**2.4 Selection of variables and primary indicators**

The case of forest management at Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Chagga people as representative stakeholders for local interests is used here as an illustration of the conceptual and practical circumstances of the indicator scheme. CFEMI is proposed as a proximity-to-target indicator meant to work in the context of negotiation and mediation between globals and locals, while strengthening the local interests, influence, control and competence regarding sustainable forest management. The distinction between globals and locals are used to underline the actor perspective of the two paramount stakeholder groups of local society and international organisations, institutions and power structure. Both globals and locals are aggregates of other more specified stakeholders.

CFEMI should support the management goals for inter alia CFP and MA in a manner that strengthens the influence of local people and mediation between locals and globals. Table 2 gives an overview of criteria for selection of ecological features that could be relevant variables or primary indicators for CFEMI. Table 3 shows the complete list and description of the measured variables, units and levels of measurement.

Composition of variables is decided based on the criteria of what are relatively easily accessible. The variables cover important features for the ecosystem services connected to biodiversity and structure where the hypothesis is that the untouched forest has the

The first group of sources are various national forest policies including the CFP (MNRT, 1998, 2001, 2006; Sjaastad et al., 2003). The second group comprises strategies and efforts from international organisations. In addition to the authoritative bodies under the UN, such as FAO and others, the new initiatives connected to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA 2005) are most relevant. The third group is connected to the globalization of environmental management standards including sustainable forest management under the International Tropical Timber Organization. A fourth group is NGOs and research institutes working with tropical forest politics, management and forestry. Examples include the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Rainforest Alliance, Social Accountability International (SAI)

Macqueen et al. (2006) outline the new historical opportunities for community ownership and management of forest to realize a better position for sustainable forestry due to the alliance with a new kind of globals connected to initiatives such as fair trade and others. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in alliance with IUCN has taken the initiative in recent years to meet the requirement and opportunities connected to

For CFEMI, the purpose and objectives of CFP are directly relevant, as are the linkages between *Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being* of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the conceptual framework between biodiversity, ecosystem services, human well-being and

Based on CFP and the MA framework, the ecological parameters for CFEMI can be grouped into two main categories a) forest structure and b) forest biodiversity. These categories have been chosen because maintaining these two qualities will secure that most of the other important ecological factors including microorganism and fauna and the abiotic environment, will be covered. If forest structure and biodiversity are intact on a certain level, the forest will keep its resilience potential and a number of other ecological qualities which can provide ecosystem services for human well-being in a sustainable way (Table 1).

The case of forest management at Mt. Kilimanjaro and the Chagga people as representative stakeholders for local interests is used here as an illustration of the conceptual and practical circumstances of the indicator scheme. CFEMI is proposed as a proximity-to-target indicator meant to work in the context of negotiation and mediation between globals and locals, while strengthening the local interests, influence, control and competence regarding sustainable forest management. The distinction between globals and locals are used to underline the actor perspective of the two paramount stakeholder groups of local society and international organisations, institutions and power structure. Both globals and locals are aggregates of

CFEMI should support the management goals for inter alia CFP and MA in a manner that strengthens the influence of local people and mediation between locals and globals. Table 2 gives an overview of criteria for selection of ecological features that could be relevant variables or primary indicators for CFEMI. Table 3 shows the complete list and description

Composition of variables is decided based on the criteria of what are relatively easily accessible. The variables cover important features for the ecosystem services connected to biodiversity and structure where the hypothesis is that the untouched forest has the

and The International Social and Environmental Accreditation Labelling (ISEAL).

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (WBCSD & IUCN, 2006).

**2.4 Selection of variables and primary indicators** 

of the measured variables, units and levels of measurement.

drivers of change especially relevant.

other more specified stakeholders.

potential to provide for the demanded ecosystem services such as production of forest goods (e.g. timber, fuel wood, fodder, medical plants), conservation of biodiversity, and water regulation and supply of water of good quality.


Table 1. Main ecological aspects, goals for management and ecosystem service of the catchment forest reserve at Mt. Kilimanjaro
