**7. Conclusions**

In general this chapter illustrates the capability of hyperspectral remote sensing technologies in environmental stress studies and for timely making informed decisions in vegetation management. Our results demonstrate the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing methods, spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence in particular, for detection, discrimination and assessment of the effects of single and combined environmental stresses (salinity and enhanced UV-B radiation). A comparative analysis was performed between the changes of the leaf spectral reflectance characteristics, fluorescence spectra and values of the stress markers (phenols, malondialdehyde, thiol groups, proline, hydrogen peroxide), and chlorophyll content that were estimated by biochemical methods. As a result we obtained accurate and complementary benchmarking for plant responses to the environmental stress investigated.

The research and technological advances in the field of remote sensing have greatly improved the ability to detect and quantify environmental stresses that affect the productivity of agricultural vegetation. Hyperspectral remote sensing has made big progress with the advance of technique that has also increased the demand of its application for conducting, easily and without damage, rapid health condition assessments of vegetation cover. Further progress can be expected through extension of the intercomparison of techniques, the parallel refinement of experimentally derived approaches and modelling, and by defining the optimum strategies reflecting different user requirements for scaling methods up to the canopy level. Modern management of agricultural resources is a complex endeavour that is now benefiting from a convergence of technical advances in information sciences, geographic positioning capabilities, and remote sensing systems. Using hyperspectral remote sensing as a tool for precision agriculture is a new field of research. Future work is necessary to further explore the full potential of this technology. The more programs and projects conducted in the recent years, the more models developed or improved for hyperspectral data processing to promote its applications.

### **8. References**


compared mean *pSt* mean *pSt* mean λ1/λ1c 0.440 0.967 0.441 0.832 0.380 λ2/λ2c 0.878 0.028 0.985 0.039 0.821 λ3/λ3c 0.836 0.010 0.873 0.041 0.811 λ5/λ5c 0.616 0.853 0.615 0.789 0.621 Table 15. Significance p-level of the t-criterion in the cases of 40 mM NaCl+UV-B and 80 mM

In general this chapter illustrates the capability of hyperspectral remote sensing technologies in environmental stress studies and for timely making informed decisions in vegetation management. Our results demonstrate the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing methods, spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence in particular, for detection, discrimination and assessment of the effects of single and combined environmental stresses (salinity and enhanced UV-B radiation). A comparative analysis was performed between the changes of the leaf spectral reflectance characteristics, fluorescence spectra and values of the stress markers (phenols, malondialdehyde, thiol groups, proline, hydrogen peroxide), and chlorophyll content that were estimated by biochemical methods. As a result we obtained accurate and complementary benchmarking for plant responses to the environmental stress

The research and technological advances in the field of remote sensing have greatly improved the ability to detect and quantify environmental stresses that affect the productivity of agricultural vegetation. Hyperspectral remote sensing has made big progress with the advance of technique that has also increased the demand of its application for conducting, easily and without damage, rapid health condition assessments of vegetation cover. Further progress can be expected through extension of the intercomparison of techniques, the parallel refinement of experimentally derived approaches and modelling, and by defining the optimum strategies reflecting different user requirements for scaling methods up to the canopy level. Modern management of agricultural resources is a complex endeavour that is now benefiting from a convergence of technical advances in information sciences, geographic positioning capabilities, and remote sensing systems. Using hyperspectral remote sensing as a tool for precision agriculture is a new field of research. Future work is necessary to further explore the full potential of this technology. The more programs and projects conducted in the recent years, the more models developed

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**12**

**Mueller Matrix Model** 

Shamaraz Firdous

*Pakistan* 

**Polarization Sensitive Optical Imaging and** 

*National Institute of Lasers & Optronics (NILOP), Islamabad,* 

**Characterization of Soybean Using Stokes-**

Light polarimetry is a useful tool by which to analyze the modification in the shape and orientation of the field vectors of the electromagnetic radiation which propagates through scattering medium. Among the methods available to analyze turbid media, the use of polarized light has attracted much attention recently, as it has been discovered that multiply scattered photons still maintain partial polarization. [1-4] A typical experiment entails launching a known polarization state in light into a turbid sample and measuring the polarization properties of the reemitted light. The detected signal depends on many variables, including the number and nature of scattering events, the incident polarization state, and the detection geometry. [5-7] In the past few years, several groups have shown how polarization sensitive scattering measurements can be used to measure certain properties of turbid medium such as the average particle size, [8] scattering coefficient, anisotropy factor of particle suspensions , [9] optical material characterization, [10-11] and the study of biological materials. [11-13] An optical polarizers and retarders are rotated to provide additional incident and analyzed polarization states to enable the reconstruction of the 2-D Mueller matrix of various biological sample [14-15]. It has also been shown that the benefits of using polarized light can be combined with different optical modalities. For example, the benefit of using of polarized light in optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Furthermore, the measurement of polarization parameters of the light scattered benefits from a relatively simple, fast, and convenient data acquisition procedure, [18-19] which motivates the ongoing efforts aimed at further developing the scattering polarization imaging technology. If some of the light retained its polarization properties upon multiple scattering at 1800 transmittion mode and this effect could be quantified and exploited, potentially useful measurements could be made in almost any clinical situation. Since light in the visible and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is not harmful to biological tissues at moderate flounce levels, has a penetration depth of several millimeters, and has a reasonable chance of scattering out of the tissue and being detected, it would be ideal for making noninvasive measurements. Other practical reasons for studying the behavior of light at 180° would be for the possibility of spatial imaging to map out the locations of sample structures and compositions, and to gain a better general understanding

measurements can significantly improve image contrast. [16-17]

**1. Introduction**

of turbid systems. [20-22]

