**9. References**

210 Food Industrial Processes – Methods and Equipment

*Escherichia coli* and different species of yeast. Although *E. coli* is unable to carry out posttranslational modifications of proteins, fungal pectolytic enzymes expressed in these bacteria are active (Wang et al., 2011). However, one of the most interesting strategies seems to be the expression of pectinase genes in yeast, particularly in *Pichia pastoris*, in which very high levels of constitutive expression has been achieved (Sieiro et al., 2009). In some cases changes in glycosylation patterns conducted by yeast did not affect the activity and characteristics of recombinant pectinases (Sieiro et al., 2009), while other changes do occur with respect to the characteristics of the native protein, which even lead to enzymes with interesting properties for certain applications (Lang & Looman, 1995; Sieiro et al., 2003).

**Type of enzyme Host strain Reference** 

Pectate lyase *E. coli* Truong et al., 2001

Polygalacturonase *S. cerevisiae* Lang & Looman,

*Schizosaccharomyces* 

*pombe* 

The enzymes that degrade the pectic substances play an essential role in the food and winemaking industries because they are used to degrade the pectins that interfere with the

*E. coli* Xiao et al., 2008

*E. coli* Parisot et al., 2003

*E. coli* Massa et al., 2007

*S. cerevisiae* Laing & Pretorius,

*S. cerevisiae* Christgau et al.,

*S. cerevisiae* Blanco et al., 1998

*P. pastoris* Sieiro et al., 2009

*P. pastoris* Yang et al., 2011

1993

1995

1996

Sieiro et al., 2003

**Microorganism gene** 

*Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis* ANT/505

*Aspergillus niger* RH5344

**8. Conclusions** 

*Xanthomonas campestris* Pectate lyase

*Thermotoga maritima* Exo-

*Burkholderia capacia* Endo-

*Erwinia chrysantemy* Pectate lyase

*Aspergillus aculeatus* Pectin methyl

*S. cerevisiae* IM1-8b Endo-

*S. cerevisiae* IM1-8b Endo-

*K. marxianus* CECT1043 Endo-

*Bispora sp.* MEY-1 Endo-

Polygalacturonase

polygalacturonase

polygalacturonase

Polygalacturonase

polygalacturonase

polygalacturonase

polygalacturonase

polygalacturonase

Table 3. Microbial pectic enzymes expressed in different host strains

esterase

*Streptomyces coelicolor* Polygalacturonase *E. coli* Xiao et al., 2008

*Phytophthora capsici* Pectate lyase *E. coli* Wang et al., 2011

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**12** 

213

*1,2México 3,4Bulgaria* 

**Electrochemical Biosensors** 

*2Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Facultad de Química* 

Margarita Stoytcheva1, Roumen Zlatev1, Marcela Ovalle2, Zdravka Velkova3, Velizar Gochev4 and Benjamin Valdez1 *1Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Ingeniería* 

The electrochemical biosensors are analytical devices designed by coupling biological recognition elements and electrochemical transducers. The transducer converts the analytical signal produced as a result of the biochemical and electrochemical interactions

The electrochemical biosensors are self-contained, simple to handle, and able to provide specific, sensitive, accurate and cost-effective *in situ* and *on line* measurements in real time, without or with a minimum sample preparation. Because of these advantages over the conventional analytical methods, they are well suited for the detection of a large spectrum of

The present work is intended to demonstrate the applicability of the electrochemical

Arsenic is a chemically active, toxic, and carcinogenic element (Moore & Ramamoorthy, 1984). It is among the 129 priority pollutants of the environment and among the 25 hazardous substances representing a significant potential threat to human health (EPA: Toxic and priority pollutants). It occurs naturally in soil and groundwater, but additionally enters the environment in a large quantity because of the human industrial and agricultural activities. The most affected by arsenic pollution are fishes and other aquatic organisms, since they accumulate it. High arsenic concentrations in plants are registered when using for irrigation arsenic-rich groundwater or contaminated water because of the industrial discharges and the treatment of soils with fertilizers and pesticides. Lead arsenate insecticides were extensively used in some countries until 1981 (Peryea, 1998). Arsenic content in food from plant and animal origin, with the exceptions of seafood and animal and poultry offal, does not habitually exceed 0.25 mg kg-1, according to WHO data (Arsenic.

**1. Introduction** 

into measurable electrical one (Thévenot et al., 1999).

biosensors for arsenic determination in beverages.

**2. Arsenic content in food and beverages** 

compounds, entering food and subjects of analytical control.

 **for Food Quality Control** 

*3Plovdiv University of Food Technology 4Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski* 

