**7. References**


auto-regulation mutants that have an abundant number of nodules do not necessarily fix more nitrogen and often have a reduced shoot growth. Thus, by understanding primordium formation and meristem activity in soybean, we might use this information to alter nodulation architecture leading to less energy demanding nodule formation. CLE peptides are small secreted peptides derived from the C-terminal region of pre-proproteins. They control the balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation in plant developmental processes and fulfil as yet largely undefined roles in nodule development. A genome-wide survey of CLE peptides in soybean resulted in the identification of 39 GmCLE genes (Mortier et al., 2011). Two different CLE expression patterns were identified; one of these was linked with nodule primordium development and the other was linked with nodule maturation. We conclude that group-III CLE peptides are produced in the nodules and that they are involved in primordium homeostasis and in auto-regulation of nodulation

Phenotypic and molecular markers can be equally important in plant breeding programmes. The identification of "perfect" marker gene(s) conferring the required traits related to enhanced drought tolerance might prove to be elusive because abiotic stress tolerance is a multi-genic trait. Much current research effort in soybean breeding is focused on this goal. There is an urgent need of validated linked markers for stress tolerance. The usefulness of the different markers discussed above in MAS depends on many factors, not least the available infrastructure, technical expertise and the relevance of the technology to the traits under consideration. New and improved technologies for molecular marker selection are developing rapidly but the application of such technologies to plant breeding programmes remains slow. Unfortunately, there is still a wide gulf between advances in basic knowledge of the genes and proteins that underpin stress tolerance mechanisms and the successful application of this knowledge through MAS approaches in plant breeding programmes.

MDP was funded by the South African Protein Research Trust and the National Research Foundation in South Africa and BMG was funded by Subprograma Estancias de movilidad posdoctoral en centros extranjeros (2009), Ministerio de Educación (Spain). BAF was financially supported by CIAT, Colombia. This work was funded by EU FP7 (PIRSES-GA-

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**10** 

Jongil Chung

*Republic of Korea* 

**Identification and Confirmation of SSR Marker** 

Soybean [*Glycine max* (*L.*) Merr.,] is considered a high quality source of oil and protein for food and feed. However, the several antinutritional factors ( lipoxygenase, trypsin inhibitor, lectin, and P34 allergen protein) present in raw mature soybean seeds. Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) protein has been proposed as one of the major antinutritional factor (Westfall and Hauge, 1948). KTI protein is a small, monomeric and non-glycosylated protein containing 181 amino acid residues. This 21.5 kDa non-glycosylated protein was first isolated and crystallized from soybean seeds by Kunitz (1945). KTI protein can cause the induction of pancreatic enzyme hypersecretion and a fast stimulation of pancreas growth, which is histologically described as pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia (Liencer, 1995). Also, KTI may cause unfavorable physiological effects (Vasconcelos et al., 2001) and decrease weight gain in animals (Palacios et al., 2004). Proper heat processing is required to destroy KTI protein. However, excessive heat treatment may lower amino acid availability. The genetic removal of the KTI protein will improve the nutritional value of soybean. From the USDA germplasm collection, two soybean accessions (PI157440 and PI196168) lacking the KTI protein have been identified (Orf and Hymowitz, 1979). Based on the availability of soybean null lines lacking the KTI protein, it was suggested that KTI protein is not essential for soybean growth or development. Five electrophoretic forms of KTI have been discovered. The genetic control of four forms, *Ti a*, *Ti b*, *Ti c*, and *Ti d*, has been reported as a codominant multiple allelic series at a single locus (Singh et al., 1969; Hymowitz and Hadley, 1972; Orf and Hymowitz, 1979). Orf and Hymowitz (1979) found that the fifth form does not exhibit a soybean trypsin inhibitor-A2 band and is inherited as a recessive allele designated *ti*. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences of polymorphic variants of KTI have revealed that there is a large sequence differences in nine amino acid residues between *Ti a* and *Ti b* (Song et al., 1993; Wang et al., 2004). Each *Ti c*, *Ti d* and *Ti e* differ by

al., 2004). The *Ti* locus has been located on linkage group 9 in the classical linkage map of soybean (Hildebrand et al., 1980; Kiang, 1987), which is integrated in molecular linkage map A2 (chromosome number 8) of the USDA/Iowa State University soybean molecular linkage

**1. Introduction** 

only one amino acid from *Ti a* type and *Ti f*

map (Cregan et al., 1999).

**Tightly Linked to the Ti Locus in Soybean** 

**[***Glycine max* **(L.) Merr.]** 

differs by one amino acid from *Ti b* type (Wang et

*Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang* 

*National University, Chinju,* 

