**Echocardiography in Special Disease**

136 Echocardiography – In Specific Diseases

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**5. References** 

**9** 

*Australia* 

**Echocardiography in Kawasaki Disease** 

Kawasaki disease is an acute childhood systemic vasculitis characterised by a number of clinical features, with a predilection for damage to the coronary arteries. It predominantly affects children between the ages of 6 months to 4 years, although cases at either extreme of childhood are well described and are recognised to be associated with a greater risk of delayed diagnosis and treatment (Harnden et al., 2009; Pannaraj et al., 2004). There is a male predominance with a male to female ratio of 1.6 to 1. Despite important research progress since its first description in 1967 (Kawasaki, 1967), the aetiology remains unknown and there is no diagnostic test. The timely use of intravenous immunoglobulin has reduced the incidence of coronary artery lesions from 25% to 2-4% (Newburger et al., 2004). Transthoracic echocardiography is recommended in suspected cases of KD, however a

Kawasaki disease is the most common cause of paediatric acquired heart disease (Taubert et al., 1991). The incidence has been rising in both developed (Japan, Korea and United Kingdom) and rapidly industrialising countries such as India, which may reflect both a genuine increase and increased recognition (Krishnakumar & Mathews, 2006). The highest annual incidence is reported in Japan (218 per 100000 children <5 years of age) and Korea (113 per 100000 <5 years) (Nakamura et al., 2010; Park et al., 2011). The incidence is lower in Australia (3.7 per 100000 <5 years) but this data is 15 years old (Royle et al., 1998); given the rising incidence in other countries these rates may be an underestimate of true disease burden. Current epidemiological research is in progress in Western Australia, and these

The high incidence of Kawasaki disease in Asian populations and increased risk in families and siblings suggests a genetic predisposition (Fujita et al., 1989; Uehara et al., 2003). Seasonal patterns are well recognised, with peaks in winter and spring in Australia, the United States and Europe and spring to summer peaks in Korea and China (Burgner &

**1. Introduction** 

**2. Incidence** 

**3. Aetiology** 

normal study does not exclude the diagnosis.

data will provide an updated incidence for Australia children.

Deane Yim, David Burgner and Michael Cheung *Department of Cardiology, Royal Children's Hospital* 

*and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute,* 

*Heart Research Group, Melbourne* 
