**5. Acknowledgment**

The authors thank the State Committee for Scientific Research, Poland, for project N N405 683040.

### **6. References**

126 Macro to Nano Spectroscopy

Absorption spectra of the red coloured products of 20 µg/ml of cephalexin (1), cephaprine sodium (2), cefazolin sodium (3) and cefotaxime (4) using 5 ml 0.1%

Fig. 19. Absorption spectra based on reaction of degradation products of cephem analogs

Spectrophotometric determinations of drugs in Vis-UV region are ones from simpler and cheaper methods used in quantitative pharmaceutical analysis. The key problem in application of these methods in analysis of multicomponents mixture is achievement of desired selectivity. Above-mentioned procedures shown that using various methods of chemical derivatization (significant for analysis in Vis region) or ones based on mathematical extends (significant for analysis in UV region) the selective determination of such labile drug as β-lactam antibiotics was possible. Taking into consideration variability of stability of some β-lactam analogs (in the presence of impurities, degradation products, inhibitors of β-lactamases, excipients and other drugs) and pathways of their degradation, confirmation of selectivity of method and values of other validation parameters for each analogs is required. It is important that analytical method used as alternative, referential one should not use spectrophotometric properties of compound as the base of detection. Recently, the development of chemometric procedures, as the complementary method for spectrophotometric ones, is often supported by suitable, high level software and equipment of apparatus allowing to assume that analysis based on calculated algorithms meet all validation criteria and can replace these methods which require pre-treatment of samples. Moreover, these methods permit multiple determination of the same sample and can be used in routine control analysis of intravenous pharmaceutical dosage forms. Additionally, proposed conditions of determination using spectrophotometric methods are in accordance with all criteria identified as the trends of "*green chemistry*". A enrichment of visible spectrophotometric methods by the application of FIA and SIA permit accept of challenges of modern industrial-scale pharmaceutical analysis [60]. It can be expected that spectrophotometric methods enriched by chemometric procedures will become an

vanadophosphoric acid in 2M H2SO4.

important field of pharmaceutical analysis including also labile drugs.

The authors thank the State Committee for Scientific Research, Poland, for project N N405

and vanadium(IV) [59].

**5. Acknowledgment** 

683040.

**4. Conclusion** 


Spectrophotometric Methods as Solutions to Pharmaceutical Analysis of β-Lactam Antibiotics 129

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**8** 

*1France 2,3Mali* 

**Identification, Quantitative Determination,** 

**and Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenols** 

In biological systems, during the cellular respiration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide anion (•O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are generated, as the natural consequence of oxidation reactions (Tarnawski et al., 2005). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage living cells causing lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation (Shukla et al., 2010). They are involved in the development of various diseases such as diabetes, rheumatic disorders (Luximon- Ramma et al., 2002), aging, cancer, cardiovascular or neurodegenerative disorders (Ju et al., 2004; Tarnawski et al., 2005),

The interest in searching natural antioxidants has recently increased. These natural products could be used in food or in medicinal materials to replace synthetic antioxidants which are about to be restricted owing to their side effects such as carcinogenesis (Gülçin et al., 2006). Many medicinal plants contain large amounts of antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which can play an important role in adsorbing and neutralizing free radicals, in quenching singlet and triplet oxygen, or in decomposing peroxides. The compounds that are responsible of antioxidant activity could be used for the prevention and treatment of free radical-related disorders (Gomez-Caravaca et al., 2006). Indeed, the consumption of antioxidants prevents different diseases such as neurological degeneration, inflammatory disorders, coronary diseases, aging and cancers (Djeridane et al., 2006). Hence, the studies on natural

A large number of different plants have been studied as new sources of natural antioxidants (Cakir et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2000; Kumaran & Karunakaran, 2007; Muanda et al., 2009). For the first time, we report here the antioxidant properties of extracts from the following six Malian folk medicine plants, which were previously studied for their biological activities:

**1. Introduction** 

malaria and gastric ulcer (Gülçin et al., 2006).

antioxidants have gained increasingly greater importance.

**of Some Malian Medicinal Plant Parts** 

Donatien Kone1,2, Babakar Diop2, Drissa Diallo3, Abdelouaheb Djilani1 and Amadou Dicko1 *1Université Paul Verlaine-Metz/LCME. 1, Metz* 

*2Université de Bamako/Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, BP 3INRSP/Département de Médecine Traditionnelle, Bamako,* 

**Used in Folk Medicine** 

molybdenum and thiocyanate. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2001;24 561-567.

