**9. References**


mechanisms/processes across the epithelial layer of the gastro-intestinal tract into the bloodstream, as well as degradation or accumulation of foreign DNA in blood or other organs of animal species. In any case, the traceability of products from animals fed on

Alexander, T.W., Reuter, T., Aulrich, K., Sharma, R., Okine, E.K., Dixon, W.T., & McAllister,

Alibhai, M.F. & Stallings, W.C. (2001). Closing down on glyphosate inhibition – with a new

Appenzeller, L.M., Munley, S.M., Hoban, D., Sykes, G.P., Malley, L.A., Delaney, B. (2008).

Aulrich, K., Böhme, H., Daenicke, R., Halle, I., Flachowsky, G. (2001). Genetically modified

Aumaitre, A. (2004). Safety assessment and feeding value for pigs, poultry and ruminant

Baranov, A.S., Chernova, O.F., Feoktistova, N., Yu, Surov, A.V. (2010). A New Example of

Battistelli, S., Citterio, B., Baldelli, B., Parlani, C., Malatesta, M. (2010). Histochemical and

Benachour, N., Sipahutar, H., Moslemi, S., Gasnier, C., Travert, C., Séralini, G.E. (2007).

Benbrook, C. (2009). Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use: The first

Benedetti, A.L., Lourdes Vituri, C., de Trentin, A.G., Domingues, M.A.C., Alvarez-Silva, M.

cells. *Archives of Environmental Contaminant Toxicology*, 53, pp. 126-133. Benbrook, C.M. (2004). Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in the United States.

and ruminant nutrition. *Archives of Animal Nutrition*, 54, pp. 183-195. Aumaitre, A., Aulrich, K., Chesson, A., Flachowsky, G., Piva, G. (2002). New feed from

GM plants. *Italian Journal of Animal Science*, 3, pp. 107-121.

The first nine years. *BioTech InfoNet Technical*, 7.

thirteen years. The Organic Center, *Critical issues*, pp.1-47.

Glyphosate-Biocarb. Toxicolology Letters, 153, pp. 227-232.

Dawley rats. *Food Chem Toxicol*, 46, pp. 2201–13.

T.A. (2007). A review of the detection and fate of novel plant molecules derived from biotechnology in livestock production. *Animal Feed Science and Technology*, 133,

structure for drug discovery. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,* 98, pp.

Subchronic feeding study of herbicide-tolerant soybean DP-356Ø43-5 in Sprague–

feeds in animal nutrition. 1st Com.: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in poultry, pig

genetically modified plants: substantial equivalence, nutritional equivalence, digestibility, and safety for animals and the food chain. *Livestock Production Science*,

animals of pest protected (Bt) plants and herbicide tolerant (glyphosate, glufosinate) plants: interpretation of experimental results observed worldwide on

Ectopia: Oral Hair in Some Rodent Species. *Doklady Akademii Nauk*, 431, pp. 559–

morpho-metrical study of mouse intestine epithelium after a long term diet containing genetically modified soybean. *European Journal of Histochemistry,* 54, pp.

Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental

(2004). The effects of sub-chronic exposure of Wistar rats to the herbicide

GMOs is crucial.

**9. References** 

pp. 31-62.

2944-2946.

74, pp. 223-238.

562.

154-157.


Genetically Modified Soybean in Animal Nutrition 151

Khumnirdpetch, V., Intarachote, U., Treemanee, S., Tragoonroong, S., Thummabood, S.

Klinedinst, D. & Drinkwater, N. (1992). Mutagenesis by apurinic sites in normal and ataxia telangiectasia human lymphoblastoid cells. *Molecular Carcinogenesis*, 6, pp. 32-42. Klotz, A. & Einspanier, R. (1998). Detection of "novel-feed" in animals? Injury of consumers

Konig, A., Cockburn, A., Crevel, R.W.R., Debruyne, E., Grafstroem, R., Hammerling, U.,

Kuiper, H.A., Kleter, G.A. (2003). The scientific basis for risk assessment and regulation of genetically modified foods. *Trends of Food Science Technology*, 14, pp. 277-293. ISAAA (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications) (2010).

