**2.2.4 The science of EQ prediction should, from the start, be multi-disciplinary**

EQ's preparatory process has various facets which may be observed before the final catastrophe. The science of EQ prediction should, from the start, be multidisciplinary. A candidate preseismic kHz-MHz EM activity should be consistent with other EM precursors (SES [46], EM precursors rooted in lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling [47]) and precursors which are imposed by data from other disciplines such as: Seismology, Infrared Remote Sensing [48], Synthetic Aperture Radars Interferometry [49]. The sequential appearance of different precursors in a relative short time interval supports the seismogenic origin of each of them, increases the probability that a significant EQ is coming, and leads to higher estimation accuracy of its parameters, namely, magnitude, time and position (see Section 8). The EQ generation is a cooperative phenomenon and its prediction needs the cooperation of scientists!

### **2.2.5 Analysis in terms of complex systems**

The field of study of complex systems holds that their dynamics is founded on universal principles that may be used to describe various crises [50,51]. The presence of common pathological symptoms in candidate kHz EM precursors on one hand and other catastrophic events (e.g., epileptic seizures, magnetic storms and solar flares), which clearly distinguish the catastrophic event from the corresponding normal state, strongly supports the seismogenic origin of the detected kHz EM anomalies (see Section 8.4).

The burden of this section was to describe a plausible scenario for the study of kHz EM precursors, without obvious internal inconsistencies and without violating the laws of physics. In the next sections we present results gained from previous studies applying the framework of analysis described above.
