**Meet the editor**

Dr Z. Morvaj, holds PhD in electrical engineering, and has more than 20 years of teaching experience at universities in Croatia, UK and Thailand. During early nineties he worked for an UK energy and environmental consultancy firm, managing the projects for international development banks and aid organizations, policy development and capacity building projects to governments and

performance improvement consultancy projects for industry. He moved to Thailand to manage local office just before the economic crises in South East Asia in 1997. He developed, designed, and managed implementation of a number of energy and environmental management projects for large industrial international companies from Japan, USA, UK and Thailand, which often transcended into a cost management projects because the theme-of-day at that time was cost cutting. Besides, he has practical experience in supporting local green development, related change management, training needs assessment, and setting up adequate institutional and financial support. He is an author of a number of professional papers, handbook and manuals, and author of a book on the energy and environmental subjects published by renowned international publishers and translated into Chines. Recently he developed and managed a large national multimillion dollar energy efficiency project in Croatia. Currently he manages energy and green development projects throughout South-east Europe and Central Asia for major international development organizations.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

Chapter 1 **Smart Energy Cities - Transition** 

Chapter 3 **Evaluation of Energy Efficiency** 

Rune Gustavsson

Chapter 6 **Effect of an Electric Motor on the Energy Efficiency of** 

Chapter 7 **Energy Efficiency Analysis** 

Chapter 5 **Energy Consumption** 

**Towards a Low Carbon Society 3**  Zoran Morvaj, Luka Lugarić and Boran Morvaj

Chapter 2 **Urban Complexity, Efficiency and Resilience 25** 

Andrea Kollmann and Johannes Reichl

**Strategies in the Context of the European** 

**Inequality and Human Development 101**  Qiaosheng Wu, Svetlana Maslyuk and Valerie Clulow

Tatiana Minav, Lasse Laurila and Juha Pyrhönen

**in Agricultural Productions: Parametric and Non-Parametric Approaches 135**  S. H. Mousavi Avval, Sh. Rafiee and A. Keyhani

**Energy Service Directive: A Case Study for Austria 45** 

**in Smart Grids by Empowerment of Customers 67** 

Serge Salat and Loeiz Bourdic

Chapter 4 **Promoting Increased Energy Efficiency** 

**Part 2 Energy Efficiency on Demand Side 117** 

**an Electro-Hydraulic Forklift 119** 

**Part 1 Policy Issues 1** 

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**

**Part 1 Policy Issues 1** 

	- **Part 2 Energy Efficiency on Demand Side 117**

X Contents

#### **Part 3 Energy Efficiency in Buildings 159**

	- **Part 4 Energy Efficiency on Supply Side 225**

## Preface

Energy efficiency is finally a common sense term. Nowadays almost everyone knows that using energy more efficiently saves money, reduces the emissions of greenhouse gasses which cause climate change phenomena and lowers dependence on imported fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal.

When we consider energy supply, energy efficiency is again the natural first step. By eliminating wasteful consumption and losses in the supply chain, we are actually increasing capacity of existing systems by creating so called 'negawatts', i.e. enabling supply of more customers without additional investments into energy generation and distribution capacities.

Therefore, whether we consider supply or demand side of an energy system, energy efficiency is always the first thing to do.

However, after this step one should think off what follows? We are living in a fossil age at the peak of its strength. Almost 90% of all primary energy used nowadays comes from fossil fuels and nuclear. This is due to phenomenal increase in use of fossil fuels as a consequence of rapid development of emerging economies. Competition for securing resources for fuelling further economic development is increasing, price of fuels will increase and geopolitical conflicts will become more likely as the availability of fossils fuels would gradually decline.

All of these will make stable energy supply at predictable prices less and less likely. We can see nowadays volatility of oil prices as a consequence of internal or external struggles in the Middle East. There are threats to close mayor oil supply routes, new energy partnerships are emerging, big oil companies are positioning themselves for maintaining their leading position no matter what, renewables are on the rise although not without hick ups, electric mobility is becoming more than eccentric dream, climate change is finally accepted as the reality and an international agreement on facing these challenges is emerging.

