS goal is to support as much as possible its owner in decision making and performing actions.

(Tsui, 2002)

(Jarche, 2009)

(Moghe, 2010)

(Frand & Hixon, 1999)

(Frei, 2006)

2004)

creation 1 5

3. Acquisition / aggregation 2 1 2 1

organizing / categorizing 3 2 3 6 3 6. Reviewing / evaluation / analysis 4 3; 4 2; 4

dialogue creating 5 8

presentation 5 7 6; 7

Based on nine PKM processes, authors have developed a PKM process model which is shown in Figure 1. This model pictures processes to be used for knowledge element development and usage in PKM context. In process designating squares is an area in blue. It is a process sub-level, which if needed can omit particular process actions and to pass control to the next process. Dotted lines in context with security process means that accordant security action can or can not be applied during particular PKM process action(s).

With Barth words PKM essentially is responsible about what you know, who you know, and what they know (Barth, 2005). PKM cultural and collaboration edge is included in essential of this laconic definition. That points that PKM is not just focusing on individual as such. Rather

PKM fosters creation of communities of practice (CoP) (Cakula & Osis, 2010; Martin 2006), which serves as a fertile ground for knowledge acquisition, sharing and usage, and as

It is necessary to follow trends of own work areas and to continuously supplement own knowledge. In order for an individual to successfully manage these challenges authors see PKM as a solution and as a support provider for a knowledge worker and for an individual towards his / her growth and improvement. Thus it is also important that for a knowledge worker personal knowledge management system's (PKMS) support is available for simple

By conducting analysis of PKMS it was determined that research in this area started relatively recently. So far PKM and PKMS is less researched KM area (Pauleen, 2009). As PKMS definition within this paper is considered one by Apshvalka and Grundspenkis (Apshvalka & Grundspenkis, 2005), which states that PKMS is a complex system and it contains social, psychological and technological aspects. Its operation is closely tied with a knowledge worker's perception, emotions, believes, surrounding society, environment, wishes and goals. Technology in PKMS context has an important role as well. A PKMS goal is to support as much as possible its owner in decision making and performing actions.

it also focuses on cultural, collaborative and social aspects among knowledge workers.

7. Storing / codification 2 4 3 5 8. Retrieving 4 5 4 7

One can observe that security process is parallel to all other PKM processes.

information management tasks as well as for more intellectual activities.

PKM processes (Apshvalka,

2. Searching / discovery 1 1

4. Processing / sorting 1 2

10. Contributing / usage 3 6

Table 1. Personal knowledge management sets of processes

1. Composition or new ideas recital /

5. Classification /

9. Connecting or socializing /

11. Sharing / publicizing /

follows also for knowledge creation.

Fig. 1. Personal knowledge management process model

It is determined, that PKMS supports knowledge objects finding, acquisition, creation and sharing. PKMS also supports decision making and environment creation so that individual could share his / her knowledge with other knowledge workers or with CoP acquaintances. Miller considers that PKMS from practical point of view contains that how individual can find personal information sources in a computer or in a mobile device, and how this information can be adopted to particular situation to create intellectual and knowledge values to foster success at work or in personal life (Miller, 2005). In addition PKMS focuses not just to an individual personal information sources, but also to sources outside the set of latter mentioned sources.

So far observed PKM research areas can be divided in two directions. One direction mainly focuses on PKMS as a part of company's KMS (Völkel & Abecker, 2008) and it's interaction with KMS. Another direction focuses on usage of PKMS or PKM tools in individual's context thus paying less attention to company's KMS factor (Jarche, 2006; Li & Li, 2009).

**Personal knowledge management tools and systems development approaches**. By conducting PKMS analysis it is determined that there are several types of PKMS based on their structure. So far more known and developed PKMS are based on desktop approach (Doong & Wang, 2009), for example, Google Desktop, Windows Search, Apple Spotlight and Copernic Desktop Search. Other PKMS are based on Web technologies such as wiki, for example, WikiPad (WikiPad, 2010), or Web blogging (Li & Li, 2009). There have been attempts to combine latter mentioned approaches (Kim et al., 2007), thus trying to come up with such system, which would allow its user to avoid information doubling by using both desktop and wiki environment.

