**Part 7**

**Soil Pollution Assessment**

252 Soil Health and Land Use Management

Wyman, J. A., J. Medina, D. Curwen, J. L. Hansen, and R. L. Jones. (1986). Movement of aldicarb and aldoxycarb residues in soil. *Environ. Toxicol. Chem.* 5:545-555. Zhang, X.C., L.D. Norton, and M. Hickman. (1997). Rain pattern and soil moisture content effects on atrazine and metolachlor losses in runoff. *J. Environ. Qual.* 26:1539-1547. Zehe, E., H. Fluher. (2001). Slope scale variation of flow patterns in soil profiles. *J. Hydrol.* 

247:116-132.

**14** 

*Poland* 

**Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment** 

**of Sediments Pollution with Heavy Metals** 

Silting of reservoirs is a very complex process of entrainment, transport and deposition of sediment in reservoir basins, which has major impacts and several effects on river system and its environment (Batuca & Jordaan, 2000). The silting process is initiated when the river damming is completed and ends when the reservoir basin is completely filled with sediment. The silting process is naturally caused and anthropically influenced and the prevention of the original state of the reservoir is impossible. Silting of water reservoirs is one of the main factor limiting their proper operation. Erosion processes in catchment basins are the factor limiting the life-time of water reservoirs. Considerable amount of erosion products coming into the reservoirs is transported and supplied into reservoirs where it is deposited. Together with trapped small fraction of sediment, organic and inorganic compounds including heavy metals, are also deposited. Quantity of heavy metals concentration in water reservoir sediments is regarded as the environmental pollution index. Heavy metals are treated as elementary pollution commonly distributed in natural environment and their concentration corresponds with natural concentrations whose natural source in minerals or soils (O' Neil, 1993). However increase in concentration value of heavy metals in the environment grow at a considerable extent within the latest decades

Determination of sediment quantity ant their quality is especially vital in causes of small water reservoirs. This is due to the specificity of the silting process characterized by considerable intensity which can be expressed by means of the annual silting intensity ratio. According to Hartung [1959] the mean annual reservoir capacity loss in the case of the big reservoirs is 0.25%, of medium reservoir 0.5%, and of small ones 3,0%. According to Lara and Pemberton's criterion (1963) large water reservoirs are characterized by capacity exceeding 1 km3, capacity of medium water reservoirs exceeds 0.1 km3, whereas, small ones are objects of some thousand m3 capacity. In Poland ("Program of small retention…" 2004) and in Romania (Batuca & Jordaan, 2000) small water reservoirs are distinguished as water bodies of capacity below 5 million m3. In Great Britain, on the other hand, an object of small capacity less than 1 million m3 which closes a catchment area below 25 km2 is regard as a small water reservoir (White et al., 1996). According to World Commission on Reservoirs (Sawunyama, 2005) small reservoir capacity equals from 50 thousand m3 to 1 million m3.

due to human activity (Preuss & Kollman, 1974; Prater, 1975).

**1. Introduction** 

**of Small Water Reservoirs** 

Bogusław Michalec

*Agriculture University in Cracow* 
