**5. References**

90 Soybean – Genetics and Novel Techniques for Yield Enhancement

Fig. 8. Expression of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.24) at 3, 6 and 9 dai after infection with SCN in an incompatible interaction with soybean roots (Data from Klink *et al.* 2007b) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.24; Fig. 7; Data from Klink *et* 

While microarray studies of genes expressed in the incompatible reaction of soybean plants against SCN revealed an increase in transcript levels of certain genes encoding enzymes involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, jasmonic acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, pathogenesis related proteins, flavonoid biosynthesis, and the methionine salvage pathway (Klink *et al.,* 2010; Alkharouf *et al*., 2006), the expression of many genes encoding proteins having regulatory and signaling functions, such as cyclins, phosphokinases and transcription factors, were also affected. Genes encoding enzymes belonging to pathways depicted in KEGG and that were highly preferentially expressed were related to those KEGG pathways using PAICE software (Hosseini *et al.,* in preparation) to make interpretation of the data easier. Thus, relationships among genes and pathways

Soybean genes involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis are up-regulated during nematode feeding and several lines of evidence indicate that the gluconeogenesis is occurring. This would allow soybean cells to provide carbohydrates as an energy source to the nematode. Genes encoding enzymes involved in cell wall molding are up-regulated, including cellulases, pectinesterases and xyloglucanases. These increases in gene expression allow the development and expansion of the syncytium for nematode feeding. Genes encoding important enzymes involved in the synthesis of jasmonic acid are down-regulated in the compatible interaction. This would quench the defense response controlled by jasmonic acid and related compounds and allow the nematode to grow and develop in a compatible

*al.* 2007b).

were recognized with less difficulty.

**3. Conclusions** 


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**5** 

*Argentina* 

**Phenotypic and Genotypic Variability in** 

María G. Latorre Rapela, Mauro A. Colombini, Ana M. González,

More than 100 fungal diseases affecting soybean (*Glycine max* (L.) Merr.) culture have been found worldwide, though only 35 of them are of great economic concern since they cause a

In Argentina, "Late-cycle diseases" (LCD) constitute a complex of infections affecting the culture of this leguminous, particularly in the reproductive stages. The first symptoms appear from the onset of carpel formation, thus producing premature plant maturation, a reduction in yield (5 to 8%) and seed quality loss. Due to the climate conditions of the region, leaf blight and purple seed stain, is one of the LCD prevailing in the central-northern

The causal agent of the disease is the fungus *Cercospora kikuchii* (T. Matsumoto & Tomoyasu) M.W. Gardner, which produces irregular injuries on the leaves, forming reddish-purple necrotic areas, pale pink to dark purple stains on the seeds, together with cracks on the outer coat (Formento, 2005). *C. kikuchii* belongs to the *Cercospora* taxonomic complex*,* which is assumed to be host-specific (Crous & Braun, 2003), and therefore its species are normally identified from the phenotypic characteristics they show when grown on their natural substrate, being much more difficult to be characterized from artificial media (Almeida et

One of the most important factors determining the pathogenicity of this fungus is the production of cercosporin, a red exotoxin (Kuyama & Tamura, 1957; Upchurch et al.,1991). Another aspect to consider is the genetic variability found in some fungi, which has determined the description of different races; that is why the use of some methodology to detect inter- and intraspecific variations between isolates is recommended (Kuyama & Tamura, 1957). In this sense, the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique allows the differentiation between strains since amplification focuses only on the whole

Although some Brazilian research groups have been studying aspects related with this phytopathogen (Almeida et al., 2003) only a few reports have been found in Argentina and, in particular in Santa Fe Province, about epidemiology and population structure of

10 to 15% yield decrease (Ivancovich & Botta, 2003; Yeh & Sinclair, 1980).

region of Santa Fe Province (Formento, 2005; Ivancovich & Botta, 2003).

**1. Introduction** 

al., 2005; Gams et al., 2007).

*C. kikuchii.* 

genome (Tigano et al., 2003; Williams et al., 1990).

*Cercospora kikuchii* **Isolates from** 

Stella M. Vaira, Roxana Maumary, Mónica C. Mattio,

**Santa Fe Province, Argentina** 

Elena Carrera and María C. Lurá *Universidad Nacional del Litoral* 