Agent Based Personal Knowledge Management

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Important traits of KW about the done task are also motivation and satisfaction. In regard of satisfaction a considerable research is done by Herzberg developing theory of two factors (Herzberg et. al., 1959) which can be directly referred also to KW-s. Regarding motivation a valuable research effort is done by McClelland who developed a theory of motivation and researched individuals' needs for achievements (McClelland, 1967). It is considered that individual's needs are developing during his / her life. Haslam states that individual's

Authors have proposed a PKMS development approach taking into account several influencing factors of individuals (Osis & Grundspenkis, 2011b). This approach is named the

Whole-human simulation point of view of PTM is described first. A personal knowledge is not a set of notifications, settings, expressions or actions that are stored for later use. "As organic beings we are embedded in situations and culturally formed, and we developmentally acquire and extend the learned activities that come to constitute our being in the world" (Day, 2007). As follows individuals act on behalf of their experience according to their surrounding customs and habits. An individual is developing as an oak tree which grows out of acorn with its encoding (i.e. having roots, trunk, branches and leaves). While growing it is affected by surrounding environment – sun and amount of warmth, precipitation and seasons. Similarly it is with individuals with their own initial "encoding" and further development influenced by surrounding environment. Thus the PTM can be considered as a symbolic simulation of human entirety in direct and indirect meaning. There are three basic parts: head, hart and body. The head part relates to a human cognitive and exploring aspect. The hart part relates to a human social, emotional and cultural aspect,

From the whole-human simulation point of view authors will look more closely at the head part. Johnson talks about innovation and new ideas. He states that at the beginning there is a hunch (Johnson, 2010) in the mind of an individual. There it incubates. A new idea has not born yet. After a while another hunch appears in the mind of this individual. In the process of exchanging thoughts two or more hunches create a base for creation of new idea or directly foster it (Johnson, 2010). A thoughts exchange can take place within an individual herself / himself or among several individuals in the process of knowledge sharing. A hunch can be located in the mind of one individual or the same hunch can come up in the

Authors have defined the knowledge substance concept (Osis & Grundspenkis, 2011b). Based on the square of known-unknown (Frappaolo, 2004) the knowledge substance concept encompasses a breadth of all knowledge all around individuals and around the environment they live in as a community by communicating and interacting with each other. The knowledge substance is integrity of all knowledge, and it is not further dividable in knowledge sub-substances but only in knowledge elements (KE). In addition knowledge an individual is striving to acquire in the context of knowledge substance can not be seen only as a dichotomous item (or items) as it is in the case of knowledge domain stated in the

motivation is dependent on his / her self-categorization (Haslam, 2004).

**3.1 Personal trinity model – Social and psychological aspect** 

personal trinity model (PTM) approach. It has three views:

while the body part relates to a human physiologic aspect.

minds of several individuals.

 whole-human imitation point of view; individual needs point of view; PKMS development point of view.

By conducting PKMS analysis it is also determined that there are several PKMS development approaches, for example, Maier's pier-to-pier KMS (Maier, 2004) with focus on individual level, Apshvalka's developed one based on brain functionality PKMS conceptual model (Apshvalka, 2004), Smedley's conceptual PKMS (Smedley, 2009) based on theoretical models in KM (Nonaka & Konno, 1999) and in learning (Kolb, 1984), Wright conceptual PKMS (Wright, 2005, 2008) based on four mutually connected scopes (analytical, information, social, learning). In the case of Smedley conceptual PKMS very important is that a knowledge sharing process is the trust factor (Smedley, 2009), but in Wright's approach very important is tight collaboration and networking (Wright, 2005, 2008).

So far created PKMS development approaches based on desktop and on Web social applications are applicable in PKM. However these approaches only partially support PKM requirements and conditions, and they do not combine all three PKMS aspects: social, psychological and technological. These PKMS are not scalable and / or are not adjustable to the particular knowledge worker and to his / her knowledge work and area of interest. Current PKMS can be considered as only a bit more than PKM productivity tools. Based on (Jefferson, 2006) there are needed systems with ability to adjust to individual style and working methods. By evaluating available information, we have to conclude, that so far are not known wholesome PKMS development approaches, which would focus directly on systems development and would combine previously mentioned three PKM aspects.
