**2.2 Asia-Pacific Advanced Network (APAN)**

APAN (Asia-Pacific Advanced Network [APAN], n.d.) started in 1997. APAN is the research consortium as well as it operates a next generation Internet service. The bandwidths of the backbone networks of APAN in 1998 were between 1 Mbps and 35 Mbps. The US next generation Internet project "very high speed Backbone Network Service" (vBNS) already had 155 Mbps bandwidth service in their backbone network. The operating policy of APAN was to provide high performance data transfer service, because, in 1998, it was still impossible to implement a huge bandwidth network in the Asia Pacific area. Now, the APAN network covers the Asia Pacific area, providing bandwidth between 45 Mbps and 10 Gbps. In 2011, APAN became the none-profit organization and APAN strongly supports the research activities over the R&E networks in Asia Pacific area.

#### **2.3 Trans-Eurasian Information Network 2 (TEIN2)**

TEIN or TEIN1 was an EU project that connected Europe and Korea. It started with a bandwidth of 10 Mbps. TEIN2 (Delivery of Advanced Network Technology to Europe [DANTE], n.d.) is a bit different from TEIN in that it has two goals. One is to provide an access network to Europe, and the other is to develop an interconnection network in the Southeast Asian area whose bandwidth is between 45 Mbps and 1 Gbps. The main characteristic of the design topology is that it is not the star-shaped. That is, the TEIN2 network itself has its own backbone with connecting the four NOCs, and the number of routes for communicating between NOCs are more than two. It provides each Southeast Asian site with several routes to access the others. TEIN3 started in 2010 and TW, KH, LA, IN, LK, NP, PK, BD and BT (Tbl. 3) joined this activity.
