*Mode of Administration:* IV slow

*Preparation:* Vials are prepared with 5-10 ml sterile water.

*Miscible Serums:* 5% Dex, SF

*Drugs to be confronted at the end point:* Fat emulsions, Acyclovir, Aminophylline, Calcium gluconate, Cefepime, Furosemide, Heparin, Insulin, Magnesium sulfate, Metronidazole, Potassium chloride, Vancomycin.

*Incompatible Drugs:* Dex/Amino acid, Amicasin, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Fluconazole, Gentamicin, Midazolam, Sodium bicarbonate.

*Storage Conditions:* Should be consumed in 1 hour.

The Administration and Dose of Most Frequently Used Drugs in Pediatrics 307

Administered at the dose of 30 mg/kg/day (every 12 hours) PO, It has such side effects as hypersensitivity reactions, rarely renal toxicity, neuropathy, and eosinophilia (Apak, 1996;

Newborn; IV (15-30 min.), IM <7 days; 40 mg/kg/day administered every 12 hours; >7 days; 60 mg/kg/day administered every 8 hours. The side effects are the same as in

Newborn; 40 mg/kg/day IM-IV administered every 6 hours. Cefazol, Cefamezin, Maksiporin, Cefozin are its derivatives. It rarely has such side effect as rash, positive

They are used in gram (+) cocci, penicillinase producing and not producing H. influenzae, in *Klebsiella pneumonia* related bronchopulmonary infections, in E. Coli or proteus related nosocomial infections, in urinary infections caused by enterobacters and in the treatment of

Unlike others Cefuroxime is the only second-generation cephalosporin to cross blood-brain barrier. In case of an infection it is able to penetrate CNS. It is especially used in H.

It is used in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and soft tissue infections as well as in otitis media and susceptible organisms. And it is administered every 8 hours at a dose of 20-40 mg/kg/day (Behrman & Kliegman, 2001; Eroğlu, 2002).

In children older than 3 months it is administered every 6-8 hours at a dose of 60-80 mg/kg/day either as IV or IM. It can cause thrombophlebitis, diarrhea and

Compared to first-generation cephalosporins they are less active against gram (+) cocci; however more active against most of the strains of gram (-) cocci. While they are moderately active against *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* they are more active against *H. influenza* and *N. gonorrhoeae*. They can easily penetrate into CNS from inflamed meninges. They are usually

Treatment of neonatal meningitis and sepsis caused by susceptible gram-negative organisms (e.g. *E coli, H influenzae,* and *Klebsiella*), Treatment of disseminated gonococcal infections.

Coomb's test, coagulopathy in uremic patients (Apak, 1996; Eroğlu, 2002).

sinusitis and otitis media for the ones allergic to amoxicillin (Dökmeci, 2001).

influenzae meningitis and sepsis treatment (Eroğlu, 2002).

pseudomembranous colitis (Apak, 1996; Eroğlu, 2002).

**6.1.4.3 Third-generation cephalosporins** 

discharged from kidneys (Dökmeci, 2000).

*Dose:* 50 mg/kg IV (Young & Mangum, 2010).

*6.1.4.3.1 Cefotaxime sodium* 

*6.1.4.1.1 Cephadroxil* 

*6.1.4.1.2 Cephalothin* 

*6.1.4.1.3 Cefazolin sodium* 

*6.1.4.2.1 Cefaclor* 

*6.1.4.2.2 Cefoxitin* 

Behrman & Kliegman, 2001; Eroğlu, 2002).

cephadroxil (Apak, 1996; Eroğlu, 2002).

**6.1.4.2 Second-generation cephalosporins** 

#### *6.1.2.2.3 Ampicillin sodium sulbactam*

*Dose:* Dose is determined by your doctor. Typically, adults and children weighing over 30 kg - 375-750 mg 2 times daily for 5-14 days. Children under 30 kg body weight, have completed one year of age - 25 - 50 mg /kg body weight per day in two divided doses every 12 hours.

*Uses:* Broad-spectrum antibiotic useful against group *B. streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes*, and suscetible *E coli* species

*Adverse Effectes:* Very large doses may results in CNS excitation or seizure activity. Moderate prolongation of bleeding times (by approximately 60 second) may occure after repeated doses. Hypersensitivity reaction (maculopapular rash, ulticarial rash, off fever) are rare in neonates (Young & Mangum, 2010).
