**8. References**


Experimental data conclude that the mixtures consisting of biocide with fungal suspensions has an major effect to increase the anode current density, leading to further degradation by corrosion of the AISI 304 Stainless Steel surfaces. The results showed that there is a synergic effect between the active substances from the disinfectant, fungal suspensions and applied electric potential. This chapter could be considered a pioneer research and brinks possible ideas for further researches and raises more issues that need to be explored on the food

This work has benefited from financial support through the 2010 POSDRU/89/1.5/S/52432 project, ORGANIZING THE NATIONAL INTEREST POSTDOCTORAL SCHOOL OF APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGIES WITH IMPACT ON ROMANIAN BIOECONOMY, project co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Sectoral Operational Programme

Bessems, E. (1998). The effect of practical conditions on the efficacy of disinfectants*.* 

Boulange-Petermann, L., Jullien, C., Dubois, P.E., Benezech, T. & Faille, C. (2004).

Steel. *Biofuling*, Vol.20, No.1, (February 2004), pp. 25–33, ISSN 0892-7014 BPD (1998). Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC, Date of access 22 August 2011;

Breslin, P.A.S. & Tharp, C.D. (2001). Reduction of Saltiness and Bitterness After a

Bridier, A., Briandet, R., Thomas, V. & Dubois-Brissonnet, F. (2011). Comparative biocidal

Buchalla, W., Attin, T. & Hellwig, E. (2000). Brushing Abrasion of Luting Cements under

Bui, V.C., Kim, Y.U. & Choi, S. (2008). Physical Characteristics of Saccharomyces

Carvalho, C.E.R. de, Costa, G.M. da, Cota, A.B. & Rossi, E.H. (2006). High temperature

Available from: < ec.europa.eu/environment/biocides/>

(November/December 2000), pp. 482–487, ISSN 0361-7734

*International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation,* Vol.41, No. 3-4, (April 1998), pp.

Influence of Surface Chemistry on the Hygienic Status of Industrial Stainless

Chlorhexidine Rinse. *Chemical Senses*, Vol.26, No.2, (February 2001), pp. 105–116,

activity of peracetic acid, benzalkonium chloride and ortho-phthalaldehyde on 77 bacterial strains. *Journal of Hospital Infection*, Vol.78, No.3, (July 2011), pp. 208-213,

Neutral and Acidic Conditions. *Operative Dentistry*, Vol.25, No.6,

cerevisiae. *Surface and Interface Analysis*, Vol.40, No.10, (October 2008), pp. 1323–

oxidation behavior of AISI 304 and AISI 430 stainless steels. *Materials Researh,*  Vol.9, No.4, (Octomber/December 2006), pp. 393-397, ISSN 1516-1439, Available

**6. Conclusions** 

108

processing.

**7. Acknowledgment** 

**8. References** 

Human Resources Development 2007-2013.

177-183, ISSN 0964-8305

ISSN 0379-864X

ISSN 0195-6701

1327, ISSN 0142-2421

from

 <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci\_arttext&pid=S1516 14392006000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso>.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392006000400009>


Electrochemical Behaviour of AISI 304 Stainless Steel

2009), pp. 543-546, ISSN 1453-1399

2007), pp. 3324–3337, ISSN 0006-3495

(October 1996), pp. 343–347 ISSN 0141-0229

ISSN 0304-8853

19, ISSN 0169-409X

576–584, ISSN 0361-7734

7765

Immersed in Mixtures Consisting by Biocide and Fungal Suspensions 117

Stoica, M., Cârâc, G., Tofan, C., Constantin, O.E. & Enache, G. (2009). Effect of fungal

Sukhorukov, V.L., Endter, J.M., Zimmermann, D., Shirakashi, R., Fehrmann, S., Kiesel, M., Reuss, R., Becker, D., Hedrich, R., Bamberg, E., Roitsch, Th. & Zimmermann,

Tavares, S.S.M., Pardal, J.M., Guerreiro, J.L., Gomes, A.M. & da Silva M.R. (2010).

