**5. Earthquake sensitive planning**

428 Earthquake Research and Analysis – Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning

Fig. 8a. An example of liquefaction in TURKEY after 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is taken

Fig. 8b. An example of liquefaction in TURKEY after 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is taken from http://www.kenthaber.com/marmara/kocaeli/Haber/Genel/Normal/depremdeyikilan-konuta-imza-atti/3d13f1c8-4158-4ce1-b380-13e53de1be21. Photographer is

unknown.

from http://www.el-aziz.net/img4381.htm. Photographer is unknown.

Tam (2010) defined the earthquake sensitive planning as an integrated planning which aims to mitigate the earthquake risk factor by considering the physical properties and socioeconomic structure of the settlements and which starts from upper scales and develops socioeconomical development policies and supra-national, national and regional plans to further continue to local planning and subscales in which the progressive synergy is assured. (Reference: Deniz Tam)

Earthquake sensitive planning is a planning action that primarily analyzes the earthquake hazard and risks in the planning, prevents these risks and hazards to turn into disasters, internalizes the planning to mitigate earthquake hazards and urban design approaches. The main approach of earthquake sensitive planning is to include the risk mitigation precautions of all disciplines related to earthquake in the planning process for the realization of urban planning that provides healthy, reliable, livable urban environment development.

Earthquake sensitive planning includes the evaluation of geologic hazards and restrictions as risk factors in planning process and their reflection in planning decisions. Within this context, in planning the use of geological data should be assured and regarding the earthquake sensitive planning for hazard mitigation and prevention policies and approaches should be developed.

The process of building earthquake resistant cities comprises the analysis of geoenvironmental natural hazards that can be occurred during an earthquake or after it, the evaluation of the damage assessment and the revealing the corresponding urban mistakes and the conduction of urban risk analyses. Besides, earthquake sensitive planning approach should be developed to eliminate the risk factors due to land use, site selection, settlement pattern and the structuring.

Earthquake sensitive planning is a dynamic action that zooms out urban planning from the spatial design based traditional planning approach, integrates the risk mitigation precautions in the planning process and incorporates the detailed microzoning maps that go beyond the standard geological investigations.

Earthquake sensitive planning involves an analysis perspective starting from the world scale to national, regional, urban and local scale which covers the small settlement units. This perspective bases on the physical, economical and social development and urban risk analysis under the earthquake scenarios.

In every stage of this planning approach, geoenvironmental hazard and risk factor should be determined by geological-geotechnical investigation and microzoning maps and with this geological data analysis there should made feedbacks in every planning stage.

For the reduction of urban risks and hazard, potential development areas with alternatives developed for physical plans by the directive of the geological data should be selected by using the multi decision analysis techniques as well as with the inclusion of socioeconomic analyses.

In earthquake sensitive planning, the interpretations on the analysis of geoenvironmental thresholds and their implementation on the plan are discussed above in the section "Earthquake as planning threshold". In the case where the macroform of the city, layout and socioeconomic development are taken into account, the required action that should be considered in earthquake sensitive approach can be listed as follows:

1. Engineering structures like highway, railway, viaduct, tunnel and construction layout should not intersect the fault line perpendicularly. In the cases where the development

Correlation Between Geology, Earthquake and Urban Planning 431

In earthquake sensitive planning, building layout should not be attached. In the cases where it is needed to be attached, story heights should be equal to each other. Different story heights mean different vibration periods. Thus, it may lead to impacts and collapses (Figure 10). Especially in the developing countries, commerce, urban uses such as residence and social equipments can change their functions in line with the newly emerged needs. This results in the change in the projects of interior design and structural disorder and as a result the

The areas with high geohazard in urban settlements in earthquake prone regions should be left for open green area use.Urban functions should be green buffer zones. These green areas relieve the dense traffic in panic state and easen the intervention as well as being gathering

Fig. 10. An example of collapsed structure because of building design and different

http://www.haberingundemi.com/haber/Depremin-Simgesi-Bina-Yikildi/80399.

those hazards are seen, as a basis of the planning, the development and the design.

Microzoning is defined in a variety of ways by different researchers in the literature (Hays (1980), Sharma ve Kovacs (1980), Nigg (1982), Özçep and et.al, Sherif (1982), Finn (1991)). However, the common point of view of all researchers is that microzoning is to be analyzed in the preparation stage before earthquake to realize the reduction after earthquake while the habitability is to be analyzed especially in the high risk regions by dividing into the smallest subregions. Microzoning maps, depending upon the local geological, seismological and geotechnical conditions, is the mapping of the geohazards of the areas where potential of liquefaction, landslide sensitivity, flood risk, soil amplification etc or combinations of

Geological studies and the synthesis of the data used in the planning exhibit a rapid development in terms of directing the planning. Within the framework of this development, geological-geotechnical studies, assessment of the suitability for settlement and microzoning

construction height after 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is taken from

**6. Urban settlement site selection and microzoning** 

building becomes under the risk due to the change in its bearing capacity.

areas after earthquakes.

Photographer is unknown.

close to the fault is obligatory, urbanization and settlement should be ensured to be in parallel with the fault line (Figure 9).


Fig. 9. An example of rail way which build on fault zone and is cutted by this zone in Turkey after 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is taken from http://www.resimkarikatur.com/resim1684.html. Photographer is unknown.

2. Multicentered development pattern should be adopted and the urban growth should be

3. Population and densities should be arranged in a way to mitigate the risks after earthquake and a balanced distribution should be supported while preventing the

4. The factors that inhibit the socioeconomic development and growth should be resolved and the weight should be given to the process of creating economically powerful and

5. The continuity of the green areas should be provided and in the macroform of the city safe open and empty areas should take their places in settlement units as gathering

6. The transportation network should be built up and for the roads closed after earthquakes, alternative transportation systems should be developed. Within these transportation systems, the shortest route to the areas where the urban risk level is high should be defined to provide means for immediate aid by the analysis of shorthes path

7. Technical infrastructure systems should be made resistant to the expected earthquake magnitude by strengthening. Especially, the systems having a vital importance as natural gas pipelines, energy and water lines should be improved against earthquake

Fig. 9. An example of rail way which build on fault zone and is cutted by this zone in

http://www.resimkarikatur.com/resim1684.html. Photographer is unknown.

parallel with the fault line (Figure 9).

increase of the concentrations in one region.

effects and protective measures should be taken.

Turkey after 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is taken from

limited depending on the risk.

earthquake resistant city.

areas.

via GIS.

close to the fault is obligatory, urbanization and settlement should be ensured to be in

In earthquake sensitive planning, building layout should not be attached. In the cases where it is needed to be attached, story heights should be equal to each other. Different story heights mean different vibration periods. Thus, it may lead to impacts and collapses (Figure 10).

Especially in the developing countries, commerce, urban uses such as residence and social equipments can change their functions in line with the newly emerged needs. This results in the change in the projects of interior design and structural disorder and as a result the building becomes under the risk due to the change in its bearing capacity.

The areas with high geohazard in urban settlements in earthquake prone regions should be left for open green area use.Urban functions should be green buffer zones. These green areas relieve the dense traffic in panic state and easen the intervention as well as being gathering areas after earthquakes.

Fig. 10. An example of collapsed structure because of building design and different construction height after 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is taken from http://www.haberingundemi.com/haber/Depremin-Simgesi-Bina-Yikildi/80399. Photographer is unknown.
