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**2** 

John V. Wiersma

*United States* 

**Importance of Seed [Fe] for** 

**Improved Agronomic Performance** 

*University of Minnesota/Northwest Research and Outreach Center* 

Plants require a continuous supply of iron (Fe) to maintain proper growth. Although the most abundant micronutrient in surface soils (Fageria et al., 2002), Fe is the most limiting to agricultural production throughout the world (Kochian, 2000) and to soybean production in the North Central United States (Hansen et al., 2003). Iron deficiency is a complex disorder and occurs in response to multiple soil, environmental, and genetic factors. Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is symptomatic of the disorder and commonly observed on high pH, highly calcareous soils. Planting Fe deficiency- resistant soybean [*Glycine max.* (L.) Merr.] varieties has been promoted as the best strategy to alleviate or avoid Fe deficiency where soybean is grown on high pH, highly-calcareous soils (Fairbanks et al., 1987; Goos and Johnson, 2000; Naeve and Rehm, 2006). However, screening nurseries used to identify more resistant varieties based on visual chlorosis scores (VCS) do not always provide consistent, reliable results. A major obstacle to breeding for Fe chlorosis resistance in soybean has been that Fe deficiency symptoms and resistance scores cannot be consistently replicated among experiments. Inconsistent results preclude precise recommendations. Naeve and Rehm (2006), using nine highly tolerant and one moderately tolerant genotype, concluded that variety evaluation for IDC must be done at multiple IDC prone locations with varying soil chemical factors. One hypothesis is that this lack of consistency is probably due to the complex chemical and physical criteria in both the plant and soil that must be met for chlorosis to occur (Fairbanks, 2000; Naeve and Rehm, 2006). A more accurate and precise estimate of resistance to Fe deficiency may be expressed by a different plant character. Ideally, plant traits measured to characterize resistance to Fe deficiency would be accurate, precise, simple, rapid, and inexpensive. Few plant traits or measures satisfy all of these requirements. For resistance to Fe deficiency, the "measure of choice" for decades (Weiss, 1943; Cianzio et al., 1979; Froehlich and Fehr, 1981; Fairbanks et al., 1987; Penas, et al., 1990; Goos and Johnson, 2000; Helms et al., 2010) has been a subjective, discontinuous, visual estimate of the degree of chlorosis, i.e. VCS, of the most recently fully-expanded middle leaflet of the third or developmentally younger trifoliolate. Cianzio et al. (1979) concluded that evaluation of foliar chlorosis, rather than measurement of chlorophyll concentration, is the most efficient procedure for comparison of cultivars because it requires relatively less labor. However, visual estimates of chlorosis when only the first trifoliolate leaf is fully

**1. Introduction** 

**and Efficient Genotype Selection** 

