**8. References**


Acworth, J.; Ekwoge, H.; Mbani, J. & Ntube, G. (2001). Towards Participatory Biodiversity

Alvarado, L. & Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. (2008). Why are we Seeing "REDD"? An Analysis of

Angelsen, A. & Culas, R. (1996). Debt and Deforestation: A Tenuous Link. Working Paper

Angelsen, A. & Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. (2008). What are the key Design Issues for REDD

Angelsen, A. & Wunder, S. (2003). *Exploring the Forest-Poverty Link: Key Concepts, Issues, and Research Implications*. CIFOR Occasional Paper No.40. Bogor, Indonesia. Assembe, S. (2006). Decentralized Forest Resources and Access of Minorities to

Barbier, E. & Burgess, J. (2001). The Economics of Tropical Deforestation. *Journal of Economic Surveys,* Vol.15, No.3, (July 2001), pp. 413-433, DOI: 10.1111/1467-6419.00144 Bellassena, V. & Gitz, V. (2008). Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in

Benhin, J. & Barbier, E. (1999). *A Case Study Analysis of the Effects of Structural Adjustment on* 

Research and the Central African Regional Program for the Environment Brown, N. & Quiblier, P. (1994). *Ethics and Agenda 21: Morals and Implications of a Global Consensus*. United Nations Publications, ISBN-92-1-100526-4, New York Butler, A. (2005). *World deforestation rates and forest cover statistics, 2000-2005*. 24.08.2011, Available from http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1115-forests.html

CBFP. (2007). The Forests of the Congo Basin: The State of the Forest 2006. Congo Basin

http://carpe.umd.edu/resources/Documents/THE\_FORESTS\_OF\_THE\_CONGO

CBP. (2011). Democratic Republic of Congo. 25.08.2011, Available from http://www.illegal-

Cerutti, P. & Tacconi, L. (2006). Illegal Logging and Livelihoods. *CIFOR Working Paper*

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html

(December 2008), pp. 336– 344, DOI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.03.015

Cameroon Forest Information and Data. (2010). 21.05.2011, Available from http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Cameroon.htm

Forest Partnership, 29.08.2011, Retrieved from

CED. (2004). *Inauguration: Pipeline*. CED Press Release, June 12, 2004.

http://cameroun-foret.com/fr/system/files/18\_61\_48.pdf

\_BASIN\_State\_of\_the\_Forest\_2006.pdf

logging.info/approach.php?a\_id=70

No.35, Bogor, Indonesia, Retrieved from

CIA. (2011). World Fackbook. 25.08.2011, Available from

(Ed.), pp. 11–21, ISBN 978-979-1412-76-6, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia

*Network Paper* No.25d, (July), pp. 1-20

No.10, Chr. Michelsen Institute, ISSN 0804-3639

Resources, IDDRI, Paris, France

10.1080/00207230600963825

Conservation in the Onge-Mokoko Forests of Cameroon. *Rural Development Forestry* 

the International Debate on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries. *IDDRI Analysis,* No. 01/2008, Natural

and the Criteria for Assessing Options. In: *Moving Ahead with REDD,* A. Angelsen

Environmental Justice: An Analysis of the Case of the Baka in Southern Cameroon. *International Journal of Environmental Studies*, Vol.63, No.5, pp. 681-689, DOI

Cameroon: Assessing Costs and Benefits. *Ecological Economics,* Vol.68, No.1-2,

*Agriculture and on Forest Cover in Cameroon*. Center for International Forestry

**8. References** 


Obstacles to a Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Forest

2000), pp. 225–253

Management Under REDD in Central Africa: A Two-Country Analysis 49

Ndoye, O. & Kaimowitz, D. (2000). Macro-economics, Markets and the Humid Forests of

Retrieved from www.globalcanopy.org/main.php?m=4&sm=15&ssm=151 Pearce, D. & Warford, J. (1993). World without End: Economics, Environment and

Pearce, D. (2001). The Economic Value of Forest Ecosystems. *Ecosystem Health*, Vol.7, No.4 (December 2001), pp. 284-296, DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01037.x Randolp, J. & Masters, G. (2008). *Energy for Sustainability: Technology, Planning, Policy*. Island

Reed, E. & Miranda, M. (2007). *Assessment of the Mining Sector and Infrastructure Development* 

Rogner, H.; Zhou, D.; Bradley, R.; Crabbé, P.; Edenhofer, O.; Hare, B.; Kuijpers, L. &

Sieböck, G. (2002) *A Political, Legal and Economic Framework for Sustainable Forest Management* 

Skutsch, M.; van Laake, P.; Zahabu, E.; Karky, B. & Phartiyal., P. (2009). Community

