**10. References**


http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-

BuildingLastingPeaceIssuesoftheImplementationoftheChittagongHillTractsAccord. html


This research was conducted with the financial support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany. We are very grateful to them. Our sincere thanks and gratitude are due to many individuals and organizations especially, those who supported us everyway

ACFOD. (1997). A Conclusion Report: International Peace Conference on Chittagong Hill

Adnan, S. (2004). Migration, Land Alienation and Ethnic Conflict: Causes of Poverty in the

AITPN. (2008). Bangladesh: We want the lands, not the Indigenous peoples, New Delhi,

BBS. (1991). Bangladesh Population Census 1991: analytical report, Bangladesh Bureau of

BBS. (1993). Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka.

BBS. (2001). Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of

Bhikkhu, P. (2007). CHT on Historical Outline with Special Reference to Its Current

Bingham, G. (1986). Resolving Environmental Disputes: A Decade of Experience, The

Champion, H.G., & Seth, S.K. (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India,

Chowdhury, B.H. (2002). Building Lasting Peace: Issues of the Implementation of the

Chowdhury, M.N.H. (2006). Power, law, and history: episodes in consciousness of legality.

CHTDF. (2009). Socio-economic baseline survey of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Dhaka,

Costa, T., & Dutta, A. (2007). The Khasis of Bangladesh, In: A socio-economic survey of the

Dasgupta, S. & Ahmed, F.U. (1998). Natural resource management by tribal community: a case

Chittagong Hill Tracts Accord, Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS) Occasional Paper series, University of Illinois at

BuildingLastingPeaceIssuesoftheImplementationoftheChittagongHillTractsAccord.

Khasi people, Philip Gain & Aneeka Malik, pp 19-28, Society for Environment and

study of Bangladesh, In: The World Bank/WBI's CBNRM Initiative, access on February, 2011, Available from: < http://srdis.ciesin.org/cases/bangladesh-002.html>

Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, Research and Advisory Services, Dhaka,

Tracts (WORKING TOWARD PEACE), Bangkok, Thailand

India <Retrieved from www.aitpn.org>

Statistics, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Situation, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Conservation Foundation, Washington D.C.

http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-

Human Development (SEHD), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Government of India publication, India

Urbana Champaign, Available From:

Asian Affairs, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 69-91

FAO. (2005). State of the World's Forests 1997, Rome, Italy

**9. Acknowledgements** 

during field data collection.

Bangladesh

Bangladesh

html

Bangladesh

**10. References** 


**10** 

*Germany* 

**Setting Up Locally Appropriate** 

Anna Stier, Jutta Lax and Joachim Krug

*Forestry and Fisheries, Institute for World Forestry* 

**Ecological Criteria and Indicators to** 

**Evaluate Sustainable Forest Management** 

*Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (vTI), Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas* 

The forests of Vietnam provide a high conservation value considering habitat diversity despite massive forest destruction within the last decades (World Bank, 2010). Following recent studies Vietnam is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world (Indo-Burma hotspot) (Myers et al., 2000; Brooks et al., 2002; World Bank, 2010; Werger and Nghia, 2006), but at the same time one out of eight tropical forest hotspots which will lose the largest number of species by cause of deforestation (Brooks et al., 2002). The impacts of the forest environment – and its ongoing degradation – on local socio-economic factors cannot be neglected. Actually, Vietnam has been defined as an archetypal case for a positive correlation between a high forest cover and a high poverty rate combined with a low poverty density (Sunderlin et al., 2007). In other words, regions with high forest cover are often sparsely populated but after all are among the poorest of the country. Forests are populated by the poor, but it is nowadays also an evidence that it is the poorest households which generally depend more on forests (Cavendish, 2003; Wunder, 2001), deriving several goods, income and services from them (Arnold, 2001;

Human and ecological factors in Vietnam make it a candidate for the implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) with the objective of win / win solutions for both human well-being as well as forest ecosystems (Sunderlin and Ba, 2005). The recently implemented forest management types defined by the government had to face wide criticism concerning their success in reaching such win / win objectives, such as the existing gap between state intentions and local applications of policies, the poor involvement of households in the forestry sector and their insufficient payment for protection activities, or the disturbance of traditional land-use systems (Clement and Amezaga, 2008; Boissière et al., 2009; Sunderlin and Ba, 2005; Wunder et al. 2005). In the course of national decentralisation processes the former state organised forest enterprises were fragmented and land / forest was reallocated to communities and private stakeholders. It is essential to record and compare the different stakeholder perceptions concerning SFM to elaborate adequate criteria and indicator (C&I) sets to be able to

**1. Introduction** 

Dubois, 2002).

**in Dinh Hoa District (Northern Vietnam)** 


http://www.unfpa.org/profile/bangladesh.cfm>

