**8. References**

432 Earthquake Research and Analysis – Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning

maps provide highly important data to determine the land use and settlement for the

Microzoning maps can be prepared as a base for the 1/100000 scaled regional plans. At the same time it reveals the development direction and the potential of the city by identifying geohazard thresholds for 1/25000 environment layout plans, 1/5000 master plans and

Earthquake resistant building designs advance significantly to decrease the risk of collapse and make the building safe under earthquake loding. However, these designs accompanied by expensive methods and techniques become insufficient in the implementation due to economical reasons especially for the developing countries. Therefore, microzoning maps gains more importance since the selection of a settlement area far from the geohazards will

Microzoning maps direct the plans with an integrated risk approach by evaluating geologic hazards and advantages that are provided by geological-geotechnical investigations with

In the planning and the design of new settlement areas and the environment with current settlement, in every stage of the plan geological data with out-of-traditional planning understanding for the reduction of urban earthquake risks should be functionalized in

In the process of creating earthquake resistant safe cities, geological-geotechnical investigations and microzoning maps being an understandable synthesis of geotechnical data play a key role in the integration of hazard mitigation precautions to the planning. However, this geohazard based maps should be developed in complience with the requirements of planning scale and its context. At this point, there seen the necessity of the

The planning made in the regions with high earthquake risk should be supported by identifying with the probable earthquake scenarios. In earthquake sensitive planning, the formation of gradual centers system with one main center, the identification of the intensities in correlation with settlement potential, the development of multicentered urban

In the urban areas with high earthquake risk, the improvement of the current plans, the reconfiguration in the required locations and the planning of development areas based on the microzoning maps and probable earthquake scenarios would decrease the probable earthquake damages. In earthquake sensitive planning, the integration of geotechnical parameters of the soil as soil amplification, liquefaction and landslide after evaluation to the planning is of vital importance since these parameters during an earthquake can cause

The main factors effective in the distribution of earthquake damage can be summarized as the distance of the settlement to the active fault line, geological structure, local soil conditions, the state of ground water, site selection and land use, population density and

As it is seen, the basis of creating a safe and sustainable living space in the urban settlement areas with high seismic risk is the evaluation of urban planning and design, geological synthesis and earthquake analysis in coordination with modern scientific methods and

collaboration of the experts of both geological and planning disciplines.

decrease the need for the precautions with high technology.

the risks resulted from the constructions.

form by preventing urban sprawl are essential.

distribution, building density, quality, order and design.

compliance with the objectives.

secondary urban risks.

techniques.

planning.

**7. Results** 

1/1000 tentative plans.


<http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc04/docs/pap1539.pdf>.


http://www.hackturk.net/komplo-teorisi/287458/cukurlarla-ilgili-komplo-teorileri.html .

http://avnidincer.8m.com/depfoto.html.

http://www.harikasozler.net/img3851.htm.

http://www.el-aziz.net/img4381.htm.

**0**

**20**

*Brazil*

**Simulating Collective Behavior**

**in Natural Disaster Situations:**

Margarethe Born Steinberger<sup>1</sup> and Nizam Omar2

Robson dos Santos França1, Maria das Graças B. Marietto1,

The usage of simulations has been improved for quite some time. From mechanical artifacts that attempt to mimic a certain dynamic event using known physical properties up to complete representations of virtual worlds based on real life events which were augmented by concepts in order to prove a theory or to test a specific scenario. The key words here are "modeling", "constructing a simulacrum", "experimentation" and "evaluation". Simulations allow any researcher to explore, try out new ideas, check some theories in a controlled environment before testing in real life, and so forth. Psychology deals with individuals, Sociology with the study of human groups and the formation of institutions, both, individually, were not enough to study the humanŠs social behavior. All human sciences tried to create theories about reality, searching for well-defined and established patterns. The non-conformity with such patterns is considered a mistake, or even a wrongdoing. Taking a whole new approach, the field of Collective Behavior deals with human groups and collectivities that contradict or reinterpret societyŠs norms and standards. Crowd behavior has been studied by many researchers. Theoretical models have been established to understand them. This chapter will present a simulation model for panic in crowds phenomena based on the symbolic interactionism approach. Section 2 will present a review of the main concepts of Sociology and Collective behavior and establish a framework to be used in the model of crowd to be simulated. Section 3 will present a computation model and a simulation model of panic in crowd phenomenon, both in its theoretical aspects and its practical issues. The collective behavior studied in the previous section will be used as basis for the simulation model. Also, the main concepts regarding multi-agent based simulations will be presented. The model simulated have been applied to a fire incident and validated. Section 4 presents a generalization of the model proposed and delineates a future application for other kind of disasters as earthquakes. Section 5 shows some conclusions about the study

**1. Introduction**

here presented.

**A Multi-Agent Approach**

<sup>1</sup>*Universidade Federal do ABC*

<sup>2</sup>*Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie*

