**8. References**


the characteristic of interest: the greater the association, the lower the chance of recombination between the marker and gene controlling the trait, with a higher selection efficiency. The use of molecular markers presents several advantages over morphological markers: lack of phenotypic analysis, which has high cost and difficulty in performing; no need for special environments (drought and inoculation with pathogens); allows for subjective evaluations (performance organoleptic); there is no destruction of the plant evaluated; allowing the early identification of features found only in advanced stages of

In plant breeding, there are some challenges, and obtain individuals with the gene combination desirable for the features of interest, presented as one. Two factors are involved in resolving the issue: the existence of variability and the selection process. The

Molecular markers may help in the selection process for individuals as well as in the process of reviewing the existing diversity. The applications follow some peculiarities and the

The advantages and limitations of these tools were described in the chapter and serve as a basis for further studies and investigated. The speed in the generation of new knowledge requires much intellectual and financial investment from the professionals working in the

I especially thank my wife Rita de Cássia and daughter Mariana for the encouragement and

I thank the authors cited in the chapter, because without their research, it would be

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I thank my family for their confidence in my work.

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**7. Acknowledgments** 

**8. References** 


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**9** 

*1South Africa* 

*2UK* 

**Identification and Application of Phenotypic** 

Berhanu Amsalu Fenta1, Urte Schluter1, Belen Marquez Garcia2, Magdeleen DuPlessis1, Christine H. Foyer2 and Karl J. Kunert1 *1Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Plant Science Department,* 

*2Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT,* 

Soybean is a sub-tropical crop, however, its present cultivation range extends from temperate regions to the tropics. The sustainability and predictability of soybean crop production can therefore be severely restricted by environmental stresses. Of these, drought stress is considered to be the cause of major limitations in yield, particularly for soybean crops grown in rain-fed areas (Manavalan et al., 2009; Siddique et al., 2001). The detrimental effects of drought on plant metabolism arise largely from osmotic constraints particularly to the cytoplasm (Lopes et al., 2011). Varieties that are able to grow well under stressful conditions and retain high yields have therefore great potential economic importance. Ideally, therefore, such varieties must be able to sustain growth under limited water supply, conditions that also cause nutrient deprivation and exacerbate the production of reactive

The production of drought-tolerant soybean varieties is a major goal of many plant breeders but progress to date remains slow. Intensive research efforts have identified a variety of genes and processes that are affected by drought in soybean (see for example, Chen et al., 2007 a, b). Similarly, much is known about how drought-induced changes in plant metabolism and gene expression influence plant growth, development and yield. However, sustained increases in soybean yield under stressful conditions will require improved crop management practices as well as new soybean varieties with enhanced drought tolerance. Many research groups world-wide are involved in the identification of phenotypic and molecular markers for application in marker-assisted breeding programs. A range of robust phenotypic and molecular markers are required to assist cultivar evaluation for stress tolerance. Ideally, any selected markers should be able to discriminate between stresstolerant and sensitive soybean cultivars using rapid, inexpensive methods. It is an advantage to have markers that do not require destruction of the plants or plant organs, particularly as the assessment of non-destructive markers allows greater consistency in measurements over time. The routine use of molecular markers in soybean breeding

oxygen species (Lopes et al., 2011; Foyer & Shigeoka, 2011).

**1. Introduction** 

**and Molecular Markers for Abiotic** 

**Stress Tolerance in Soybean** 

*University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria;* 

recombinant inbred line populations segregating for yield and disease resistance. *Crop Science*, Vol.42, pp.271-277.