Magaña-Gómez, J.A., López Cervantes, G., Yepiz-Plascencia, G., Calderón De La Barca,

Malatesta, M., Caporaloni, C., Rossi, L., Battistelli, S., Rocchi, M.B.L., Tonucci, F., Gazzanelli,

Malatesta, M., Caporaloni, C., Gavaudan, S., Rocchi, M.B.L., Serani, S., Tiberi, C.,

Malatesta, M., Biggiogera, M., Manuali, E., Rocchi, M.B.L., Balzelli, B., Gazzanelli, G. (2003).

Malatesta M., Tiberi C., Baldelli B., Battistelli S., Manuali E., Biggiogera M. (2005).

Malatesta, M., Boraldi, F., Annovi, G., Balzelli, B., Battistelli, S., Biggiogera, M., Quaglino, D.

Malatesta, M., Perdoni, F., Santin, G., Battistelli, S., Muller, S., Biggiogera, M. (2008b).

Marc, J., Le Breton, M., Cormier, P., Morales, J., Bellé, R., Mulner-Lorillon, O. (2005). A

Martens, M.A. (2000). Safety evaluation of genetically modified foods. *Int. Arch. Occup.* 

A.M. (2008). Pancreatic response of rats fed genetically modied soybean. *J Appl* 

G. (2002a). Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic acinar cells from mice fed on

Gazzanelli, C. (2002b). Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei from mice fed on genetically modied soybean. *Cell* 

Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on genetically

Reversibility of hepatocyte nuclear modications in mice fed on genetically

(2008a). A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modied soybean:

Hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells as a model for investigating the effects of low concentrations of herbicide on cell structure and function. Toxicology *In Vitro*, 22,

glyphosate-based pesticide impinges on transcription. *Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol*., 203,

Country Hotel, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.

of meat or milk is not expected. *Mais*, 3, pp. 109–111.

Global Status of commercialised Biotech/GM crops: 2010.

genetically modied soybean. *Journal of Anatomy*, 201, 409–415.

modied soybean. *European Journal Histochemical*, 47, pp. 385–8.

modied soybean. *European Journal Histochemical*, 49, pp. 237–242.

effects on liver ageing. *Histochemistry Cell Biology*, 130, pp. 967–977.

http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications

*Structur and Function*, 27, pp. 173–180.

*Toxicol*, 28, pp. 217–226.

pp. 1853–1860.

*Environ. Health*, 73, pp. S14–S18.

pp. 1-8.

1088.

(2001). Detection of GMOs in the broilers that utilized genetically modified soybean meals as a feed ingredient. In *Plant & Animal Genome IX Conference*, Town and

Kimber, I., Knudsen, I., Kuiper, H.A., Peijnenburg, A.A.C.M., Penninks, A.H., Poulsen, M., Schauzu, M.,Wal, J.M. (2004). Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. *Food Chem. Toxicol.* , 42, pp. 1047–

genetically modied organism and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC. *Official Journal of Communities*, L106, 1–39.


European Commission (2003). Regulation (EC) 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) - GMO Panel Working Group on Animal Feeding

FAO/WHO (2000). Safety Aspects of Genetically Modified Foods of Plant Origin. Report of

Faust, M. (2000). Livestock products composition and detection of transgenic

Flachowsky, G., Aulrich, K., (2001). Nutritional assessment of feeds from genetically modified organism (GMO). *Journal of Animal Feed Science*, 10, pp. 181–194. Flachowsky, A., Chesson, A., Aulrich, K. (2005a). Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants. *Archive of Animal Nutrition*, 59, pp. 1-40. Flachowsky, G., Halle, I., Aulrich, K. (2005b). Long term feeding of Bt-corn—a 10 generation

Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S. & Becker, K. (2001). Anti-nutritional factors present in plant-

Franz, J.E., Mao, M.K. and Sikorski, J.A. (1997). Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide. In *ACS Monograph* American Chemical Society (Eds.), Washington D.C., pp. 27-64. Gasnier, C., Dumont, C., Benachour, N., Clair, E., Chagnon, M.C., Séralini, G.E. (2009).