Evidently we are living in a rapidly changing word facing a multitude of challenges caused by these processes of endless change, technological as well as geopolitical. One consequence is growing complexity which has huge impact on society which requires

#### X Preface

adequate policy response and timely implemented actions. The policy space that climate change happily occupied for 5 to 10 years has temporarily been superseded by other issues, like economic growth and bank recapitalization. We read so often there is lack of leadership, lack of money, and so many challenges that are confronting us at the same time. The bandwidth of political leaders is restricted, and short term approach focusing mostly on the mandate at hand increases vulnerability of national economies which are dependent on fossil fuel imports.

Preface XI

demand side. Chapter 14 provides cost comparison for electricity generation from renewable energy sources for different technologies. Chapter 15 proposes efficient control strategy for decentralized power supply systems. Chapter 16 discusses energy efficiency and electrical power generation and gives a view on energy governance

Someone said that the only thing more harmefull then fossil fuel is fossilized thinking. It is my sincere hope that some of chapters in this book will influnce you to take a fresh look at the transtion to low carbon society and the role that energy efficeicny can

**Dr. Zoran Morvaj**,

USA

United Nations Development Programme, New York

issues.

play in that process.

Small nations and small economies will be first to suffer if caught unprepared in the midst of the struggle for resources among the large players. Here it is where energy efficiency has a potential to lead toward the natural second step – transition from fossil age into a bio-age!

This book aims to contribute to an increasing policy debate on transition from fossil fuel based economies toward new low carbon bio-age. The book has 4 sections:


Section I presents contemporary work on the EE and RES policies focusing on several specific issues. Chapter 1 discusses smart energy cities in the context of transition towards low carbon economy. Chapter 2 elaborates on urban complexity, efficiency and resilience of the cites with implications on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Chapter 3 evaluates energy efficiency strategies in Austria in the context of the EU energy service directive. Chapter 4 approaches smart grids and energy efficiency from the perspective of customers, while Chapter 5 looks into the issues of energy consumption inequality and effects on human development.

Section II addresses the energy efficiency issues on the demand side of energy systems. Chapter 6 presents a method for energy efficiency improvement of electrohydraulic working machines. Chapter 7 analyses energy efficiency of agricultural production.

Section III looks into energy efficiency of buildings which are almost universally the largest single category of energy end-users. Chapter 8 presents how to optimize an energy management in buildings through visualization software, while Chapter 9 considers how to succeed in implementing energy efficiency in buildings. Chapter 10 presents in details the results of a research project focused on improving energy efficiency of air conditioners using green roof plants.

Section IV deals with the EE issues on the supply side of energy systems. Chapter 11 presents criteria for assessment of energy carriers' systems sustainability. Chapter 12 discusses energy efficient design of auxiliary systems in fossil fuel power plants. Chapter 13 describes energy efficiency initiatives for Saudi Arabia both on supply and demand side. Chapter 14 provides cost comparison for electricity generation from renewable energy sources for different technologies. Chapter 15 proposes efficient control strategy for decentralized power supply systems. Chapter 16 discusses energy efficiency and electrical power generation and gives a view on energy governance issues.

X Preface

age into a bio-age!

production.

