**5.2 The mixed-motive perspective of local people in DNP**

The mainstream sustainable development discourse has been based on the predominant belief in 'win-win' options, namely on the potential reconciliation of economic and environmentalist interests (Arts & Buizer, 2009; Durand & Vázquez, 2011; Huttunen, 2009; Mulvihill & Milan, 2007; Veenman et al., 2009). However, 'win-win' conceptualizations fall short of addressing the issues of accountability and trust which have been described

Can Forest Management in Protected Areas Produce New Risk Situations?

viewpoints which would be endorsed by park managers.

Stoffle & Minnis, 2008).

**6. Conclusion** 

A Mixed-Motive Perspective from the Dadia-Soufli-Lefkimi Forest National Park, Greece 249

supplementary source of revenue for the local community. Interestingly, the new risk situations arising in Dadia are grasped by locals in their argumentation (e.g., forest fire susceptibility as well as ecotourism development). This is a strong indication that the mixedmotive perspective might allow for the incorporation and negotiation of risk situations and potential responses among interest groups involved in forest management. It should also be noticed that nature conservation gains and distributive aspects of economic development were more prominent in local accounts than other elements in the presentation of their mixed-motive perspective. This might imply the attempt of local people to engage

In terms of distributive aspects concerning economic development, local residents seem to acknowledge the need of multipurpose forest management and their suggestions follow closely the recommendations of park managers in Dadia (Catsadorakis et al., 2010; Gatzogiannis & Poirazidis, 2010). The economic gains they anticipate together with the gains expected for nature conservation can be inscribed in a 'productive forest' perception of forest health (Warren, 2007), which underlines the double objective of providing jobs in the forest industry while reducing the risk of wildfire. In that respect, local residents in Dadia present a position close to the emerging preventative paradigm in Mediterranean forested landscapes (Tàbara et al., 2003), which highlights the need to anticipate the intrinsic tendency of fire ignition as the highest priority. Finally, local people present ecotourism development as a distributive aspect related to nature conservation, since further investment in ecotourism would necessitate the reallocation of resources at the disposal of protected area managers for monitoring purposes and might initiate heated debates over natural and social carrying capacities. This position might indicate an implicit attempt to relate the risk concerning local unemployment rates attributed to the forest management regime to the risk of ecotourism development overriding carrying capacity thresholds. It has been reported that the existence of alternative branches of employment mediates views on the vulnerability of local forestry to nature conservation (Keskitalo & Lundmark, 2010;

The Habermasian window of opportunity offered by the mixed-motive perspective is both timely and spatially delineated and guarantees the inclusion of all affected actors under a commitment of rational argumentative deliberation (Carvalho-Ribeiro et al., 2010; Durand & Vázquez, 2011; Kleinschmit et al., 2009; Ojha et al., 2009; Parkins & Davidson, 2008; Warren, 2007). However, conflict and negotiation should be acknowledged as indispensable constituents of a mixed-motive deliberation process. Foucauldian power differentials are not hidden between participating actors but have to be enacted to steer the negotiation or renegotiation process. This enables hidden power structures to surface and be contested and provides instances for shifting power balances and multiple empowering effects (Berman Arévalo & Ros-Tonen, 2009; Winkel, in press). Social actors that participate will have to recognize both conflicting demands as well as the need to come to terms after negotiation. In this direction, claims of objective truth and of a single rationality have to be singled out as inadequate to serve the democratic mandate (Winkel, in press). Starting from the fact that uncertainty is irreducible by science (Borchers, 2005), social consensus is necessary to guide forest management decisions (Parkins, 2006). The possibility of any hegemonic attempt or discursive practice to frame the issue at stake will be counterweighted by declaring

previously and point towards a 'win-lose' arrangement. Further, 'win-win' options cannot explain the dynamics of competition and negotiation between social actors before and after an agreement has been reached. The question is if there is any other possibility to conceptualize the interplay or contradistinction between nature conservation and economic development apart from naïve 'win-win' or tense 'win-lose' approaches. An alternative conceptualization might be indicated by the notion of distributive justice, which implies the allocation of benefits and burdens of an activity among affected social actors (Pelletier, 2010).

Local residents' dispositions (Table 1; for a detailed description of the methodology see Hovardas, 2010) can be interpreted as a mixed-motive perspective, which diverges from 'win-win' and 'win-lose' approaches in that it envisages gain solutions for both nature conservation and economic development while acknowledging that there will always be a distributive aspect (Hoffman et al., 1999; Hovardas & Korfiatis, 2008).


Table 1. Local residents' mixed-motive approach

As solutions to forest management disputes require the balancing of interests among a complex array of participants, and because this can only be achieved through negotiations inevitably associated with costs and benefits (frame of reference in win-lose models), the mixed-motive model offers a theoretical and empirical alternative to the opposing 'win-win' and 'win-lose' perspectives. In this regard, the range of players' interests does not bifurcate into simply economic development and nature conservation coalitions but there can be a mutual recognition and appraisal of interests, which is necessary for reaching an agreement. This confrontation of social actors might increase complexity considerably but it tends to involve greater opportunities to expand the scope of the debate, finding solutions that will improve the potential outcome simultaneously for both parties (integrative principle of winwin models).

Local people in Dadia claim that creating forest clearings would provide significant additional income for local loggers. At the same time, local people suggest that forest clearings in core areas would severely decrease the probability of a forest fire and enable raptors to find their prey much easier. In terms of distributive aspects, local residents accept that trees to be cut should be selected on biodiversity conservation criteria and that extensive reforestation programs should be banned. However, they expect investment in ecotourism to be enhanced so that ecotourism development will continue to comprise a supplementary source of revenue for the local community. Interestingly, the new risk situations arising in Dadia are grasped by locals in their argumentation (e.g., forest fire susceptibility as well as ecotourism development). This is a strong indication that the mixedmotive perspective might allow for the incorporation and negotiation of risk situations and potential responses among interest groups involved in forest management. It should also be noticed that nature conservation gains and distributive aspects of economic development were more prominent in local accounts than other elements in the presentation of their mixed-motive perspective. This might imply the attempt of local people to engage viewpoints which would be endorsed by park managers.

In terms of distributive aspects concerning economic development, local residents seem to acknowledge the need of multipurpose forest management and their suggestions follow closely the recommendations of park managers in Dadia (Catsadorakis et al., 2010; Gatzogiannis & Poirazidis, 2010). The economic gains they anticipate together with the gains expected for nature conservation can be inscribed in a 'productive forest' perception of forest health (Warren, 2007), which underlines the double objective of providing jobs in the forest industry while reducing the risk of wildfire. In that respect, local residents in Dadia present a position close to the emerging preventative paradigm in Mediterranean forested landscapes (Tàbara et al., 2003), which highlights the need to anticipate the intrinsic tendency of fire ignition as the highest priority. Finally, local people present ecotourism development as a distributive aspect related to nature conservation, since further investment in ecotourism would necessitate the reallocation of resources at the disposal of protected area managers for monitoring purposes and might initiate heated debates over natural and social carrying capacities. This position might indicate an implicit attempt to relate the risk concerning local unemployment rates attributed to the forest management regime to the risk of ecotourism development overriding carrying capacity thresholds. It has been reported that the existence of alternative branches of employment mediates views on the vulnerability of local forestry to nature conservation (Keskitalo & Lundmark, 2010; Stoffle & Minnis, 2008).
