**2.2 Candeia tree**

86 Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies

as the possibility of seed dispersal in the explored area, therefore helping to promote natural

A

G

F

L

I J

P

C D

M

R

E

Q

K

B

N

O

Axis 2

circles are the species.

management of the Cerrado.

H

Fig. 4. The DCA analysis considering all treatments of percentage basal area removal and measurement dates, where: A - 0% (1996); B - 50% (1996); C - 70% (1996); D - 80% (1996); E - 90% (1996); F - 100% (1996); G - 0% (1998); H - 50% (1998); I - 70% (1998); J - 80% (1998); K - 90% (1998); L - 100% (1998); M - 0% (2004); N - 50% (2004); O - 70% (2004); P - 80% (2004); Q - 90% (2004) and R - 100% (2004). The blue squares represent the treatments and the open blue

Fig. 5. Minas Gerais State's regions with potential for the application of sustainable forest

Axis 1

regeneration, which as stated earlier is achieved primarily by sprouting.

Formation processes of an environment over thousands of years gradually promote species selection, encouraging the development of strategic mechanisms to overcome the difficulties imposed by each habitat. The spatial distribution of species in a landscape presents a selective character, which added to between species competition, directs the occurrence and dynamics of a forest. As such, candeia (*Eremanthus* spp) predominantly occupies high altitude field areas, being quite recurrent in the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil), as shown in Figure 7.

Candeia is of the Asteraceae family, an ecotone species typical of transitional areas between wooded and grasslands. Even thought it presents several characteristics of pioneer species such as: production of large quantities of seeds, seeds dispersed by wind, high-density natural regeneration in open gaps, it must not be framed as such since its lifespan can exceed 50 years. There are several species of candeia, however *Eremanthus erythropappus*

Sustainable Forest Management of Native Vegetation Remnants in Brazil 89

species even at a distance (Figure 8). The coloration of the wood is white or grayish with a

The candeia *Eremanthus incanus* (Less.) Less. is an arboreal species that when adult presents average height between 5 and 7 meters, average the diameters between 10 and 12 cm, where some individuals can reach up to 20 or 25 cm. Its stem is grayish-brown, with thick bark and few branches. It occurs between 550 and 1100 m altitude, in the Cerrado, in secondary forest or in the Caatinga. Its use is basically for the production of fence posts, since it has

Exploration of candeia populations, in the form of sustainable forest management, is only authorized by the State's environmental agency for fragments with occurrence of at least 70% of individuals of the species *Eremanthus erythropappus* or *Eremanthus incanus*. This restriction is derived from the need for restoration of the area through natural regeneration, where areas with greater dominance of the species are more likely to recover and return to the initial stage. Beyond this point, the guarantee of the sustainability of these populations is correlated with the quality of the harvest project and compliance with the State's

Barreira (2005) studying the genetic diversity of candeia populations (*Eremanthus erythropappus*), in which she sought to quantify and compare the intra-population genetic variation and reproductive systems of candeia before and after exploration, noted that the species is suitable for management without loss in genetic diversity, as long as 100 individuals/ha are preserved as remnants. The study also showed a strong spatial genetic structure in the population, where trees in a 200 meters radius presenting some degree of

In addition to these efforts, the owner of the area under management must present a map of his farm containing the areas to be managed as well as the areas of Legal Reserve (20% of the total farmable land) and Permanent Preservation Areas (areas adjacent to waterways,

A forest inventory is the starting point to gain knowledge about a particular forest, in which a set of sample plots are distributed to quantify the variable of interest. In the case of legal viability studies of explored forests, a systematic sampling procedure is preferred with a minimal area of 600 square meters and maximum of 1000 square meters. Instead of a forest

with declivity greater than 45 º, hill tops and areas 1800 meters above sea level).

darker cross grain. Its basic density averages 675 kilograms per cubic meter of wood.

(Andrade, 2008).

environmental laws.

kinship, with a 95% probability.

**2.2.2 Evaluation of the legal viability of forest use** 

low productivity of Alpha-bisabolol oil.

