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**6** 

R. G. M. Crockett *University of Northampton* 

*United Kingdom* 

**Identification of Simultaneous Similar** 

Changes in radon and other soil-gas concentrations, and other parameters, before and after earthquakes have been widely reported (Asada, 1982; Chyi *et al.*, 2001; Climent *et al.*, 1999; Crockett *et al.*, 2006a; Crockett & Gillmore, 2010; Igarishi *et al.*, 1995; Kerr, 2009; Koch & Heinicke, 1994; Planinic *et al.*, 2000; Plastino *et al.*, 2002; Wakita, 1996; Walia *et al.*, 2005; Walia *et al.*, 2006; Zmazek *et al.*, 2000). However, in the majority of such radon cases, changes in magnitude in single time-series have been reported, often large changes recorded using integrating detectors, and the majority of radon time-series analysis is reported for single time-series (e.g. Baykut *et al*., 2010; Bella & Plastino, 1999; Finkelstein *et al.*, 1998). With a single time-series, recorded at a single location, there is no measure of the spatial extent of any anomaly and, to a great extent, only anomalies in magnitude can be investigated. With two, or more, time-series from different locations, it is possible to investigate the spatial extent of anomalies and also investigate anomalies in time, i.e. frequency and phase

The aim of this chapter is to present techniques, developed and adapted from techniques more familiar in the field of signal analysis, for investigating paired time-series for simultaneous similar anomalous features. A paired radon time-series dataset is used to illuminate these techniques. This is not to imply that the techniques are restricted to radon time-series: it is simply that the investigation at the University of Northampton of these techniques in the context of earthquake precursory phenomena has been conducted on radon datasets. This work commenced in the autumn of 2002, following the Dudley earthquake of 23 September which was felt in Northampton and which occurred approximately three months into a radon monitoring programme being conducted as part of

The UK is not generally regarded as a seismically active region. In general, across the UK as a whole, in any given year there might be a few earthquakes of magnitude up to 3 or 4 and every 5-10 years there might be an earthquake of magnitude 5 or thereabouts (e.g. Bolt, 2004; Musson, 1996). This is simultaneously an advantage and disadvantage to this research. It is an advantage in that with so few earthquakes there is very little seismic 'noise' in any radon, or other, dataset. It is a disadvantage in that with so few earthquakes, long intervals can

**1. Introduction** 

**1.1 UK earthquakes** 

components, as well as anomalies in magnitude.

another project (Crockett *et al.*, 2006a; Phillips *et al.*, 2004).

**Anomalies in Paired Time-Series** 

Prechter, R. R. Jr; Frost, A. J "Elliott Wave Principles", John Wiley, 2002.

