**2.2 Purpose and objectives of CFEMI**

8 Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies

of indicators, deciding on norms and target values, and finally the presentation of the

Forest reserves in Tanzania have for more than 100 years been under different forest and forestry administration and management regimes from the German colonial time to the prevailing Catchment Forestry Project (CFP) launched in 1977 and organizationally situated under the Forestry and Beekeeping Division of the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources

In 1941, under British colonial time, a buffer zone, *The Half Mile Forestry Strip* (HMFS), was established as a social forest zone under local management of the Chagga Council at Mt. Kilimajaro (Kivumbi & Newmark, 1991). The management worked very well the first 20 years, but after independence in 1961 the management became more centralised and the zone itself came under heavy pressure, overexploitation and encroachment from local people partly due to population growth and partly due to ineffective management. Most of the approximately 800 meter broad buffer zone along the eastern and southern part of Mt. Kilimanjaro appears even today as a seriously damaged forest far from its natural state. Initially, the CFP did not manage the forest reserve well, and encroachment, deforestation and fragmentation of the catchment forests increased (Akitanda, 1994, 2002; Hermansen, 2008; Hermansen et al., 1985; Kashenge, 1995; Katigula, 1992; Lovett & Pocs, 1992; Mariki, 2000; Newmark, 1991; Sjaastad et al., 2003; William, 2003;). Lambrechts et al. (2002) has

verified the status and the extent of encroachment of the forest by aerial survey.

the strengthening of local forest management (Macqueen, 2006).

management purposes and ecological contents (Hermansen et al., 1985):

New national forest polices over the last 15 years have as a goal to improve the effectiveness and promote local responsibility towards a sustainable forest management practise (MNRT, 1998, 2001, 2006) with the development of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management in Tanzania (MNRT, 1999). Local participatory forestry (Blomley, 2006), forest management and democracy are all important issues and it not easy to find ways to transfer enough power and security to local communities and devise sustainable and effective local forest management (Wily, 2001). Global initiatives connected to fair trade strongly support

The objectives of the CFP can be summarized to promote the utilization of the forest resources in a sustainable manner, and secure that the three key functions - production of forest goods, water generation and conservation of biodiversity of the forest - are maintained. The following interpretation of objectives forms the relationship between

*Water generation: Regulation and conservation of water resources and supply in the catchment area; reduction of run off and soil erosion, which is especially important in moist mountain areas. Gene-pool conservation: Preventing extinction of rare and endemic plant and animal species in the diverse moist forest; it is essential to maintain biodiversity and keep the genetic potential for ecological and evolutionary purposes and for present and future utilisation of biological forest* 

*Production: Logging of indigenous tree species and supply of other forest products for local* 

A number of recent studies describe, explain and discuss the forest ecosystem at Mt. Kilimanjaro, and the threats to and use of forest resources (Bart et al., 2006; Bjørndalen, 1992; Hemp, 1999, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c; Howell, 1994; Katigula, 1992; Lovett & Pocs, 1992; Lyaruu, 2002, Madoffe et al., 2005, 2006; Mariki, 2000; Misana, 1991, 2006; Misana et al*.*, 2003*;* Ngana,

proximity-to-target performance indicator.

**2.1 Management of the catchment forest** 

and Tourism (MNRT).

*resources.* 

*consumption and sale.* 

CFEMI offers a composite indicator of relevant ecological features that can be recognised as essential for catchment forest management; namely the conservation and protection of a specified forested area that serves local people with ecosystem services in a global perspective. Management means to keep and even enhance the forest quality within the area in order to improve water conservation and generation, to protect biodiversity and to serve local people with forest goods.

The overall goal of CFEMI is to contribute to a broad stakeholder-oriented approach (Elkington, 1998; Grimble, 1998; Grimble & Wellard, 1997) to the knowledge and understanding of the forest and to promote an ecologically and socially wise use of the goods and services of the forest, including contributions to:


Classes of objectives encompass:


The act of creating the indicator encourages mediation of the ecological aspects into a logical structure from goals to corresponding objectives, practical variables, measurement procedure and collection of relevant data.
