**2.2 Drug nomenclature**

Drugs have multiple names:


Nurses can recognize the drugs they used frequently by their generic names and trade names (Çavuşoğlu, 2000; Dinç, 2011; Görgülü & Ulusoy, 1996). Because nurses happen to be facing the drugs under good deal of different names, they need to be careful about the name before its administration (Dinç, 2011).

#### **2.3 Classification of drugs**

Drugs are classified in various ways. As some could be classified by the body systems, such as "affecting respiratory system", "affecting cardiovascular system", some could be grouped by the syndromes they eliminate (Dinç, 2011; Görgülü & Ulusoy, 1996). Any drug may belong to more than one categories, as in the aspirin, which is an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug (Dinç, 2011).

#### **2.4 Pharmaceutical type of drugs**

A pharmaceutical drug or medicine refers to the final state of medical substances, intended or ready for use in medical applications. The active element of the drug is processed to become useable with other solids or liquids. Drugs are available in different forms so they could be easily taken according to varying needs and conditions:


The Administration and Dose of Most Frequently Used Drugs in Pediatrics 293

2005). Due to lack of feedback, the frequency of reactions on the patients obtaining their medication at outpatient services cannot be determined (Çetinkaya et al, 2008; 2005; Sin, 2005; Tomaç & Üstündağ). As for the hospitalized incidents, the observation rate for drug

Allergic reactions can be mild as well as they could be serious. Allergic symptoms vary according to patient and medication. With respect to different drug types, antibiotics have

Allergic medicine reactions, to get her with the most common form of skin reactions constitute 5-10% of the medicine side effects. It is presumed that the hospital expenses due to medicine reactions are 7000 per unit bed year and morbidity and mortality costs are presumed to be more than 136 million dollars only in USA (Çetinkaya & Tengir, 2008).

Antibiotics like Vancomycin, Cephalosporins, and Penicillins, besides, anticonvulsant drugs, narcotic analgesics, and anti-emetics are of the examples to the drugs that cause undesired effects on children. Because most of these effects proceed mildly, the situation can be brought under control easily. However, every three out of ten reactions last longer and require hospitalization. An example to such most serious reactions is "respiratory arrest" which is caused by anaphylaxis, or application of benzodiazepine – narcotic analgesic

Penicillin was found by Fleming in 1928. Penicillin group of drugs are the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, and they usually are the most common reasons of medicine allergy

Indeed, penicillin allergy is one of the most encountered problems (Çetinkaya et al, 2008; Tomaç & Üstündağ, 2005). It was determined in a study that three out of five antibiotics prescribed in the world in 1999 were derivatives of penicillin. For this reason, penicillin, among all drugs, constitutes the most researched antibiotic group for their allergic reactions

It is estimated that the chance for an allergic reaction to occur following penicillin is 2% for every treatment cure (Çetinkaya et al, 2008; Mungan, 2005). Among children, rate for penicillin allergy is not determined (Cetinkaya & Cag, 2004; Çetinkaya et al, 2008). For the children having medical history of their parents with penicillin allergy, the rate of allergy development by the age of 16 is 26%. The 39% of children who were hospitalized due to drug reactions later

A research to analyze the knowledge and application of nurses in Penicillin Allergy Test and the factors underlying has been conducted; a total of 161 nurses and midwifes working in twenty-two healthcare centers located in Konya, Turkey has participated. The 83.5% of the participants told that penicillin should be administered at the healthcare centers, 92.1% opted for a nearby medical facility in case of an emergency, and 91.3% of them told that a doctor, at least, should be present at the site of administration for the same reasons. In the end, it was suggested that nurses and midwifes should acquire knowledge about the penicillin test before any penicillin treatment was placed in order, so as precautionary

Patients should definitely be given adequate written material. They should be asked to carry special id cards indicating what drugs they had allergic reaction against. On these allergy

showed life-threatening incidents (Çetinkaya et al, 2008; Park & James, 2005).

actions could be taken during the application (Çetinkaya et al, 2008).

combination, following a Cephalosporin antibiotic treatment (Pala & Baktir, 2011).

reactions is 15 – 30% (Çetinkaya et al, 2008; Sin, 2005).

(Çetinkaya & Tengir, 2008).

(Çetinkaya et al, 2008; Mungan, 2005).

the highest incidence rate for allergic reactions (Dinç, 2011).