Halle, I., Aulrich, K., Flachowsky, G. (2006), Four generations feeding GMO-corn to laying

Hammond, B.G., Vicini, J.L., Hartnell, G.F., Naylor, M.W., Knight, C.D., Robinson, E.H.,

Hemre, G.I., Sanden, M., Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Sagstad, A., Krogdhal, A. (2005). Growth,

Jennings, J.C., Kolwyck, D.C., Kays, S.B., Whetsell, A.J., Surber, J. B., Cromwell, G.L., Lirette,

Ready soybean meal. *Journal of Animal Science*, 81, pp. 1447–1455.

study with quails. *Archives of Animal Nutrition*, 59, pp. 449–451.

*Official Journal of Communities*, L106, 1–39.

World Health Organization, Geneva. FAO (2004). The state of food and agriculture 2003-2004.

lines. *Toxicology,* 262, pp. 184–191

*Nutrition*, 11, pp.157-167.

hens. *Proc Soc Nutr Physiol* , 15, 114 (Abstract).

glyphosate tolerance. *Journal of Nutrition*, 126, pp. 717–727.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5160e/y5160e10.html

*Biotechnology Market*, pp. 1-48, Baltimore MD, USA.

*Eur Communities*, L268, 1–23

S70.

197–227.

genetically modied organism and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC.

of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modied food and feed. *Off J* 

Trials (2008). Safety and nutritional assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: The role of animal feeding trials. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 46, pp. S2-

a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Foods Derived from Biotechnology.

DNA/proteins. *Proceeding of Annual Meeting ADAS-ASAS Agricultural and* 

derived alternate sh feed ingredients and their effects in sh. *Aquaculture*, 199, pp.

Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell

Fuchs, R.L. and Padgette, SR. (1996). The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of

feed utilization and health of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. fed genetically modified compared to non-modified commercial hybrid soybeans. *Aquaculture* 

R.P., Glenn, K.C. (2003). Determining whether transgenic and endogenous plant DNA and transgenic protein are detectable in muscle from swine fed Roundup


Genetically Modified Soybean in Animal Nutrition 153

Ran, T., Mei, L., Lei, W., Aihua, L., Ru, H., Jie, S. (2009). Detection of transgenic DNA in

Relyea, A.A. (2005). The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities. *Ecological Applications,* 15, pp. 618-627. Richard, S., Moslemi, S., Sipahutar, H., Benachour, N., Seralini, G.-E. (2005). Differential

Sagstad, A., Sanden, M., Krogdahl, A., Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Froystad, M., Hemre, G.-I.

Sakamoto, Y., Tada, Y., Fukumori, N., Tayama, K., Ando, H., Takahashi, H. (2007). A 52-

Sakamoto, Y., Tada, Y., Fukumori, N., Tayama, K., Ando, H., Takahashi, H. (2008). A 104-

Sanden, M., Bruce, I.J., Rahman, M.A., Hemre, G.-I. (2004). The fate of transgenic sequences

Savitz, D.A., Arbuckle, T., Kaczor, D., Curtis, K.M. (2000). Male pesticide exposure and

Saxena, D. & Stotzky, G. (2001). Bt corn has a higher lignin content than non-Bt corn. *Am. J.* 

Schubbert, R., Lettmann, C., Doerfler, W. (1994). Ingested foreign (phage M 13) DNA

Schubbert, R., Renz, D., Schmitz, B., Doerfler, W. (1997). Foreign (M13) DNA ingested by

Schubbert, R., Hohlweg, U., Renz, D., Doerfler, W. (1998). On the fate of orally ingested

Seralini, G.E., Mesnage, R., Clair, E., Gress, S., Spiroux de Vendomois, J., Cellier, D. (2011),

Sharma, R., Alexander, T.W., John, S.J., Dugan, M.E. R., Aalhus, J.L., Stanford, K.,

(Roundup Ready). *Aquaculture Research*, 40, pp. 1350-1357.

modified parental line. *Aquaculture Nutrition*, 14, pp. 556-572.

Environmental Health Perspective, 113, pp. 716-720.

*Hygiene Society of Japan*, 48, pp. 41–50.

