**Part 4**

**Cryopreservation of Aquatic Species** 

236 Current Frontiers in Cryopreservation

Wyns, C.; Curaba, M.; Vanabelle, B.; Van Langendonckt, A.&Donnez, J. (2010). Options for

Wyns, C.; Curaba, M.; Martinez-Madrid, B.; Van Langendonckt, A.; Francois-Xavier,

Zeng, W.; Snedaker, A. K.; Megee, S.; Rathi, R.; Chen, F.; Honaramooz, A.&Dobrinski, I.

immunodeficient mice. *Hum Reprod*, Vol.22, No.6, pp: 1603-1611,

328,

Vol.21, No.3, pp: 489-497,

fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. *Hum Reprod Update*, Vol.16, No.3, pp: 312-

W.&Donnez, J. (2007). Spermatogonial survival after cryopreservation and shortterm orthotopic immature human cryptorchid testicular tissue grafting to

(2009). Preservation and transplantation of porcine testis tissue. *Reprod Fertil Dev*,

**12** 

*PR China* 

**Marine Fish Sperm Cryopreservation** 

Long-term storage of sperm in liquid nitrogen is a valuable technique for genetic resources preservation (Kopeika et al. 2007). The research on fish sperm cryopreservation has achieved great advances since the first successful sperm cryopreservation in herring (Blaxter 1953). It provides many benefits such as ease of global germplasm shipping and supply (Tiersch et al. 2004), selective breeding and hybridization with desirable characteristics (Henderson-Arzapalo et al. 1994), and conservation of genetic diversity (Van der Walt et al. 1993; Tiersch et al. 2000; Ohta et al. 2001). Furthermore, a frozen sperm bank could maintain the continuous and stable supply of gametes for hatchery seed production or laboratory experimentation. Because of the advantages of this technique, fish sperm of over 200

freshwater and 40 marine species have been cryopreserved successfully (Gwo 2000).

Most of fish sperm cryopreservation researches have focused on freshwater species such as cyprinids (Babiak et al. 1997; Lahnsteiner et al. 2000), salmonoids (Conget et al. 1996; Cabrita et al. 2001), catfishes (Christensen and Tiersch 1997; Viveiros et al. 2000) and loach (Kopeika 2003a, b; Dzuba & Kopeika 2002). In recent years, with the rapid development of marine fish aquaculture, some experiments on germplasm cryopreservation have also been conducted in marine fish species, especially the great commercial value ones such as red seabream (Liu, et al. 2006;Liu, et al. 2007a,b;Liu, et al. 2010 a,b) turbot (Dréanno et al. 1997; Chen et al. 2004), flounder (Richardson et al. 1999; Zhang et al. 2003), and

Damage to sperm morphology and function usually occurs during the process of freezing and thawing. Cellular damage may greatly decrease motility, impair velocity, and reduce fertilizing capacity, even lead to DNA strand breakage or mutation (Dréanno et al, 1997; Lahnsteiner et al, 1996a; Warnecke & Pluta 2003; Kopeika et al, 2004). Although motility and fertilizing capacity are usually assessed in frozen-thawed sperm, these methods have limitations. Many factors affect the validity of these assessments, including subjectivity, microscope performance, the quality of eggs, and fertilization protocols. Some new

**1. Introduction** 

halibut (Billard et al. 1993).

**and Quality Evaluation in** 

 *Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao* 

**Sperm Structure and Function** 

Qing Hua Liu, Zhi Zhong Xiao, Shi Hong Xu, Dao Yuan Ma, Yong Shuang Xiao and Jun Li *Center of Biotechnology R&D, Institute of Oceanology,* 