Section I Policy issues

adequate policy response and timely implemented actions. The policy space that climate change happily occupied for 5 to 10 years has temporarily been superseded by other issues, like economic growth and bank recapitalization. We read so often there is lack of leadership, lack of money, and so many challenges that are confronting us at the same time. The bandwidth of political leaders is restricted, and short term approach focusing mostly on the mandate at hand increases vulnerability of national

Small nations and small economies will be first to suffer if caught unprepared in the midst of the struggle for resources among the large players. Here it is where energy efficiency has a potential to lead toward the natural second step – transition from fossil

This book aims to contribute to an increasing policy debate on transition from fossil

Section I presents contemporary work on the EE and RES policies focusing on several specific issues. Chapter 1 discusses smart energy cities in the context of transition towards low carbon economy. Chapter 2 elaborates on urban complexity, efficiency and resilience of the cites with implications on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Chapter 3 evaluates energy efficiency strategies in Austria in the context of the EU energy service directive. Chapter 4 approaches smart grids and energy efficiency from the perspective of customers, while Chapter 5 looks into the issues of

Section II addresses the energy efficiency issues on the demand side of energy systems. Chapter 6 presents a method for energy efficiency improvement of electrohydraulic working machines. Chapter 7 analyses energy efficiency of agricultural

Section III looks into energy efficiency of buildings which are almost universally the largest single category of energy end-users. Chapter 8 presents how to optimize an energy management in buildings through visualization software, while Chapter 9 considers how to succeed in implementing energy efficiency in buildings. Chapter 10 presents in details the results of a research project focused on improving energy

Section IV deals with the EE issues on the supply side of energy systems. Chapter 11 presents criteria for assessment of energy carriers' systems sustainability. Chapter 12 discusses energy efficient design of auxiliary systems in fossil fuel power plants. Chapter 13 describes energy efficiency initiatives for Saudi Arabia both on supply and

energy consumption inequality and effects on human development.

fuel based economies toward new low carbon bio-age. The book has 4 sections:

economies which are dependent on fossil fuel imports.

Section II Energy efficiency on demand side Section III Energy efficiency in buildings Section IV Energy efficiency on supply side

efficiency of air conditioners using green roof plants.

Someone said that the only thing more harmefull then fossil fuel is fossilized thinking. It is my sincere hope that some of chapters in this book will influnce you to take a fresh look at the transtion to low carbon society and the role that energy efficeicny can play in that process.

> **Dr. Zoran Morvaj**, United Nations Development Programme, New York USA

**Part 1** 

**Policy Issues** 

**Part 1** 

**Policy Issues** 

**1** 

*1USA 2Croatia* 

**Smart Energy Cities - Transition** 

**Towards a Low Carbon Society** 

Zoran Morvaj1, Luka Lugarić2 and Boran Morvaj2 *1United Nations Development Programme, New York* 

We are living in a fossil age. More than 90% of energy nowadays comes from fossil fuels. Fossil age still has some 100 years to go [1], but should we wait until the last moment before we make a switch? Population is increasing, urbanization is increasing, price of oil will be increasing, and eventually it will run out. The economies that delay transition to low carbon

The transition policies should be crafted now - and implementation should follow without

This of course entails a major shift in economies, and consequently there will be winners and losers. The losers in this shift of focus would be the existing pro-status-quo groups, lobbying to postpone changes. The winners may not even exist yet, which is why the ongoing political debates are unbalanced because the losers know they will lose and fight

The way out is by finding a long term roadmap, starting with national policies based on local resources which could drive the transition away from imported fossil fuels. Authors believe that this is a correct approach to a low carbon future, and should start in the cities the places where most people live and use energy for everyday life and business needs.

A multitude of policy and technology developments have emerged in the last 10-15 years addressing sustainable development of cities, mitigation effects of climate change and creating better living conditions for citizens. Large cities are using their vast resources to search for their own development roadmap. However, a systematic approach does not exist

Small nations and developing economies will be first to suffer if caught unprepared in the midst of the fast developing struggle for resources among the large players. Here it is where smart energy cities have a potential to lead the transition - from fossil age into a bio-age!

This chapter proposes a way for transition to sustainable energy development focusing on cities as implementing changes actors. The concept is created through the integration of

society, especially if dependent on import of fossil fuels, are risking major upheavals.

back now, but future winners still don't put up equally strong arguments.

yet and cities develop their plans individually.

**1. Introduction** 

delay.

*2University of Zagreb, Zagreb* 