Sonwa, D.; Walker, S.; Nasi, R. & Kanninen, M. (2011). Potential Synergies of the main

*Sustainability Science,* Vol.6, No.1, pp. 59–67, DOI 10.1007/s11625-010-0119-8 Soriaga, R. & Walpole, P. (2007). Forests for Poverty Reduction: Opportunities in the Asia-

Streck, C.; O'Sullivan, R.; Janson-Smith, T.; & Tarasofsky, R. (2008). *Climate Change and* 

 http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/01.02/theses/sieboeck\_gregor.pdf Sikod, F.; Amin, A. & Nyamnjo, F. (1996). *Interlinkages between Trade and the Environment: A* 

Yamaguchi, M. (2007). Introduction, In: *Climate Change 2007: Mitigation*, B. Metz, O. Davidson, P. Bosch, R. Dave, & L. Meyer, (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

*in Cameroon: Concerted Initiatives to Save the Rainforests*. Masters Thesis, Lund

Monitoring in REED+, In: *Community Forest Management Under REED: Policy Conditions for Equitable Governance,* A. Angelsen, M. Brockhaus, M. Kanninen, E. Sills, W.D. Sunderlin & S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff) (Eds), pp. 101–112. Centre for

Current Forestry Efforts and Climate Change Mitigation in Central Africa.

Pacific Region, In: *Forests and the Millennium Development Goals*, Mayers (Ed.), pp.47- 48, European Tropical Forest Research Network. Wageningen, The Netherlands. State of the forest 2008. (2009). Les Foreˆts du Bassin du Congo. Etat des Foreˆts 2008, C.

Wasseige, D. Devers, P. de Marcen, R. Eba'a Atyi, R. Nasi, & Ph. Mayaux (eds.), ISBN 978-92-79-132 11-7, Office des publications de l'Union Europe´enne, Retrieved

*Forests, Emerging Policy and Market Opportunities.* Chatham House, Brookings

Nyuylime, L. (2006). *Mbalam Iron Ore Exploration Afoot*. Cameroon Tribune, 27.10. 2006 Parker, C.; Mitchell, A.; Trivedi, M. & Mardas, N. (2008). The Little REDD Book: A Guide to

Sustainable Development. Oxford University Press, New York

Press, ISBN 13:978—1-59726-103-6, Washington D.C.

*in the Congo Basin region*. WWF, Washington, D.C.

University, Sweden, 18.08./2011, Available from

International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia

*Case Study of Cameroon*. UNTAD/UNDP Project Report.

from http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/edf2008.php

Institution Press (2008), 346 pp. ISBN 978-0-8157-8192-9, London

Change, University Press, Cambridge

Cameroon, 1967–1997. *The Journal of Modern African Studies,* Vol.38, No.2, (July

Governmental and Non-governmental Proposals for Reducing Emissions From Deforestation and Degradation. Global Canopy Programme, Oxford, 25.06.2011,


Huberman, D. (2007). Making REDD Work for the Poor: The Socio-economic Implications of Mechanisms for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation. IUCN Ichikawa, M. (2006). Problems in the Conservation of Rainforests in Cameroon. *African study* 

Iloweka, E. (2002). The Deforestation of Rural Areas in the Lower Congo Province. *Earth and Environmental Science*, Vol.99, No.1-3, pp. 245-250, DOI 10.1007/s10661-004-4028-0

IPCC. (2007). *Fourth Assessment Report*. 12.06.2011, Retrieved from http://www1.ipcc.ch/ ITTO. (2006). *Status of Tropical Forest Management 2005*. ITTO Technical Series No24, pp. 305,

Jauch, H. 1999. *Structural Adjustment Programs: Their Origin and International Experiences*.

Kabila, J. (2011). *Inventing REDD+: Democratic Republic of Congo*. 18.08.2011, Retrieved from

Kaimowitz, D. & Angelsen, A. (1999). Rethinking the Causes of Deforestation: Lessons from

Karky, B. (2008). The Economics of Reducing Emissions from Community Managed Forest in Nepal Himalaya. PhD Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands Karsenty, A. (2008). The Architecture of Proposed REDD Schemes after Bali: Facing Critical

Klaver, D. (2009). *Multi-stakeholder Design of Forest Governance and Accountability Arrangements* 

Institutional Change Programme Wageningen International, The Netherlands Lasco, R. (2010). Facilitating Mitigation Projects in the Land Use Sector: Lessons from the

Lescuyer, G.; Karsenty, A. & Eba'a Atyi, A. (2009). A New Tool for Sustainable Forest

Mbatu, R. (2010). Deforestation in the Buea-Limbe and Bertoua Regions in Southern

Nasi, R.; Mayaux, P.; Devers, D.; Bayol, N.; Eba'a Atyi, R.; Mugnier, A.; Cassagne, B.; Billand,

*The VivoCarbon Initative*. Global Canopy Programme. Oxford, UK

http://irri.org/climatedocs/presentation\_Lists/Docs/4\_Lasco.pdf

www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com\_docman&task=doc\_download&gid=408

Economic Models. *World Bank Research Observer* Vol.14, No.1, (February 1999), pp.