**2.2.1 Sustainable forest management** 

Fig. 8. Example of a representative candeia individual and its floral structures

(DC.) Macleish and *Eremanthus incanus* (Less.) Less are of greater economic importance and of higher occurrence in Minas Gerais. Candeia density ranges between 875 to 1536 trees per hectare (Scolforo et al., 2008b and Scolforo et al., 2008c), although values up to 50,000 trees per hectare (Andrade, 2009) have been reported for young candeia areas undergoing natural regeneration after exploration.

Fig. 7. Distribution map of candeia species in the State of Minas Gerais.

*Eremanthus erythropappus* develops predominantly in high altitude fields. Candeia is a monodominant species, such that is not uncommon to find small patches of forests formed exclusively by the species. An interesting feature of this species is its development in sites with shallow soils of low fertility. Its occurrence is heavily influenced by altitude, occurring 800 meters above sea level, where the highest abundances are found between 1,000 and 1,500 meters. Candeia develops in places where it would be difficult to employ agricultural crops or even other forest species.

Candeia possesses multiple uses, usually its wood is either used as fence posts due to its natural durability, or as a raw material from which essential oil is extracted. The essential oil's active ingredient is Alpha-bisabolol, employed in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics such as creams, tanning lotions, sunscreens, vehicle for medicines, besides being used for prophylactic purposes and skin care of babies and adults, among others.

Native areas of candeia display decreasing diameter distribution, with trees typically reaching up to 32.5 cm. A candeia forest usually presents a average diameter of around 15 cm. However, individuals have been found that reached up to 62.5 cm. Average heights are between 6 and 7 meters. The height of the largest trees is around 9.5 to 10 meters, although an individual has been found with 16.5 meters, inside a semideciduous seasonal forest.

Candeia's trunk has thick bark presenting many fissures, newer branches have smoother bark. The characteristics of the leaves and inflorescence facilitate the identification of the

(DC.) Macleish and *Eremanthus incanus* (Less.) Less are of greater economic importance and of higher occurrence in Minas Gerais. Candeia density ranges between 875 to 1536 trees per hectare (Scolforo et al., 2008b and Scolforo et al., 2008c), although values up to 50,000 trees per hectare (Andrade, 2009) have been reported for young candeia areas undergoing natural

Fig. 7. Distribution map of candeia species in the State of Minas Gerais.

*Eremanthus erythropappus* develops predominantly in high altitude fields. Candeia is a monodominant species, such that is not uncommon to find small patches of forests formed exclusively by the species. An interesting feature of this species is its development in sites with shallow soils of low fertility. Its occurrence is heavily influenced by altitude, occurring 800 meters above sea level, where the highest abundances are found between 1,000 and 1,500 meters. Candeia develops in places where it would be difficult to employ agricultural

Candeia possesses multiple uses, usually its wood is either used as fence posts due to its natural durability, or as a raw material from which essential oil is extracted. The essential oil's active ingredient is Alpha-bisabolol, employed in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics such as creams, tanning lotions, sunscreens, vehicle for medicines, besides being

Native areas of candeia display decreasing diameter distribution, with trees typically reaching up to 32.5 cm. A candeia forest usually presents a average diameter of around 15 cm. However, individuals have been found that reached up to 62.5 cm. Average heights are between 6 and 7 meters. The height of the largest trees is around 9.5 to 10 meters, although an individual has been found with 16.5 meters, inside a semideciduous seasonal forest. Candeia's trunk has thick bark presenting many fissures, newer branches have smoother bark. The characteristics of the leaves and inflorescence facilitate the identification of the

used for prophylactic purposes and skin care of babies and adults, among others.

regeneration after exploration.

crops or even other forest species.

species even at a distance (Figure 8). The coloration of the wood is white or grayish with a darker cross grain. Its basic density averages 675 kilograms per cubic meter of wood.

Fig. 8. Example of a representative candeia individual and its floral structures (Andrade, 2008).

The candeia *Eremanthus incanus* (Less.) Less. is an arboreal species that when adult presents average height between 5 and 7 meters, average the diameters between 10 and 12 cm, where some individuals can reach up to 20 or 25 cm. Its stem is grayish-brown, with thick bark and few branches. It occurs between 550 and 1100 m altitude, in the Cerrado, in secondary forest or in the Caatinga. Its use is basically for the production of fence posts, since it has low productivity of Alpha-bisabolol oil.