*Hygiene Society of Japan*, 49, pp. 272–282.

*Salmo salar* L. *Aquaculture*, 237, pp. 391–405.

*Molecular Genetics*, 242, pp. 495-504.

fetus. *Molecular Genetics*, 259, pp. 569–576.

*Bot*., 88, pp. 1704–1706.

966.

10

pregnancy outcome. *Am. J. Epidemiol,.* 146, pp. 1025-1036.

tilapias (*Oreochromis niloticus*, GIFT strain) fed genetically modified soybeans

effects of glyphosate and Roundup on human placental cells and aromatase.

(2008). Organs development, gene expression and health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed genetically modified soybeans compared to the near-isogenic non-

week feeding study of genetically modied soybeans in F344 rats. *Journal Food* 

week feeding study of genetically modied soybeans in F344 rats. *Journal Food* 

present in genetically modified plant products in fish feed, investigating the survival of GM soybean DNA fragments during feeding trials in Atlantic salmon,

survives transiently in the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream of mice.

mice reaches peripheral leukocytes, spleen, and liver via the intestinal wall mucosa and can be covalently linked to mouse DNA. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,* 94, pp. 961-

foreign DNA in mice: chromosomal association and placental transmission to the

Genetically modified crops safety assessments: present limits and possible improvements. *Environmental Sciences Europe,* 23, pp. 10. doi:10.1186/2190-4715-23-

Mcallister, T.A. (2004). Relative stability of transgene DNA fragments from GM rapeseed in mixed ruminal cultures. *British Journal of Nutrition*, 91, pp. 673-681. Sidhu, R.S., Hammond, B.G., Fuchs, R.L., Mutz, J.-N., Holden, L.R., George, B. & Olson, T.

(2000). Glyphosate-tolerant corn: The composition and feeding value of grain from


Martin-Orúe, S.M., O'Donnell, A.G., Arino, J., Netherwood, T., Gilbert, H.J., Mathers, J.C.

in human intestinal simulations. *British Journal of Nutrition*, 87, pp. 533–542. Mathesius, C.A., Barnett, J.F., Cressman, R.F., Ding, J., Carpenter, C., Ladics, G.S., Schmidt,

McAllan, A.B. (1982). The fate of nucleic acids in ruminants. *Proc Nutr Soc*, 41, pp. 309-317. McNaughton, J., Roberts, M., Smith, B., Rice, D., Hinds, M., Sanders, C., Layton, R., Lamb, I.,

McNaughton, J., Roberts, M., Rice, D., Smith, B., Hinds, M., Delaney, B., Iiams, C., Sauber, T.

performance and egg quality measures. *Poultry Science*, 90 (2), pp. 377-389. Neterwood, T., Martin-Orúe, S.M., O'Donnell, A.G., Gockling, S., Graham, J., Mathers, J.C.,

Nielsen, C.R., Berdal, K.J., Bakke-McKellep, A.M., Holst-Jensen, A. (2005). Dietary DNA in

Novak, W.K. & Hasleberger, A.G. (2000). Substantial equivalence of anti-nutrients and

Olli, J.J., Krogdahl, A., van den Ingh, T.S.G.A.M. & Brattas, L.E. (1994). Nutritive value of

Owen, M.D.K., Zelaya, I.A. (2005). Herbicide-resistant crops and weed resistance to

Padgette, S.R., Biest Taylor, N., Nida, D.L., Bailey, M.R., MacDonald, J., Holden, L.R., Fuchs,

Pandey, A., Kamle, M., Yadava, L.P., Muthukumar, M., Kumar, P., Gupta, V., Ashfaque, M.,

Phipps, R.H., Deaville, E.R., Maddison, B.C. (2003). Detection of transgenic and endogenous

Piva, G., Morlacchini, M., Pietri, A., Piva, A., Casadei, G., (2001a). Performance of weaned

Piva, G., Morlacchini, M., Pietri, A., Rossi, F., Grandini, A., (2001b). Growth performance of

that of conventional soybean. *Journal of Nutrition*, 126, pp. 702–716.

soybean meal, hulls, and oil. *Poultry Science*, 87, pp. 2549–2561.

gastrointestinal tract. *Nature Biotechnology*, 22, pp. 204-209.

