**1.3 Case: Catchment forest reserve, Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania**

Mainland Tanzania has according to Blomley (2006) one of the most advanced community forestry jurisdictions in Africa, and Participatory Forest Management (PFM) has become the main strategy of the forest policy. He states that among the lessons learned is an increasing awareness of the importance of local forest users and managers and he espouses decentralized forest management schemes. The suggested indicator system is devised to support these efforts, and the results from an ecological study of the moist mountain forest plants at the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro are used as a case for the creation of the indicator (Hermansen et al*.*, 2008).

The indicator is meant to be embedded in the social context of the governmental forest policy especially the Catchment Forest Project (CFP) (Hermansen et al., 1985; Katigula, 1992; Kashenge, 1995; MNRT, 1998, 2001, 2006). Creation of the indicator embeds an interpretation of possible interests and use of local ecosystem resources by the Chagga people and community (Akitanda, 1994, 2002; Bart et al*.*, 2006; Misana, 1991, 2006; Newmark, 1991; Ngana, 2001, 2002; Soini, 2005; Stahl, 1964; Tagseth, 2006, 2008).

The Chagga people and community at the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro are included in this study as representatives for local stakeholders whose interests are then juxtaposed to the global interests. The interests of the Chagga people are presented here as an ideal typological position (space does not permit a serious and fair study of the relationship between the local community and ecosystem services). The indicators can be considered to be a measure of the interest conflicts between locals and globals, and also between ecology and people. The preparation and use of the indicator may then be a useful tool in a tool-box

First, ecology is addressed as a necessary knowledge system in an epistemological context for understanding the relationship and integration of natural resources to a globally recognized system, and second, the indigenous knowledge system is addressed in order to strengthen local motivation, control and proper management of community depending on a

To make a distinction between the local context and interests and the global context and interests, two stakeholder groups, *locals* and *globals,* are introduced. The denotation of the rather new and little used term globals is not explained in dictionaries. Baumann (1998) and Strassberg (2003) refer to globals as people who are relatively free from territorial constraints, obligation, and the duty to contribute to the daily life of a community. Locals are geographically bound and they may bear the consequences of globalization. Bird and Stevens (2003) elaborate on the relationship between proximate locals and globals that may find it more difficult to work with each other because of issues of *trust*. This article attempts to enhance the understanding of locals and globals to include not only interests but also the context of the understanding of the forest ecosystem in order to make an ecosystem indicator which is ecologically founded and accepted (global perspective) and locally

Scientifically oriented assessments and validations as well as normatively oriented assessments and validations are integrated with local understanding of the forest as a source of necessary ecological goods and services to the local community. To increase the momentum of an indicator system it may be designed as a *proximity-to-target* performance indicator. The process of deciding the targets provides an opportunity for locals and globals to make reflections concerning targets, i.e. the ecological quality of

Mainland Tanzania has according to Blomley (2006) one of the most advanced community forestry jurisdictions in Africa, and Participatory Forest Management (PFM) has become the main strategy of the forest policy. He states that among the lessons learned is an increasing awareness of the importance of local forest users and managers and he espouses decentralized forest management schemes. The suggested indicator system is devised to support these efforts, and the results from an ecological study of the moist mountain forest plants at the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro are used as a case for the creation of the

The indicator is meant to be embedded in the social context of the governmental forest policy especially the Catchment Forest Project (CFP) (Hermansen et al., 1985; Katigula, 1992; Kashenge, 1995; MNRT, 1998, 2001, 2006). Creation of the indicator embeds an interpretation of possible interests and use of local ecosystem resources by the Chagga people and community (Akitanda, 1994, 2002; Bart et al*.*, 2006; Misana, 1991, 2006; Newmark, 1991;

The Chagga people and community at the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro are included in this study as representatives for local stakeholders whose interests are then juxtaposed to the global interests. The interests of the Chagga people are presented here as an ideal typological position (space does not permit a serious and fair study of the relationship between the local community and ecosystem services). The indicators can be considered to be a measure of the interest conflicts between locals and globals, and also between ecology and people. The preparation and use of the indicator may then be a useful tool in a tool-box

sustainable use of the ecosystem resources in an ontological context.

**1.3 Case: Catchment forest reserve, Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania** 

Ngana, 2001, 2002; Soini, 2005; Stahl, 1964; Tagseth, 2006, 2008).

understood and equitable (local perspective).

indicator (Hermansen et al*.*, 2008).

the forest.

for the "*keepers of the forest*" (Studley, 2007) promoting interaction between the indigenous knowledge system, biodiversity and cultural diversity.
