**7. Conclusions**

Nowadays, derivative spectrophotometry is fully available with software's controlling modern spectrophotometers. Analysts receive an elegant tool which allows extraction of analytically useful information from spectra. An understanding of specific features of this technique and its proper utilisation leads to simplification of procedure and to increase a selectivity of assay.

#### **8. References**


A geometrical features of derivative spectra can be a source of analytical errors. A course of derivative curve is different than its initial spectrum. A main band gets narrowing but additional satellite bands appear. If basic spectrum of mixture is subjected to derivatisation a resulted derivative spectrum of mixture is a sum of derivative spectra of each individual components. New peaks in the final spectrum can be the result of addition or subtraction, so their intensity undergo amplification or reduction. Very often their positions are shifted in comparison to their position in derivative spectra of individual components. Some analytical information can be lost during derivatisation or new false peaks can be generated. A careful analysis of course of derivative spectra of components and their mixtures at different compositions should be done to avoid such errors. A selection of optimal derivatisation parameters should be make taking into account influence of others components on intensity of derivative peaks of determined analyte. This procedure seems to be time- and labourconsuming but gives good results. Properly done selection of mathematical parameters of derivatisation and instrumental parameters of spectral analysis allows to elaborate selective method of determination and leads to minimise errors connected with features of derivative

Nowadays, derivative spectrophotometry is fully available with software's controlling modern spectrophotometers. Analysts receive an elegant tool which allows extraction of analytically useful information from spectra. An understanding of specific features of this technique and its proper utilisation leads to simplification of procedure and to increase a

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spectra.

**7. Conclusions** 

selectivity of assay.

(2011).

222-231 (2010).

**8. References** 


**14** 

*Brazil* 

**Spectrophotometry as a Tool for Dosage Sugars** 

**in Nectar of Crops Pollinated by Honeybees** 

Emerson Dechechi Chambó1 and Sheila Mara Sanches Lopes3

<sup>3</sup>*Pharmacy Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná* 

Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki2, Arildo José Braz de Oliveira3,

The pollination by honeybees is important to the best performance of several crops. In this interaction plant-insect there is a change of reward between both organisms, and the sugar concentration in the nectar is a keyword. The spectrophotometry allows analyzing the type and the quantities of sugar in the nectar of flowers, and identifying varieties that are more

The nectar is the reward for several pollinators, and the principal is the honeybee *Apis mellifera*. The nectar is produced from sap of phloem by active secretion that results in a solution of sugars like sucrose, fructose and glucose in varied proportion depending on the vegetal.

Besides sugars, other compounds of the nectar has importance for the coevolution between plants and their pollinators like amino acids, proteins, lipids and alkaloids and these may be toxic for visitors and, however, these compounds may have a role of protection against

Several researches are carried out to evaluate the effect of crop pollination using honeybees and consequently the increase of productivity in agriculture. The visit and hoarding of nectar and pollen allows rise in grain production, or tasteful fruit with symmetric format.

The study of sugar from floral nectary is important for identification if a rise or decrease in quantity or nectar quality. The plant may secret a little bit of nectar, but with high sugar concentration, or unlike, secret more quantities, but with low sugar concentration. These differences in nectar may vary depend on pollinator visitation. However, the frequency of honeybees that visit flowers may contribute for rising nectar production like change the

animals that withdraw nectar of flowers without an efficient pollination.

**1. Introduction** 

sugar proportion.

Corresponding Author

 \*

attractive for pollinators.

Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo1,\*,

*1Animal Science Department,* 

<sup>2</sup>*Cell Biology and Genetics Department,* 

*Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá,* 

