**5. References**


As summarized in the introduction, self-assembled supramolecular structures and research on self-assembly of amphiliphilc molecules are always in limelight, since, any one of the hypothetical theories will provide the answer for the question on how the life is originated? Though supramolecular structures of synthetic chemicals and polymers were made under various environmental conditions, preparation of biological supramolecules needs intensive research. The results of our study emphasize the role of microbes and the microbial products on transformation of simple vegetable oils to supramolecular structures under *in situ* conditions. These findings have the pathway for the new approaches on how the live cells are involved in the formation of supramolecular structures. The reproducibility of the

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results of our study exemplifies, more avenues for future research.

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**3. Conclusion** 

**4. Acknowledgment** 

(23-43).

2537).

**5. References** 


**15** 

Muhammad Zia

*Pakistan* 

**Soybean: Plant Manipulation to** *Agrobacterium*

Revolution in plant biotechnology can be categorized into in vitro culture and genetic transformation. Plant regeneration was successfully achieved in 1950's while production of transgenic plant was accomplished in 80's. For production of transformants, in vitro

Soybean has been cultured through organogenesis and embryogenesis but still it is considered recalcitrant. Many explant types has been subjected for shoot induction but immature cotyledons and cotyledonary node of mature seeds got attention in recent years due to high number of shoot production in less time period. But still nature of culture media, application of plant growth regulator and environmental conditions affect on regeneration efficiency. If all constrains are consistent, genotype dependency along with age

Plant cell and tissue culture or in vitro manipulation of plant is the key of modern plant biotechnology. Whole plant can be regenerated under aseptic conditions (in glass vessels) using tissues and even cell when provided balanced nutritional conditions. This technology successfully lead to production of elite cultivars, conservation of endangered plant, production of virus free plant, safeguarding of germplasm and production of secondary metabolites. Beside all these, establishment of culturing protocol is main principle in near about all transgenic plant production strategies. Ability of cell to generate into whole organism is attributed to totipotency and plant cells are unique in this case. However, understanding culture conditions with regard to plant species and explant type is critical for development of reliable system. The physiology of explant is more important because stage and age of explant respond differentially under same conditions. While, some plant species can be easily propagated and some species demand variability in growth regulator(s)

The development of successful tissue culture procedure demand appropriate physiological and chemical conditions. Physiological settings include temperature, pH, light and humidity. As a matter of concern, plant cells and tissues have capability to accommodate minor variations in these parameters. However, regarding chemical environment, that include growth medium and hormone, a little variation may wrench the ability of

**1. Introduction** 

concentration(s).

culturing strategies are prerequisite.

of explants can not be neglected.

**2. In vitro manipulation of plants** 

**Mediated Transformation** 

*Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad* 

