**Energy, Metals and Instructive Case Study**

158 Aquaculture and the Environment - A Shared Destiny

Semon, J.; Sadick, T., Palumbo, D., Santoro, M. & Keenan, P. (1997). Biological upflow

Summerfelt, S.T. (2003). Ozonation and UV irradiation – an introduction and examples of

van Rijn, J. & Rivera, G. (1990). Aerobic and anaerobic biofiltration in aquaculture. Unit-

Wang, G.S. & Pai, S.Y. (2001). Ozonation of dissolved organic matter in biologically treated

*Water Science and Technology*, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 139–146, ISSN 0273-1223 Stephenson, J.P. & Murphy, K.L. (1980). Kinetics of biological fluidized bed wastewater

denitrification. *Progressive Water Technology,* Vol. 12, pp. 159 – 171

8609

0191-9512

2, pp. 217–234, ISSN 0144-8609

fluidized bed denitrification reactor demonstration project – Stamford, CT, USA.

current applications. *Aquacultural Engineering*, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 21-36, ISSN 0144-

nitrite accumulation as a result of nitrification. *Aquacultural Engineering*, Vol. 9, No.

wastewater effluents*. Ozone: Science and Engineering*, Vol. 23, pp. 351–358, ISSN

**9** 

**Applied Ecophysiology:** 

**An Integrative Form to Know How** 

**Performance of Aquatic Species** 

**from an Energetic Point of View** 

Carlos Rosas1, Cristina Pascual1, Maite Mascaró1,

*1Unidad multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Fac. de Ciencias, UNAM, Puerto de abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán 2Centro I-Mar. Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile* 

*3Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral* 

*de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt* 

*4CIEN Austral 1México 2,3,4Chile* 

**Culture Environment Modulates the** 

Paulina Gebauer2, Ana Farias3,4, Kurt Paschke3 and Iker Uriarte3,4

Ecological energetics as a part of ecophysiology, appears to have grown out of the Age of enlightenment and the concerns of the physiocrats, a group of economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of "land agriculture" or "land development." Their theories originated in France, were most popular during the second half of the 18th century. Physiocracy is perhaps the first well-developed theory of economics (Danbom, 1979). The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is the era in Western philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. It is also known as the Age of Reason. The enlightenment was a movement of science and reason. Ecological energetic began in the works of Podolinksy in the late 1800s, and subsequently was developed by the Soviet ecologist Stanchinskii, the Austro-American Alfred James Lotka, and American limnologists, Raymond Lindeman and George Evelyn Hutchinson. It underwent substantial development by H.T. Odum and was applied by system ecologists, and radiation ecologists to understand how the forcing factors modulate the ecosystem interactions (Weiner, 2000). Currently ecophysiology is a discipline that, in aquaculture, have been widely used to establish how the environment modulates the performance of animals in order to obtain the highest amount of biomass in the shortest possible time and cost. The use of physiological capacities of organisms to obtain biomass has been one of the basic premises of the application of ecophysiological studies to the production of aquatic

**1. Introduction** 

organisms.
