No. of teeth with decay, missing, or filling

2001)

2002)

2003)

2004)

al. 2010)

al. 1997)

#### **1.4 Social stigma of psychiatric disorders**

The stigma on people with psychiatric disorders is extensive among this population. Such stigma varies in nature and frequency in different psychiatric disorders. The stigma harms the self-esteem of many people who have serious psychiatric disorders. Negative opinions indiscriminately are likely to overstress the social handicaps together with psychiatric disorders. (Crisp, Gelder, Rix, Meltzer, & Rowlands, 2000) Corrigan et al. reported that two factors that may influence whether a person who might benefit from mental health treatment, such are public stigma and self-stigma. (Corrigan et al. 2003)

#### **1.5 Psychiatric disorders and health-related quality of life (QoL)**

Most people with psychiatric disorders can obtain the necessary care services to live normally in the community. They use the outreach support skills provided by institutions to help them in the transition to community living.(A. A. Pinkney, 1991) A poor mental health could result in a poor perception of health-related QoL. A patient-centered, routine assessment of QoL provides a supplemental measure that may help improve the understanding of the effects of psychiatric disease on an individual's life.(Llewellyn, Warnakulasuriya, Llewellyn, & Warnakulasuriya, 2003) Health-related QoL is an important outcome index of mental health. Therefore, a rehabilitation protocol that takes into account the financial situation, family support, and social functioning of patients is essential. (Chan et al., 2007)

#### **2. The oral health status and problems of people with psychiatric disorders**

#### **2.1 Prevalence and incidence of oral health problems in patients with psychiatric disorders**

The oral health status of people with psychiatric disorders is not desirable in general, but there are also significant variations indicating potential of prevention and improvement. The results of several relevant studies are summarized in table 4.

#### **2.2 Factors associated with poor oral health status among people with psychiatric disorders**

There are many factors associated with poor oral health status among people with psychiatric disorders. Gender differences between oral health and psychiatric disorder have been reported. (G. M. Eugenio Velasco, Angel Martinez-Sahuquillo, Vicente Rios, Juan Lacalle, Pedro BulloAn,, 1997) Factors such as age and the length of stay in institutions seem to be associated with the oral health of psychiatric patients. (G. M. Eugenio Velasco, Angel Martinez-Sahuquillo, Vicente Rios, Juan Lacalle, Pedro BulloAn,, 1997; Italo Francesco Angelillo, 1995; Kumar, Chandu, Shafiulla, & Kumar, 2006; Rekha et al., 2002; Tang et al., 2004) Researches also reported that severity of psychiatric disorders was related with oral health. (Italo Francesco Angelillo, 1995; Kumar et al., 2006; Thomas, Lavrentzou, Karouzos, & Kontis, 1996) The typical antipsychotics, which are part of a wide array of medications used for schizophrenia treatment, may cause manifest hypo-salivation by blocking the parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands. This is likely to intensify the progression of dental diseases. (Friedlander & Marder, 2002; Thomas et al., 1996) Xerostomia is a significant risk factor which influences the oral health of patients with psychiatric disorders. (Hede, 1995; Locker, 2003)

The stigma on people with psychiatric disorders is extensive among this population. Such stigma varies in nature and frequency in different psychiatric disorders. The stigma harms the self-esteem of many people who have serious psychiatric disorders. Negative opinions indiscriminately are likely to overstress the social handicaps together with psychiatric disorders. (Crisp, Gelder, Rix, Meltzer, & Rowlands, 2000) Corrigan et al. reported that two factors that may influence whether a person who might benefit from mental health

Most people with psychiatric disorders can obtain the necessary care services to live normally in the community. They use the outreach support skills provided by institutions to help them in the transition to community living.(A. A. Pinkney, 1991) A poor mental health could result in a poor perception of health-related QoL. A patient-centered, routine assessment of QoL provides a supplemental measure that may help improve the understanding of the effects of psychiatric disease on an individual's life.(Llewellyn, Warnakulasuriya, Llewellyn, & Warnakulasuriya, 2003) Health-related QoL is an important outcome index of mental health. Therefore, a rehabilitation protocol that takes into account the financial situation, family support, and social functioning of patients is essential. (Chan

**2. The oral health status and problems of people with psychiatric disorders 2.1 Prevalence and incidence of oral health problems in patients with psychiatric** 

The oral health status of people with psychiatric disorders is not desirable in general, but there are also significant variations indicating potential of prevention and improvement.

**2.2 Factors associated with poor oral health status among people with psychiatric** 

There are many factors associated with poor oral health status among people with psychiatric disorders. Gender differences between oral health and psychiatric disorder have been reported. (G. M. Eugenio Velasco, Angel Martinez-Sahuquillo, Vicente Rios, Juan Lacalle, Pedro BulloAn,, 1997) Factors such as age and the length of stay in institutions seem to be associated with the oral health of psychiatric patients. (G. M. Eugenio Velasco, Angel Martinez-Sahuquillo, Vicente Rios, Juan Lacalle, Pedro BulloAn,, 1997; Italo Francesco Angelillo, 1995; Kumar, Chandu, Shafiulla, & Kumar, 2006; Rekha et al., 2002; Tang et al., 2004) Researches also reported that severity of psychiatric disorders was related with oral health. (Italo Francesco Angelillo, 1995; Kumar et al., 2006; Thomas, Lavrentzou, Karouzos, & Kontis, 1996) The typical antipsychotics, which are part of a wide array of medications used for schizophrenia treatment, may cause manifest hypo-salivation by blocking the parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands. This is likely to intensify the progression of dental diseases. (Friedlander & Marder, 2002; Thomas et al., 1996) Xerostomia is a significant risk factor which influences the oral health of patients with psychiatric disorders.

treatment, such are public stigma and self-stigma. (Corrigan et al. 2003)

**1.5 Psychiatric disorders and health-related quality of life (QoL)** 

The results of several relevant studies are summarized in table 4.

**1.4 Social stigma of psychiatric disorders** 

et al., 2007)

**disorders** 

**disorders** 

(Hede, 1995; Locker, 2003)


\* Community Periodontal Index
