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In the present example, sect. Caulopterae species are very similar between them and only *B. articulata*, *B. crispa* and *B. trimera* are official in pharmacopeia. UV/Visible spectrophotometry coupled to PCA grouped populations of these three species in different areas in a two dimensional graph. Three additional species were grouped in different areas in the same graph too (*B. microcephala*, *B. phyteumoides* and *B. penningtonii*). Populations of species that fall outside the areas of official species are unfit for medicinal purposes. It should be noted that in the case of the official species *B. articulata*, additional techniques, such as TLC should be applied to distinguish between *B. articulata*, *B. gaudichaudiana* and *B. sagittalis*. According to this, the combination of these techniques could to be used for routine

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**20** 

Ibrahim Isildak

*Turkey* 

*Bioengineering Department, İstanbul,* 

**Flow-Injection Spectrophotometric Analysis** 

*Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering,* 

Determination of iron in analytical chemistry has become a routine procedure because of its importance in our life. Various chemical forms of iron can be found in natural waters depending on geological area and chemical components present in the environment. The main source of iron in natural waters is from the weathering and leaching of rocks and soils (Dojlido & Best, 1993). Also, metallic iron and its compounds are used in various industrial processes and may enter natural waters through the discharge of wastes. Iron(II) is normally less present in river water (Sangi et al., 2004) and iron (III) can precipitate rapidly by the formation of hydrous iron oxide and hydroxides, which they can absorb other trace metals. Thus, iron ion controls the mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of other trace metals in the natural water system (Wirat, 2008; Lunvongsa et al., 2006). Amounts of iron are widely present in tap, pond, well and underground water, and this metallic ion is essential for

As iron is one of the most frequently determined analyte in environmental (water, soil and sediment) samples, many spectrophotometric and/or flow-injection spectrophotometric methods have been developed for iron determination. When trace levels of the iron are concerned, the detection methods applicable are reduced (Tarafder et al., 2005; Weeks & Bruland, 2002; Giokas et al., 2002; Themelis et al., 2001; Bagheri et al., 2000; Pascual-Reguera et al., 1997; Teshima et al., 1996; Tesfaldet et al., 2004; Udnan et al., 2004; Pojanagaroon et al., 2002; van Staden & Kluever, 1998; Asan et al., 2003, 2008; Andac at al., 2009). Flow-injection analysis, as a rapid and precise technique, has found wide application in the determination of iron in several sample matrices (Bowie A.R., et al. 1998; Hirata S., et al. 1999; Qin W., et al. 1998; Kass M., et al. 2002; Saitoh K., et al. 1998; Weeks D.A., et al. 2002; Giokas D.L., et al. 2002; Themelis D.G., et al. 2001; Bagheri H., et al. 2000; Molina-Diaz A., et al. 1998; Teshima

Highly sensitive, selective and rapid flow-injection spectrophotometric analysis (FIA) methods for the determination of iron (II), iron (III) and total iron will be defined under proposed chapter of the book. The methods were based on the reactions of iron (II) and iron (III) with different complexing agents in different carrier solutions in FIA (Asan A. et al., 2010; Andac M. et al., 2009; Asan A. et al., 2008). Several parameters acting on the

biological systems (Ohno et al., 2004; Kawakubo et al., 2004).

**1. Introduction** 

N., et al. 1996).

**of Iron (II), Iron (III) and Total Iron** 