Teissie, J., Eynard, N., Gabriel, B. & Rols, M.P. (1999). Electropermeabilization of Cell

Tisnadjaja, D., Gutierrez, N.A. & Maddox, I.S. (1996). Citric Acid Production in a Bubble-

Tournas, V.H., Heeres, J. & Burgess, L. (2006). Moulds and yeasts in fruit salads and fruit juices. *Food Microbiology,* Vol*.*23, No.7, (October 2006), pp. 684-688, ISSN 0740-0020 Turssi, C.P., Magalhães, C.S., Serra, M.C. & Rodrigues, A.L. (2001). Surface Roughness

Whitehead, K.A. & Verran, J. (2006). The effect of substratum surface topography on the

Woese, C.R. & Gupta, R. (1981). Are archaebacteria merely derived 'prokaryotes'?". *Nature,* Vol. 289, No. 5793, (January 1981), pp. 95–96, ISSN 0028-0836 Woese, C., Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms:

*Biological Engineering*, Vol.2, No.1, (April 2008), pp. 2–6, ISSN 1754-1611 Yuan, S.J. & Pehkonen, S.O. (2007). Microbiologically influenced corrosion of 304 stainless

*Jesus College*, ISBN 9780954248314, Cambridge, UK, March 20-22, 2006 Woese, C. (1998). The universal ancestor. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,* 

Vol.95, No.12, (June 1998), pp. 6854–6859, ISSN 0027-8424

suspensions in NaDCC disinfectant on the corrosion behaviour AISI 304 stainless steel*. Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies*, Vol.15, No.4, (December

(2007). Mechanisms of Electrically Mediated Cytosolic Ca2+ Transients in Aequorin-Transformed Tobacco Cells. *Biophysical Journal*, Vol. 93, No.9, (August

Magnetic detection of sigma phase in duplex stainless steel UNS S31803. *Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials*, Vol.322, No.17, (March 2010), pp. L29-L33,

Membranes. *Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews*, Vol.35, No.1, (January 1999), pp. 3–

column Reactor using Cells of the Yeast Candida guilliermondii immobilized by Adsorption onto Sawdust. *Enzyme and Microbial Technology*, Vol.19, No.5,

Assessment of Resin-based Materials during Brushing Preceded by pH Cycling Simulations. *Operative Dentistry*, Vol.26, No.6, (November/December 2001), pp.

retention of microorganisms and organic material on defined surfaces, *Fouling, Cleaning and Disinfection in Food Processing 2006: Proceedings of a Conference held at* 

proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,* Vol.87, No.12, (June 1990). pp. 4576–4579, ISSN 0027-8424 Yang, L., Banada, P.P., Bhunia, A.K. & Bashir, R. (2008). Effects of Dielectrophoresis on

Growth, Viability and Immuno-reactivity of Listeria Monocytogenes. *Journal of* 

steel by aerobic Pseudomonas NCIMB 2021 bacteria: AFM and XPS study. *Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,* Vol*.*59, No.1, (September 2007), pp. 87-99, ISSN 0927-

U.

111


Marcus, P., Maurice, V. & Strehblow, H.-H. (2008). Localized corrosion (pitting): A model

McDonnell, G. & Russell, A.D. (1999). Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and

Ofoegbu, S.U., Ofoegbu, P.U., Neife, S.I. & Okorie, B.A. (2011). Corrosion Behaviour of

Olsson, C.O.A. & Landolt, D. (2003). Passive Films on Stainless Steels--chemistry,

Osarolube, E., Owate, I.O. & Oforka, N.C. (2008). Corrosion Behaviour of Mild and High

Papagianni, M. (2007). Advances in citric acid fermentation by *Aspergillus niger*:

Pitt, J.I. & Hocking, A.D. (1997). *Fungi and Food Spoilage* (2nd Edition), Blackie Academic &

Pommerville, J.C. (2010). *Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology*, (9th Edition), Jones and

Round, A.N., Rigby, N.M., Ring, S.G. & Morris, V.J. (2001) Investigating the nature of

Russell, A.D. & McDonnell, G. (2000). Concentration: a major factor in studying biocidal

Saikhwan, P., Geddert, T., Augustin, W., Scholl, S., Paterson, W.R. & Wilson, D.I. (2006).

Shen, Y.J., Lei, Le C. & Zhang, X.W. (2008). Evaluation of energy transfer and utilization

Stoica, M., Brumă, M. & Cârâc, G. (2010b). Electrochemical study of AISI 304 SS at

branching in pectins by atomic force microscopy and carbohydrate analysis. *Carbohydrate Research,* Vol. 331, No.3, (April 2001), pp. 337-342, ISSN 0008-6215 Russell, A. D. (2003). Similarities and Differences in the Responses of Microorganisms to

Biocides. *Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy*, Vol.52, No.5, (September 2003),

action. *Journal of Hospital Infection*, Vol.44, No.1, (January 2000), pp. 1-3, ISSN

Effect of Surface Treatment on Cleaning of a Model Food Soil. *Surface and Coatings Technology*, Vol.201, No.3-4, (October 2006), pp. 943–951, ISSN 0257-8972

efficiency of azo dye removal by different pulsed electrical discharge modes. *Chinese Science Bulletin, Vol.*53, No.12, (June 2008), pp. 1824-1834, ISSN 1001-6538

disinfectants with fungi. *Materials and Corrosion*, Vol.61, No.12, (December 2010),

