**8. Contraindications of circumcision**

Any penile abnormality in which the foreskin may be used in later reconstruction e.g., Hypospadias or Epispadias. Epispadius is a contraindicatios for circumcision.


Winberg's study in Scandinavia 1975, where circumcision is uncommon showed that in male infants with pyelonephritis, the prepuce is colonized with the offending organism. This only occurs during the first months of life where boys have a urinary tract infection more

Ginsburg and McCracken in 1982, like Winberg found that early in life, the number of boys with acute pyelonephritis was greater than girls and 95% of all boys with urinary tract infection were uncircumcised. The association between circumcision and infection has since been confirmed by Wiswell and Roscelle in two epidemiologic studies, the latest involving over 400,000 infants. That study showed that the incidence of urinary tract infection was only 0.1% when circumcision was performed. Finally, taking into consideration the fact that most males in these Scandinavian studies are uncircumcised, it may consider the prepuce as a risk factor. Wiswell and Roscelle in 1986 and Horzog 1989, stated that the infection rate in uncircumcised infants was ten times greater than in circumcised males. So, prophylactic

KuroviUa et al. in 1971 Stated that, Jews do not have cancers of the penis because they perform ritualistic circumcision upon their male children on the 8th day of life. Muslims also perform ritualistic circumcision. Compared with Hindus, who live in a similar environment but who do not circumcise, Muslims are relatively free from penile cancers while those who delay circumcision till boys are about 10 years of age; by that time, occult cancerous changes have become so well established beneath the prepuce that the disease can not be prevented. Study of men with cancers of the penis shows a high proportion with conditions of the prepuce that make its retraction difficult or impossible. Difficulty in retracting the prepuce especially in a man careless of hygiene is likely to result in accumulation and retention of the smegma, probably the exciting agent in the production of penile cancer. It is evident that the complete prophylaxis conferred by a well performed circumcision early in infancy is not produced by the circumcision of adults. When an infant is circumcised and the glans is no longer protected by the prepuce, a dense, thicker epidermis develops that-resists formation of cancer by chronic irritation. An association has been reported between cancer of the cervix and penis (Smith et al., 1980) . It has long been known that carcinoma of the cervix is rare in nuns and that the incidence of such cancer is low in populations in whom most males

Any penile abnormality in which the foreskin may be used in later reconstruction e.g.,

1. In doubtful sex as male and female pseudo-hermaphrodism or true hermaphrodism

2. In anemic, marasmic or weak children as well as in the presence of acute disease or

3. Unfavorable general conditions, e.g., prematurity, uncorrected bleeding diathesis

Hypospadias or Epispadias. Epispadius is a contraindicatios for circumcision.

neonatal circumcision is mandatory to reduce the incidence of UTI.

**6. Circumcision/urinary tract infections** 

**7. Circumcision/carcinoma of the penis**

are circumcised (Blandy et al., 1968).

active infections.

(Grimes, 1978).

**8. Contraindications of circumcision** 

where both ovaries and testes are present.

frequently than girls.
