**6.2 Fruit juices**

40 Macro to Nano Spectroscopy

As shown in Table 3, lead was detected in 235 of the 240 samples (97.92 %), the concentration range was from 0.039-0.881 ppm. Cadmium was detected in 205(85.42 %) samples, the concentration range was from 0.007-0.293 ppm. Nickel was detected in 137(57.08 %) samples while in 103(42.92 %) of the samples, the concentration range was from 0.007-0.849 ppm. Manganese was detected in 203(84.58 %) samples, the concentration range was from 0.006-0.861 ppm. Chromium was detected in 113(47.08 %) samples, the concentration range was from 0.006-0.829 ppm. Comparing the concentrations obtained from this study with the WHO (1996) guideline for heavy metals in blood, all the detectable samples had concentrations higher than the permissible levels stipulated for all the heavy metals except for 5 that were within the range stipulated for manganese i.e 0.008–0.012 ppm and 24 that were within the stipulated range for lead i.e 0.05-0.15 ppm. Thus there is a clear indication of high concentrations of the heavy metals in the general population in Nigeria

N 66 65 40 63 26

N 56 48 31 52 35

N 54 50 20 53 28

N 59 42 46 35 24

**guideline** 0.05-0.15 0.0003-0.0012 0.001-0.005 0.008-0.012 <0.005

Table 3. Concentrations (ppm) of heavy metals in blood of different categories of the urban

However certain measures can be taken to reduce the effects of these heavy metals in the body. All of the currently available methods to obviate the toxic effects of the heavy metals

sd 0.394 ± 0.126 0.093 ± 0.048 0.122 ± 0.079 0.119 ± 0.075 0.305 ± 0.228

sd 0.288 ± 0.198 0.099 ± 0.064 0.096 ± 0.061 0.088 ± 0.040 0.201 ± 0.150 Range 0.04 - 0.72 0.01 - 0.28 0.01 0.21 0.01 - 0.21 0.01 - 0.57

sd 0.328 ± 0.121 0.080 ± 0.046 0.096 ± 0.067 0.121 ± 0.059 0.214 ± 0.167 Range 0.12 - 0.67 0.01 - 0.29 0.01 - 0.25 0.02 - 0.31 0.01 - 0.67

sd 0.488 ± 0.153 0.088 ± 0.056 0.411 ± 0.240 0.091 ± 0.147 0.267 ± 0.228 Range 0.12 - 0.88 0.01 - 0.23 0.01 - 0.85 0.01 - 0.86 0.01 - 0.68

Range 0.07 - 0.76 0.01 - 0.21 0.01 - 0.33 0.01- 0.40 0.01- 0.83

 **Lead Cadmium Nickel Manganese Chromium** 

especially the Southeast (Ibeto & Okoye, 2009; 2010a; 2010b).

**Group Heavy metal** 

**6.1.2 Results** 

Men

Pregnant women/ Nursing mothers

Other women

Children

**WHO** 

Mean ±

Mean ±

Mean ±

Mean ±

Source: Ibeto & Okoye, 2009; 2010a; 2010b

population in Enugu State Nigeria
