**10. Acknowledgments**

*All the photographs provided here are from personal file and were taken in Microbiology unit" The Republican Research and Practical Centre for Epidemiology & and Microbiology, Filimonova 23, Minsk, Belarus". Thanks are principally due to Prof Gennady Konstantinovich Zhavnerko and prof Nikolai Nikolaevich Poleschuyk, who help and guide us to take this wonderful pictures from M. tuberculosis.* 

### **11. References**

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Fig. 5. Atomic force microscopy shows the Latent TB bacilli, after 48 months of latency

*All the photographs provided here are from personal file and were taken in Microbiology unit" The Republican Research and Practical Centre for Epidemiology & and Microbiology, Filimonova 23, Minsk, Belarus". Thanks are principally due to Prof Gennady Konstantinovich Zhavnerko and prof Nikolai Nikolaevich Poleschuyk, who help and guide us to take this wonderful pictures from* 

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**9** 

**Mycobacterial Strains of Different Virulence** 

Tuberculosis (TB), one of the major world health problems, is a chronic infection caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). In 2009, tuberculosis (TB) caused 1.7 million deaths and 9.4 million new cases. Although recent efforts to improve TB prevention, diagnosis and treatment have contributed to a 35% decrease in the death rate, the emergence of mycobacterial strains with highly virulent phenotypes combined with

Host-pathogen interactions during experimental pulmonary tuberculosis have been studied using laboratory mycobacterial strains of well defined, relatively homogeneous virulence. These studies have contributed to uncover immune evasion mechanisms evolved by mycobacteria, and their role to establishing chronic infections. Despite the successful models of experimental tuberculosis and the high homology among MTC strains, the immune mechanisms and the mycobacterial characteristics that cause the remarkable varying degrees of clinical virulence remain barely studied. Although previous reports partially described differences in immunopathogenesis and bacterial growth (R. Chacon-Salinas et al., 2005; J. Dormans et al., 2004; B. Lopez et al., 2003), the effects of different MTC strains both on airways DC and on T cell activation have not been assessed, especially in vivo.

Broadly, mycobacterium of intermediate virulence (e.g. M. tuberculosis H37Rv) seems to reduce DC migration to the mediastinal lymph nodes (A. J. Wolf et al., 2007) which could be associated with a delayed onset of specific effector T cell responses (G. S. Garcia-Romo et al., 2004; R. J. North & Y. J. Jung, 2004; A. J. Wolf et al., 2008), thus allowing early (during the first 4 weeks of infection) exponential Mtb replication. Around 30 days post-infection,

pandemic HIV infections has added new challenges to control TB.

Selene Meza-Pérez1, Fernando Muñoz-Teneria1,

Dulce Mata3, Juana Calderon-Amador1, Sergio Estrada-Parra2,

*1Department of Cell Biology Cinvestav-IPN,Mexico City, Mexico 2Department of Immunology ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico 3Department of Pathology INNSZ, Mexico City, Mexico*

Rogelio Hernández-Pando3, Iris Estrada-García2 and Leopoldo Flores-Romo1

**1. Introduction** 

 \*

**Trigger Dissimilar Patterns of Immune** 

**System Activation** *In Vivo*

*Department of Cell Biology Cinvestav-IPN,* 

Aaron Silva-Sanchez et al.\*

*Mexico City, Mexico* 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: using transmission electron microscopy. Chemo. 55:303-7

