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Forestry Agency (1969-1980). *Shinrin kumiai tokei (Forestry Cooperative Statistics): fiscal year* 

Forestry Agency (1992). *Ringyo tokei yoran: jikeiretsu ban (Annual statistics on forestry: time-*

Forestry Agency (2005). *Shinrin ringyo tokei yoran: jikeiretsu ban (Annual statistics on forest and* 

Forestry Agency (2006-2011). *Shinrin ringyo tokei yoran (Annual statistics on forest and forestry)*,

Forestry Agency (2011a). *Shinrin ringyo hakusyo (White Paper on Forest and Forestry)*, p.48,

Forestry Agency (2011b). *Shinrin ringyo tokei yoran (Annual statistics on forests and forestry)*,

GHQ, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (1951). *Forestry in* 

Handa, R. (1988). Policy for the administration of public forests and common forests, In:

Handa, R. (2001). A 50-year history of forest producer's cooperatives and hamlet forest,

Hirata, K. (2008). Seisan shinrin kumiai no keiei doko (Management of the forest producer

Hyogo Prefecture (2011a). *Hyogo-ken ringyo tokeisyo (Annual statistics on forestry in Hyogo* 

Hyogo Prefecture (2011b). *Hyogo-ken shinrin kumiai tokeisyo (Annual statistics on forestry cooperatives in Hyogo Prefecture)*, pp.92–93, Hyogo Prefecture, Kobe, Japan Iriai Rinya Kindaika Kenkyukai (1971). *Iriai rinya kindaika mondoshu (Questions and answers of* 

Ishimaru, K. (2011). *Shinrin kumiai ni okeru offset credit (J-VER) seido fukyu no genjyo to kadai* 

*owners' cooperative)*, Graduation Thesis of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Itoh, H. (2009). Iriaiken to zennin icchi gensoku: Kaminoseki iriaiken sosyo saikosai

*(Current situations and problems of the diffusion of carbon credit scheme (J-VER) in forest* 

hanketsu wo megutte (The rights for the common forest and the unanimity rule: Supreme Court decision on the rights for common forest in Kaminoseki), *Journal of Middle Japan Common Forest Society*, No.29, (March 2009), pp.6–14, ISSN 1349-8584

*Forest Economy*, No.637, (November 2001), pp.1–13, ISSN 0388-8614

*modernization of common forest)*, Rinya Kosaikai,Tokyo, Japan

*Prefecture)*, p.4, Hyogo Prefecture, Kobe, Japan

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cooperative), *Sonraku to Kankyo* (*Rural community and the environment*), No.5,

with different experiences and fresh ideas take over the cooperative's business.

Forestry Agency (1955). *Forestry of Japan*, pp.177–184, Tokyo, Japan

*series version)*, p.62, p.90, Rinya Kosaikai, Tokyo, Japan

*1967-1978*, Tokyo, Japan

*Japan*, p.16, Tokyo, Japan

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(August 2009), pp.3–8

**8. References** 

Japan

Japan

Japan

Tokyo, Japan

in mountainous areas, and generations change, and new presidents or board members


**9** 

*1Germany 2Bangladesh* 

**Conflict and Corollaries on** 

**Forest and Indigenous People:** 

Nur Muhammed1, Mohitul Hossain2, Sheeladitya Chakma2,

*2Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong* 

Farhad Hossain Masum2, Roderich von Detten1 and Gerhard Oesten1

The South Asian nation of Bangladesh, with a total population of approximately 150 million (mill) and an area of 147,570 km2, is one of the most densely populated country in the world. The current population density is ~1,127.3 people km-2 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2005), up from 755 people km-2 in 1991 (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics [BBS], 1993). The economy is based on agriculture and the society is agrarian, with approximately 75% of the population living in the rural areas (United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2006). Per-capita land holdings are approximately 0.12 ha (Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh [GOB], 2002). Moist, humid, tropical-monsoon climate, with moderately warm temperatures, high humidity, and a wide seasonal variation in rainfall prevail in Bangladesh (GOB, 2001a). Bangladesh is prone to frequent natural

Forest cover is shrinking Worldwide, despite many efforts to halt deforestation. Forest land and resources in many developing countries are serious pressure due to extreme poverty exacerbated by overwhelming increasing population. The forestry situation is even worse in Bangladesh that biotic and abiotic pressure associated with inter and intra competition between different landuses, conversion of forest land into industrial and other non-forest uses resulted in denudation and degradation of the hills, loss of forest areas, biodiversity and wildlife habitat in Bangladesh. Traditional forest management system failed to improve the forestry situation in the country. Large scale participatory social forestry program was introduced in the early eighties of the past century throughout the country's denuded and

Forests are the home to more than half of all species living around including human being. Population estimates show that there are about 300 - 400 mill indigenous people worldwide (Hinch, 2001; United Nations, 2009; World Bank, 2000). In developing countries approximately 1.2 billion people rely on agroforestry farming. They are recognized as the inhabitants of the World's most biologically diverse territories, possessor of unique linguistic and cultural diversity as well as they are in possession of huge traditional

calamities and is perceived as a major climate change victim.

degraded forests as well as in marginal and newly accreted land.

**1. Introduction** 

**Experience from Bangladesh** 

*1Institute of Forestry Economics, University of Freiburg* 

