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**2** 

Richard S. Mbatu

*U.S.A* 

*Environmental Sustainability* 

*College of Science, Health and the Liberal Arts* 

*Philadelphia University, Philadelphia* 

**Obstacles to a Conceptual Framework** 

**for Sustainable Forest Management Under** 

**REDD in Central Africa: A Two-Country Analysis** 

Climate change is now an issue of concern at both national and international levels. In the past three decades efforts to address causes of climate change have focused mostly on mitigation measures of carbon emissions from conventional fossil fuels combustion – coal, oil, and natural gas. However, since 2000 after the 6th Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) at The Hague, forests have gained increased recognition in their role in the fight against climate change. Forests are now almost at par with conventional fossil fuels at the top of the international climate

With close to 60 gigatons of carbon (Gt C) exchanged between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere every year; with the world's tropical forests estimated to contain 428 Gt C in vegetation and soils; with the loss of tropical forests as the major driver of the CO2 flux caused by land-use changes during the past two decades (Lasco, 2010); with deforestation accounting for about 17 percent of all CO2 emissions (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2007); and with little results achieved so far on mitigation measures of carbon emissions from fossil fuels combustion, the 13th COP meeting in 2007 in Bali, Indonesia, adopted a more rigorous emissions reduction mechanism on 'avoided deforestation' scheme, codenamed REDD. REDD (or REDD+)1 is an acronym which stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation. REDD provides a framework for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through

Given that the majority of the world's tropical forests are located in developing countries which are generally poor, "REDD presents a tremendous opportunity to jointly address climate change and rural poverty, while sustaining ecosystem services and conserving

1 Since 2008 after COP-14 in Pozna, the symbol '+' has been added to the REDD acronym in some publications in recognition of the fact that "climate benefits can arise not only from avoiding negative changes (deforestation, degradation), but also from enhancing positive changes, in the form of forest conservation and restoration" (Angelsen & Wertz-Kanounnikoff, 2008, as cited in Wertz-Kanounnikoff

**1. Introduction** 

change agenda.

& Kongphan-apirak, 2009).

market instruments and financial incentives.

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Stahl, K.M. (1964). *History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro*, 390 pp. Mouton & CO. London.