179, ISSN 0893-8512

(June 2008), pp. 224–228, ISSN 1992-2248

Professional, London, UK

Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, USA

<ec.europa.eu/.../reach/reach\_intro.htm>

pp. 750–763 ISSN 0305-7453

pp. 1017-1025, ISSN 0947-5117

0195-6701

REACH (2006). Date of access 22 August 2011; Available from:

Vol.25, No.3, (May 2007), pp. 244–263, ISSN 0734-9750

8362

110

0013-4686

of passivity breakdown including the role of the oxide layer nanostructure. *Corrosion Science*, Vol.50, No.9, (September 2008), pp. 2698–2704, ISSN 0010-938X

Resistance. *Clinical Microbiology Reviews,* Vol.12, No.1, (January 1999), pp. 147–

Steels in Nigerian Food Processing Environments, *Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management*, Vol.15, No.1, (March 2011), pp. 135 – 139, ISSN 1119-

Structure and Growth. *Electrochimica Acta: Microscopic and Nanoscopic Aspects of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection*, Vol.48, No.9, (April 2003), pp. 1093–1104, ISSN

Carbon Steels in Various Acidic Media. *Scientific Research and Essay*, Vol.3, No.6,

Biochemical aspects, membrane transport and modeling. *Biotechnology Advances*,


**Part 2** 

113

**Biotechnological Aspects** 

Zani, F., Minutello, A., Maggi, L., Santi, P. & Mazza, P. (1997). Evaluation of preservative effectiveness in pharmaceutical products: the use of a wild strain of Pseudomonas cepacia. *Journal of Applied Microbiology,* Vol.83, No.3, (August 1997), pp. 322-326, ISSN 1364-5072

**Part 2** 

**Biotechnological Aspects** 

118 Food Industrial Processes – Methods and Equipment

Zani, F., Minutello, A., Maggi, L., Santi, P. & Mazza, P. (1997). Evaluation of preservative

1997), pp. 322-326, ISSN 1364-5072

112

effectiveness in pharmaceutical products: the use of a wild strain of Pseudomonas cepacia. *Journal of Applied Microbiology,* Vol.83, No.3, (August 114

**8** 

115

*Hungary* 

**Biotechnological Utilisation of** 

*1Department of MOL Hydrocarbon and Coal Processing* 

Nándor Nemestóthy, Tamás Bányai,

 *Membrane Technology and Energetics,* 

 **Fusel Oil for Biolubricant Production** 

 Katalin Bélafi-Bakó, László Bartha1 and László Gubicza *University of Pannonia, Research Institute on Bioengineering,* 

Complete utilisation of by-products from agricultural and food industrial production is an important task both from economical and environmental aspects. There are numerous possibilities for manufacture of bioproducts by biotechnological processes, among them biofuels attracted the greatest attention (Watanabe et al., 2000). Industrial by-products can be, however, processed by several biotechnological methods, for example their utilisation as a food additive, which requires intensive research and development work (Filipini & Hogg,

Fusel oil is a by-product of distilleries, its average composition is 10% ethanol, 13% npropanol, 15% i-butanol, 51% i-amyl-alcohol, 11% miscellaneous alcohols and water. Nowadays fusel oil is usually burned to cover the energy demand of the distilleries. Researches have been carried out to utilise it as an additive to improve octane number in gasoline or for production of natural flavours and lubricants (Özgülsün & Karaosmanoglu,

Esterification of fusel oil with oleic acid using sulphuric acid catalyst was studied by Turkish researchers and bio-lubricant—according to ASTM (American Society Testing and Materials) standard—was manufactured for industrial purposes. Pure, natural lubricants manufactured by environmental-safe processes, however, have gained more and more attention recently, since they do not contain toxic compounds and are biological degradable. The demands against a bio-lubricant are that it should provide maximal protection during its usage, do not pollute the environment and do not accumulate (Özgülsün et al., 2000). Unfortunately the used lubricants are usually deposited in the environment, endangering our planet. To solve the problem lubricants should be manufactured from plant oil derivatives. There are several industrial application possibilities for fatty acid esters, as natural compounds. Oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) is one of the most important fatty acids in nature, it can be obtained from plant oils (Bélafi-Bakó et al., 1994), its esters

Modern enzymology has achieved improvements in the development and application of lipase as catalyst. New immobilisation techniques make possible to use enzymes in industrial processes in a similar way to the classical catalysis for heterogeneous reactions.

produced by enzyme catalysis can be applied as lubricant (Linko et al., 1998).

**1. Introduction** 

1997, Demirbas, 2000).

1999).
