**4. Conclusion**

*(F)*,

288 Earthquake Research and Analysis – Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning

controls such as security of oil pipelines, airports, and private properties. The new technology sensors may also enable detection and recognition of various mobile targets (*walking or crawling man*, *vehicles*, *tanks*, *or other human activities*) approaching any zone (*military camps, state properties, banks, or other critical high priority infrastructures*) or borders

Figures 9 through 11 are pictorial depictions of systemic applications to real world security scenarios, showing the flexibility and versatility of this new technology rendering one of the highest quality EWSS for military or civilian applications, covering detection for undergro-

*in geophysics and town-planning:* for gas and oil prospecting, and also to reveal too much weak vibrations and slow bending (*twist*) of the buildings, constructions and bridges, as

*in micro- and nano-electronics:* for creation of *New Generation* microscopes with long-range

Our recent research shows [17-18], that flat coil based *TD-*oscillators can be activated also with their internal capacitances (*without an external capacitance C in their resonant circuits –* see **Fig.3**). That is the result of relatively high value of internal capacitances of single-layer flat coils compared to their parasitic capacitances with respect to the surrounding radiotechnical environment. This opens one more exotic area for flat-coil oscillator application. Namely, a "*needle-like*" testing magnetic field of such a flat coil (see **Fig.12a**), used as a pick-up in such a stable *TD*-oscillator, enables a novel method (*new approach*) for surface probing, based on replacement of short-range, solid-state probes of acting microscopes (*such as needles or cantilevers of tunneling* [19-20] *and atomic-force* [21] *microscopes*, *probes of the near-field microscopes*, etc.) by the long-range action non-solid-state ones. Such an unusual probe shows strong dependence of a detected signal on the size of the spatial-gap between the probe and the surface of the object crucial for the probe microscopy (**PM**) [22]. This opens an opportunity for creating of the "*magnetic-field*" probes with a *RF* power applied to the sample lying in the range of 1nW to 5W. The gap between such a "*probe-formative*" flat coil and the object can be larger than 100m [18], compared with the 1nm gap of the acting probe microscopes [22]. In our tests we reached a lateral resolution 1m even for the relatively large diameter

Such a *SFCO*-probe may also "*notice*" and distinguish details of the relief of the normal-metallic object – with about 10µm spatial-resolution, presently (**Fig.12**). In order to demonstrate that, we performed an experiment with one-dimensional (**1D**) metallic grid made of 6 copper wires (see **Fig.12a**): each wire was 20-30m in dia. and was positioned with an average interval of about 200m between the wires. Copper wires distort the coil *RF*-field configuration when they move (*or*, *when the coil moves relative to the grid*), leading to changes of the oscillator frequency or/and amplitude. The effect is maximum when each wire reaches to the coil center. **Fig.12b** illustrates detected dependence of the oscillator frequency shift,

vs. the lateral position of the metallic-comb relative to the flat-coil face (*relative to "magneticfield" probe*). Average distance between the detected 6 vertical neighboring peaks on the curve in **Fig.12b** is 200m just in agreement with the experimental setup in **Fig.12a**. That is why, we believe, that *SFCO***-**probe may also in future distinguish (*both by amplitude and frequency of the TD-oscillator*) details of the relief of the magnetic or metallic 2D grids, in *sub*micrometer scales. For such high lateral resolution, there is need to work out and create the *SFCO* method-based advanced "*magnetic-field*" probe, with a lithographically made single-

und movements, over the ground movements, and underwater movement.

without the need of physical line of sight.

action "*magnetic-field*" probes.

(2*R*coil ~ 14mm) flat-coil technique [18].

well as for permanent monitoring of old bridges aging;

A new class super-broadband nano-scale-resolution position sensor appeared quite recently. It can be used, in particular, as an additional sensor in seismographs. It enables to extend the frequency-band (up to "zero"), and enhance the absolute-resolution (*sensitivity*) of the vibrometers and seismographs, available on the market, by 10-100 times, depending on the model of the base product (such as the American KS-1/KS-54000 and FBA-23, the European GS-13 and STS-1/STS-2, and the Russian SM-3 – presented and discussed above *SFCO*sensor was installed just inside the SM-3 seismometer, and compared with its own sensor).

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Properties of the probing RF field of "*magnetic-field*" probes based on the single-

The new position sensor allows transferring of mechanical vibrations of the constructions, buildings & the ground (earth crust) with amplitudes over 1nm, into detectable signal in a frequency range starting practically from quasi-static movements ("zero"!). Such high is the achieved resolution, because due to much higher precision one may measure the frequency of oscillator, compared with the inductance or capacitance of its resonant circuit (even, if use more sensitive AC-bridge technique), oscillators are most suitable sensors for high-precision detection. This is why a very similar position sensor, based on the inductance-change detection of a lithographically made single-layer flat geometry coil, enables three orders less resolution in absolute position sensing [24]. Operation of the new sensor is based on detection of the position changes of a vibrating normal-metallic plate placed near the singlelayer flat geometry coil being used as a pick-up in a stable tunnel diode oscillator. The frequency of the oscillator is used as a detecting parameter in such a sensor, and the measuring effect is determined by a distortion of the *MHz-*range testing field configuration near the flat coil face by a vibrating plate, leading to the magnetic inductance changes of the coil, with a resolution 10 pH. This results in changes of measuring oscillator frequency.
