**5. Acknowledgment**

This Chapter was written thanks to study results supported by the Armenian **NFSAT** (*National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies*) and the U.S. **CRDF** (*Civilian Research and Development Foundation*) under the Grants ## ISIPA 01-04, GRASP 30/06 and UCEP 07/07. Our research was partially supported also by the state sources of Armenia in frames of the task program on "new materials" (code #041027), as well as in frames of State R&D projects ## 301-0046 and 72-103. The author is also grateful to his staff (YSU, IPR–NAS, and PSI Ltd.) for assistance and useful discussions.

This Chapter was prepared and written also thanks to the information and illustrative material given by the chief executive officer (CEO) of the *Precision Sensors/Instrumentation* (**PSI**) *Ltd.*, Mr. Levon P. Thorose, and by leading specialists of this Company.

#### **6. References**


The new position sensor allows transferring of mechanical vibrations of the constructions, buildings & the ground (earth crust) with amplitudes over 1nm, into detectable signal in a frequency range starting practically from quasi-static movements ("zero"!). Such high is the achieved resolution, because due to much higher precision one may measure the frequency of oscillator, compared with the inductance or capacitance of its resonant circuit (even, if use more sensitive AC-bridge technique), oscillators are most suitable sensors for high-precision detection. This is why a very similar position sensor, based on the inductance-change detection of a lithographically made single-layer flat geometry coil, enables three orders less resolution in absolute position sensing [24]. Operation of the new sensor is based on detection of the position changes of a vibrating normal-metallic plate placed near the singlelayer flat geometry coil being used as a pick-up in a stable tunnel diode oscillator. The frequency of the oscillator is used as a detecting parameter in such a sensor, and the measuring effect is determined by a distortion of the *MHz-*range testing field configuration near the flat coil face by a vibrating plate, leading to the magnetic inductance changes of the coil, with a

resolution 10 pH. This results in changes of measuring oscillator frequency.

(**PSI**) *Ltd.*, Mr. Levon P. Thorose, and by leading specialists of this Company.

This Chapter was written thanks to study results supported by the Armenian **NFSAT** (*National Foundation of Science and Advanced Technologies*) and the U.S. **CRDF** (*Civilian Research and Development Foundation*) under the Grants ## ISIPA 01-04, GRASP 30/06 and UCEP 07/07. Our research was partially supported also by the state sources of Armenia in frames of the task program on "new materials" (code #041027), as well as in frames of State R&D projects ## 301-0046 and 72-103. The author is also grateful to his staff (YSU, IPR–NAS, and

This Chapter was prepared and written also thanks to the information and illustrative material given by the chief executive officer (CEO) of the *Precision Sensors/Instrumentation*

[1] Gevorgyan, S.G.; Movsisyan, A.A.; Movsesyan, G.D.; Shindyan, V.A. & Shirinyan, H.G.

[2] Gevorgyan, S.G.; Movsesyan, G.D.; Movsisyan, A.A.; Tatoyan, V.T. & Shirinyan, H.G.

Cuprates. *Review of Scientific Instruments*, Vol.71, No.3, pp. 1488-1494. [4] Gevorgyan, S.G.; Kiss, T.; Ohyama, T.; Movsisyan, A.A.; Shirinyan, H.G.; Gevorgyan,

*Physica C: "Superconductivity and its Applications"*, Vol.366, No.1, pp. 6-12.

(1997). On the Possibility of the Creation of Radically New Type Detectors of Particles & Radiation Based on High-Tc Superconductors. *Modern Physics Letters B*,

(1998). Modeling of Tunnel Diode Oscillators & Their Use for Some Low Temperature Investigations. *Review of Scientific Instruments*, Vol.69, No.6, pp. 2550-2560. [3] Gevorgyan, S.G.; Kiss, T.; Movsisyan, A.A.; Shirinyan, H.G.; Hanayama, Y.; Katsube, H.;

Ohyama, T.; Takeo, M.; Matsushita, T. & Funaki, K. (2000). Highly Sensitive Open-Flat Coil Magnetometer for the (H,T) Measurements in Plate-Like High-Tc

V.S.; Matsushita, T.; Takeo, M. & Funaki, K. (2001). Calibration of the Open-Flat Coil-based Tunnel Diode Oscillator Technique (OFC magnetometer) for Quantitative Extraction of Physical Characteristics of Superconductive State.

**5. Acknowledgment** 

**6. References** 

PSI Ltd.) for assistance and useful discussions.

Vol.11, No.25, pp. 1123-1131.


**14** 

*China* 

**Earth Observation for Earthquake Disaster** 

Huadong Guo, Liangyun Liu, Xiangtao Fan, Xinwu Li and Lu Zhang *Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Center for Earth Observation and Digital Earth,* 

China is a country where earthquakes and many other disasters happen often. After earthquakes, roads are damaged, traffic is blocked off, secondary disasters occur frequently, weather conditions become adverse, and communications are interrupted, which makes it difficult to gather data from stricken regions. And the big problem for recovery operations is that there is no accurate information about the situation. Earth observation technology, which has many advantages including high-speeds, maneuverability, and macro- to microlevel observation, has shown its importance for gathering information about stricken

Optical Earth observation technology can provide vivid images for target interpretation and disaster information extraction. Maneuverable, flexibile airborne optical observation technology can especially provide real-time surface images, which also obtains information about collapsed houses, broken roads, geological disasters, barrier lakes and so on. It plays an important part in disaster mitigation activities (Guo et al., 2010a). Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) not only has the capability of all-weather monitoring, but also is sensitive to geometric shape and movement, which becomes an efficient tool to analyze and evaluate recent earthquakes (Guo et al., 2000; Guo et al., 2010b). Multi-mode SAR data can provide many kinds of information for disaster research. Wide-mode SAR images and In-SAR images are important methods for detecting terrain deformation. Wide-mode SAR images can analyze the faulted zone and lithologic characteristics in stricken regions from a macrolevel,because it acquires large-scale image (Guo et al., 2000). In-SAR images yield information about surface deformation size and spatial distribution acquired from twoscene repeat-pass data (Massonnet & Feigl, 1998). Polarimetric SAR images, due to the sensitivity to target structures, can be used to extract the distribution of collapsed buildings. After the Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes, some departments took full advantage of airborne and satellite remote sensing technology, or unmanned aerial vehicles, to obtain images of the disaster area, which played a very important role in disaster emergency monitoring and disaster assessment and reconstruction (Guo et al., 2010ab; Singh et al., 2010; Liou et al., 2010). Besides monitoring targets directly affected by the disaster, such as collapsed buildings (Lei 2009), remote sensing can observe secondary damage such as barrier lakes, collapse, landslide, debris flow et al. (Cui et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2008; Liu et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2009; Ge et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2009; Han et al., 2009; Zhuang et al.,

**1. Introduction** 

regions and making reasonable recovery decisions.

2010; Zhang et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010).

**Monitoring and Assessment** 

*Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing* 

layer flat coils. *Proceedings of the Yerevan State University*, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, No.3(226), pp. 47-51.