Choices. *International Forestry Review* Vol.10, No.3, (September 2008), pp.443-457,

*in Equator Province, Democratic Republic of Congo*. Capacity Development and

CDM and REDD. World Agroforestry Centre, Los Baños, Laguna, Retrieved from

Management in Central Africa: Payments for Environmental Services, In: *The Forests of the Congo Basin : State of the Forest 2008*, C. de Wasseige, D. Devers, P. de Marcken, R. Eba'a Atyi, R. Nasi, P. Mayaux (Eds.), pp. 127-140, Luxembourg Mbatu, R. (2009). Forest Policy Analysis Praxis: Modeling the Problem of Forest Loss in

Cameroon. *Forest Policy and Economics*, Vol.11, No.1, (January 2009), pp. 26–33, DOI

Cameroon (1984–2000): modernization, world-systems, and neo-Malthusian outlook. *GeoJournal,*Vol.75, No.5, pp. 443-458, *DOI: 10.1007/s10708-009-9312-7* Mitchell, A.; Secoy, K. & Mardas, N. (2007). *Forests First in the Fight against Climate Change:* 

A. & Sonwa, D. (2009). Un Aperc¸u des Stocks de Carbone et Leurs Variations dans les Foreˆts du Bassin du Congo. In: *Les Foreˆts du Bassin du Congo. Etat des Foreˆts 2008*, C. Wasseige, D. Devers, P. de Marcen, R. Eba'a Atyi, R. Nasi, & Ph. Mayaux (Eds.), pp. 199–216, ISBN 978-92-79-132 11-7, Office des publications de l'Union Europe´enne

*monographs*, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 3-20

http://www.heritage.org/index/country/

73-98, DOI 10.1093/wbro/14.1.73

10.1016/j.forpol.2008.08.001

Yokohama

4&Itemid=53

ISSN 1465-5489

Index of Economic Freedom. (2011). 26.08.2011, Available from

Labor Resource and Research Institute (LaRRI), Namibia


http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/01.02/theses/sieboeck\_gregor.pdf


**3** 

 *Uganda* 

**Collaborative Forest Management in Uganda:** 

*College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala* 

In many countries including Uganda, management of forest resources has moved away from command and control system to a more participatory approach that require involvement of a broad spectrum of stakeholders. The introduction of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) was sparked by several factors: both international and local. At the international level, treaties and accords such as the Tropical Forest Action Plan (TFAP), an outgrowth of the agenda 21 framework initiated in Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992, sought to reverse the loss of forests through the involvement of stakeholders, especially adjacent communities. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) highlights the importance of sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from biodiversity resources. At the local level, the original argument for increasing community participation in the maintenance of rural conservation projects stemmed from the need to better target people's needs, incorporate local knowledge, ensure that benefits were equitably distributed and lower management costs (Wily, 1998). The inclusion of communities in the management of state-owned or formerly state-owned forest resources has become increasingly common in the last 25 years. Almost all countries in Africa, and many in Asia, are promoting the participation of rural communities in the management and utilisation of natural forests and woodlands through some form of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) (Wily & Dewees, 2001). Many countries have now developed, or are in the process of developing, changes to national policies and legislation that institutionalise PFM. PFM encompasses a wide range of different co-management arrangements with different levels of control from relatively conservative "benefit sharing" to genuine "community-based natural resource management" where local communities have full control over management of the resource

Participatory forest management encompass processes and mechanisms that enable people who have a direct stake in forest resources to be part of decision-making in all aspects of forest management, from managing resources to formulating and implementing institutional frameworks. Notable among the participatory forestry management approaches are Joint Forest Management (JFM), Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) and Collaborative Forest Management (CFM). All these approaches tend to

**1. Introduction** 

and the allocation of costs and benefits (Wily, 2002).

**Benefits, Implementation Challenges** 

**and Future Directions** 

Nelson Turyahabwe, Jacob Godfrey Agea,

Mnason Tweheyo and Susan Balaba Tumwebaze

Sunderlin, W.; Ndoye, O.; Bikié, H.; Laporte, N.; Mertens, B. Pokam, J. (2000). Economic Crisis, Small-scale Agriculture, and Forest Cover Change in Southern Cameroon. *Environmental Conservation,* Vol.27, No.3, (July 2000), pp. 284-290

### Tchiofo (2008)

