**3. Total sugar determination**

272 Macro to Nano Spectroscopy

when the flowers received 12 visits of *A. mellifera*, corresponding to load of 1.253 pollen grains deposited on the stigma. In comparision, with two visits of honeybees, 174 pollen grains were deposited on the stigma, and the set fruit only of 50%. Other important factor is the attraction by pollen and nectar of male flower was arised by opening grade of nectary

Models of pollen transfer depends on the specific pollinator rate about pollen remotion of anthers and deposition on the stigmas. The pollinators have a high remotion and low deposition (HRLD) of pollen on the stigma of flowers will benefite a plant wherever it is not better available pollinator. In case of pollinators have high remotion of pollen of anthers and high deposition (HRHD) of pollen on the stigmas also visit a plant population, the visits of pollinators HRLD can reduce the total pollen transfer. The HRLDs parasite the plants, displace the pollen grains that would delivery by HRHDs. When two visitors remove equal quantities of pollen, the pollinator more efficient will be that with higher delivery rate. In case of different quantities of remotion, the better do not depends on the deposition rates only, but another variables including schedule of visitation to pollen deposition (Thomson &

The volume and sugar concentration of nectar, important factor in attraction of pollinators alos are known by varing between plant species and affect the answer of pollinator (Lanza et al*.*, 1995). Besides, different varieties of the same species can range to the sugar concentration in the nectar (Free, 1993). In some vegetal species, for example, *Curcubita pepo,*  the periodical remotion of nectar of the flower by pollinators do not arise the total volume of produced nectar by plant, then the nectar secretion is not stimulated or inhibited by successed harvesting of this reward. However, the nectar remotion of flowers can reduce or

The pollinator that drag out the spent time in flowers to nectar hoarding, specially if it is available, increase the probability of pollen deposition and, consequently, the pollination can be well successed. Nevertheless, cultivated commercially crops that do not stimulate the nectar production after several visits of pollinators can have an advantage in pollination process, so the number of honeybee visits to flowers is positively correlated to the nectar secretion in all flower duration (Vidal et al., 2006). The evaluation of nectar secretion rate is an important component in ecological studies related to the pollination process, mainly in

The quantitative analysis using spectrophotometric methods are widely used because have a good sensitivity, low analysis cost, easily handle, accessible equipments, justifying their application and efficiency for utilization in quantification analysis of several compounds.

The main spectrophotometric techniques used in sugar determination are based on reactions of these carbohydrates with colorimetric reagents, forming a colored complex that can be

The techniques used for total sugar quantification are anthrone method (Trevelyan & Harrison, 1952 in: Yemm & Wills, 1954), phenol-sulfuric (Dubois et al., 1956) and also can be used the 3-5-dinitrosalicylic acid - DNS modified (Miller, 1959). For reducing sugar

stimulate the process of secretion in several plant species.

**2. Use of spectrophotometry in nectar analysis of plants** 

that about flower-insect interaction.

detected and quantified in a spectrophotometer.

pore of flower (Vidal et al., 2010).

Goodell, 2002).
