Concentrations in Surface Sediments. Turk. J. Engin. Environ. Sci., 25, 299-313. **Part 3**

**Earthquake Observatories** 

272 Earthquake Research and Analysis – Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning

Yaşar, D., Aksu, A.E., Uslu, O., 2001. Anthropogenic Pollution in İzmit Bay: Heavy Metal

**13** 

 *Armenia* 

**Newly-Proposed Methods for Early** 

**Tsunamis & Tidal Motion** 

 *Precision Sensors/Instrumentation (PSI) Ltd.* 

Samvel G. Gevorgyan

**Detection of Incoming Earthquakes,** 

*Center on Superconductivity & Scientific Instrumentation, Chair of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics, Yerevan State University; Institute for Physical Research, National Academy of Sciences;* 

During a last decade scientists and engineers step-by-step are developing a Single-layer Flat-Coil-Oscillator (**SFCO**)-based *new measurement technology*, and looking for its effective use in a research, and elsewhere. It was introduced in 1997 by our group in Armenia [1-2] and then improved by an integrated research group in Kyushu University, Japan, during next 4 years (1998-2002) [3-4] – allowing to reveal fine physical effects related with the basic properties of high-*T*c superconductors (**HTS**) [5-8]. Starting with 2004 the method passed further development in Armenia, and was then applied for creation of a new *absolute-*position sensor of *nano-*scale resolution [9]. Advantages of the *SFCO* method-based position sensor become more evident when applied to the *quasi-*static Seismometry to study slow movements of ground. Due to these, the *SFCO measurement technology* (in a whole [1-4]), and its first application as a novel seismic detector of slow movements (in particular [9-10]) appeared among the Top six World Security Technologies at the 2008 year's *"Global Security Challenge"* competition details on "**GSC-2008**" forum see in: http://www.globalsecuritychallenge.com. In this Chapter, we discuss principle of operation, and test data of such a new *absolute-*position sensor, installed (for validation) in a well-known seismometer, as an additional pick-up component showing its advantages compared to traditional technique. We discuss also wide potential of this new method, as a real-time measurement technique for early detection of incoming earthquakes, tsunamis and tidal motion. We also outline prosperous future of such a sensor. To sense what are advantages of the flat-coil-based this unique method, let's remember: oscillators are among the most of precise measuring instruments, because the frequency is possible to measure with a very high accuracy. Among them, those at *MHz* frequencies, having volume pick-up coils (mainly, solenoid-shaped), activated by a *low-*power (*backward*) tunnel diodes (**TD**) (see [2, 11-12] and references therein), are of special interest. Replacement of such a standard coil by the unusual, single-layer flat (open-faced) one, as a detecting circuit in a stable-frequency and amplitude *TD-*oscillator, enabled to make coil's filling factor close to the maximal possible value (the *unit*) for flat objects, resulting in strong enhance-

**1. Introduction** 