*Pharmacol*, 55, pp. 309–320.

*Technology*, 221, pp. 1–8.

*Toxicology*, 38, pp. 473–483.

*Scandinave A Animal Science*, 44, pp. 50–60.

assessments. *Biotechnology*, 9, pp. 444-458.

*Science*, 79, pp. 106(Abstract) .

*Science*, 80 (Suppl. 1), 320 (Abstract).

herbicides. *Pest Management Science*, 61, pp. 301-311.

dairy cows. *Journal of Dairy Science*, 86, pp. 4070–4078.

(2002). Degradation of transgenic DNA from genetically modified soya and maize

J., Layton, R.J., Zhang, J.X.Q. , Appenzeller, L.M., Carlson, G., Ballou, S., Delaney, B. (2009). Safety assessment of a modied acetolactate synthase protein (GM-HRA) used as a selectable marker in genetically modied soybeans. *Regul Toxicol* 

Delaney B. (2008). Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing event DP-3Ø5423-1, nontransgenic near-isoline control, or commercial reference

(2011). Nutritional equivalency evaluation of transgenic maize grain from event DP-O9814O-6 and transgenic soybeans containing event DP-356O43-5: laying hen

Gilbert, H.J. (2004). Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human

blood and organs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). *European Food Research and* 

inherent plant toxins in genetically modied novel foods. *Food Chemistry and* 

four soy products in diets for Atlantic salmon (*Salmo salar* L.). *Acta Agriculture* 

R.L. (1996). The composition of glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to

Pandey, B.K. (2010). Genetically modified food: Its uses, future prospects and safety

plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating

piglets fed insect-protected (MON 810) or near isogenic corn. *Journal of Animal* 

broilers fed insect-protected (MON 810) or near isogenic control corn. *Poultry* 


**8** 

**Molecular Markers:** 

Eduardo Antonio Gavioli

*Department of Agronomy* 

*Taquaritinga* - *SP* 

*Brazil* 

**Assisted Selection in Soybeans** 

*Taquaritinguense Institute of Higher Education – ITES* 

Modern agriculture seeks increasing gains in productivity, due to great demand for food and the reduction of new agricultural frontiers. A major concern relates to fungal diseases and pest damage, and productivity growth necessarily implies reducing losses caused by

Genetic improvement provides plants with different degrees of resistance, which can be used by farmers, making the most economical and efficient management. The process of obtaining resistant cultivars is usually done by the transfer of resistance alleles from exotic sources, which need further evaluation. This strategy has been used successfully in breeding

The evaluation process in plants is an improvement methodology with high cost, complex and subject to environmental variations. Another problem encountered concerns the manipulation of plant pathogens in a place where they occur. As an alternative to overcome the problems mentioned above are used molecular markers. With the development of research in molecular biology, there was the possibility of having one more tool in breeding

The markers can be classified according to the methodology used to identify them: hybridization - RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) or amplification of DNA - RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA); SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions); microsatellites (or SSR - Simple Sequence Repeats) and AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). The markers are based on natural variation in DNA

The use of molecular markers was initiated in the last century, when Bateson & Punnett (1905) indicated the possibility of linkage between genes controlling characteristics of petal color and shape of pollen grain.The strategy of using molecular markers requires basic knowledge about the genetic nature of the trait studied, classifying it as a qualitative or quantitative (Ferreira & Grattapaglia, 1995), whose difference is based on the magnitude of

Molecular markers can be a useful tool to monitor the transfer of alleles of interest. In the early stages of intermediate and improving the process is efficient, but final confirmation is

This need for phenotypic analysis requires quality in the polls so that the marker may reflect the field conditions. The test is performed with molecular markers using only a small

**1. Introduction** 

these organisms.

programs for many years.

programs, using DNA as the basic material.

sequence and have Mendelian segregation.

the effect of replacing one allele by another in a given locus.

essential in field conditions (Alzate-Marin et al., 2005).

glyphosate-tolerant corn is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.). *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, 48, pp. 2305-2312.

