**5. Final remarks**

There is a growing choice of weed's chemical management by farmers in many agricultural regions of Brazil and the worldwide. The use of herbicides within technical recommendations offers low risk of contamination of non-target sites; however, when applied intensively and without liability, negative environmental impacts may occur.

The application of leachable products such as atrazine and clomazone concerns researchers. It is necessary to achieve sustainable alternatives to the use of these products: the replacement of non-leachable and less toxic products to the environment or follow the banishment example already performed in some countries.

The adoption of bioremediation techniques to areas already contaminated and investment in pesticide application technology as preventive alternative are some of the possibilities to reduce the waste of these molecules in surface water and groundwater.

The lack of supervision by the authorities in small and large agricultural areas coupled with the lack of knowledge of peoples who apply these products and the facility of acquisition contribute to an intensive use and without responsibility.

If professionals and research groups involved in agribusiness can hardly do for the reduction of environmental impacts from domestic and industrial origin, on the other hand, they have fundamental role in the use and dissemination of Good Agricultural Practice to producers, which will be essential for maintaining the activity in a sustainable way at long term.

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**10** 

*Serbia* 

**Comparative Assessment of the Photocatalytic** 

**Efficiency of TiO2 Wackherr in the Removal of** 

Biljana Abramović1, Vesna Despotović1, Daniela Šojić1, Ljiljana Rajić1,

Many pyridine derivatives have found widespread application as herbicides. Because of their frequent use, chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation, they are encountered in waste waters, and, due to their hazardous effects on ecosystems and human health, their removal is imperative (Stapleton et al., 2006). With this in mind, we have recently paid significant attention to the study of the model compounds (Abramović et al., 2003; Abramović et al., 2004a, 2004b) and pyridine containing pesticides (Abramović et al., 2007; Šojić et al., 2009; Abramović & Šojić, 2010; Abramović et al., 2010; Guzsvány et al., 2010; Šojić

Clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, CAS No. 1702-17-6, C6H3Cl2NO2, *M* = 192.00 g mol–1) (CLP) is a systemic herbicide from the chemical class of pyridine compounds, i.e., pesticides of picolinic acid. It has been used effectively for controlling annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in certain crops and turf. It also provides effective control of certain brush species on rangeland and pastures. The acidic form of CLP and three CLP salts (triethylamine, triisopropylamine, and monoethanolamine), which are very soluble in water, are commonly used in commercial herbicide products. Its chemical stability along with its mobility allows this herbicide to penetrate through the soil, causing long-term contamination of the ground water, as well as surface water supplies (Cox, 1998; Huang et al., 2004; Donald et al., 2007; Sakaliene et al., 2009). Due to these properties, CLP has recently been reported to occur in drinking water at concentrations above the Permitted Concentration Value of 0.1 μg L–1 for an individual pesticide (EU directive 98/83/EC). Although the occurrence of CLP in surface, ground and drinking waters has been widely reported, there are only a few studies concerning with its photocatalytic removal from water (Šojić et al., 2009; Šojić et al., 2010a, 2010b; Tizaoui et al., 2011). These studies showed that the degradation of this herbicide takes place most effectively in the presence of Degussa P25 as photocatalyst. However, several recent studies of photocatalytic activity reported that some cosmetic pigments (TiO2, Wackherr's

**1. Introduction** 

et al., 2010a, 2010b; Banić et al., 2011).

**Clopyralid from Various Types of Water** 

Dejan Orčić1 and Dragana Četojević-Simin2 *1Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry,* 

*Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, 2Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica,* 

