**10. References**


different learning styles described in the work of (Richard Felder) and suggested that instruction targeted across styles greatly improves the performance of students from all styles, but in particular from those styles less prominent in the domain of computer science.

Lego Mindstorms kits have been be used as a tool to introduce automation concepts at the University of Botswana's undergraduate level courses in engineering. Robolab, which is a programming environment similar to Lab View, helped to enhance programming skills and strength for students in measurement & instrumentation course MMB 314. The acquired skill can then be used to programme very small components such as 8-pin PIC16F84 micro controller used by mechatronic students in course MMB 416. It is therefore evident to conclude that by tapping into the competitive human spirit and the fun of playing with Lego Minstorm robotic development will help to enrich the emphasis on the merit of using automation technology in precision instrumentation and

The results of this work are obtained within the University of Botswana's project research work No. R715 entitled "Control Education Survey & Machine Intelligence". The author thank the University of Botswana, office of research and development for financial support

It is recommended that the Department avails the necessary softwares in the rightful places to increase access to students when the need arises. There are currently four computers loaded with both NXT Mindstorm and LabVIEW softwares. The same computers are fully utilized when such softwares like Gambit, MATLAB, LabView and CAMaster are being used and when there are iterations going on, it is impossible use the computer for at least 24 hours. One thing which has puzzled us a lot is the fact that the PCs in the CAD/ cam center have loads of softwares and they usually will complain of low virtual memory. This really makes working difficult because amongst other things, the chances of these computers

It is further requested that the Department should avail all the items like; PLCs, DAQ plug in boards and transducers for signal conditioning- these will enable successful working

Arai, T. & Kragic, D. (1999). Variability of Wind and Wind Power, In: *Wind Power,* S.M. Muyeen, (Ed.), 289-321, Scyio, ISBN 978-953-7619-81-7, Vukovar, Croatia Barnes, D., Teaching Introductory Java through Lego Mindstorms Models. Proceedings of

Baum, D., ed. 2000b. Extreme Mindstorms: An advanced guide to Lego Mindstorms: A

2002), Covington, Kentucky, 2002, pages 147-151

the 33rd SIGCSE technical Symposium on Computer Science education (SIGCSE

**8. Conclusion**

mechatronics.

of this work.

**10. References** 

**9. Acknowledgements** 

executing tasks successfully are very low.

environment with such VIs like LabVIEW.

press, New York

http://www.ncsu.edu/felder~public/ILSdir/styles.htm

http://sciyo.com/articles/show/title/wind-power-integrating-wind-turbine-

generators-wtg-s-with-energy-storage

Klassner, F., 2001. Introduction to artificial intelligence.

http://www.csc.vill.edu/`klassner/csc4500


http://fredm.www.media.mit.edu/people/fredm/projects6270


**6** 

*China* 

Xia Mao and Zheng Li

**Multimodal Intelligent Tutoring Systems** 

*School of electronic and information engineering, Beihang University, Beijng* 

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), also known as Intelligent E-learning Systems, is the task of providing individualized instruction, by being able to adapt to the knowledge, learning abilities and needs of each individual student. The offer of the ITS is increasing at an unrestrainable pace (Butz & Hua, 2006; Chen, 2008; Reategui & Boff, 2008; Roger, 2006). The "intelligence" in these systems is seen through the way they adapt themselves to the characteristics of the students, such as speed of learning, specific areas in which the student excels as well as falls behind, and rate of learning as more knowledge is learned. However, they are still not as effective as one-on-one human tutoring. We believe that an important factor in the success of human one-on-one tutoring is the tutor's ability to identify and respond to the student's attention information and affective state. In ITS, these two characteristics may give the student the sensation that there is someone behind the program who follows his learning development and cares about him as a human tutor would. In this paper, we propose the Multimodal Intelligent Tutoring Systems (MITS), which detects the attention information and affective state and uses the information to drive the agent tutor to

ITS is a computer-based educational system that provides individualized instruction like a human tutor. A traditional ITS decides how and what to teach based on the student pedagogical state. However, it has been demonstrated that an experienced human tutor can manage the attention information and affective state (besides the pedagogical state) of the student to motivate him and to improve the learning process. Therefore, the interface between the student and tutor in traditional ITS needs to be augmented to include attention information interface and affective information interface. ITS needs the ability of reasoning about the attention information and affective state to provide students with an adequate response from a pedagogical, attentive and affective point of view; in this sense, the module of attention information processing and affective information processing are required. The attention information processing module analyzes the gaze behavior of student in real-time and is capable of adapting the presentation flow according to the student's interest or noninterest. The affective information processing module analyzes the facial expression, speech and text input by the student to sense the underpinned affective qualities. Once the attention information and affective state have been obtained, the agent tutor has to respond accordingly. We must enable a mapping from the attention information and affective state

**1. Introduction** 

individualize interaction with the learner.

**2. Architecture for MITS** 

