**7. References**

268 Earthquake Research and Analysis – Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning

previous studies (Oğuz and Sur, 1986; Tuğrul et al., 1989; Morkoç et al., 1996). DO content has never been fallen below 0.5 mgl-1, and no DHS has been detected in İzmit Bay. Therefore, the re-occurrence of DHS a year after the Earthquake might indicate that İzmit Bay has not been completely return to its regular chemical oceanography. This may be explained by the fact that the amount of organic and possible inorganic wastes into İzmit Bay must have been considerably high and/or must have continued to discharge after the Earthquake. Increasing nutrients, phytoplankton blooms, rapid sedimentation of death organisms and decomposition processes constituted a successive cycle in İzmit Bay and intensified by the Earthquake at 17th August 1999. However, decomposition processes

The highest pH values found (8.9) at the upper layer compare to other months in the eastern basin confirms the increasing biological activity in October 1999 (Figure 8). During the respiration of phytoplanktons, dissolved CO2 content of water column increases and consequently CO3-2 and HCO3- anions increase. Increasing carbonate causes enhancement of alkalinity. The pH values become 7.9 at the lower layer (Figure 9) where the anoxic conditions are developed (Figure 3) and indicate the decomposition of organic matter. Total metal contents in the İzmit Bay sediments increase towards to eastern basin. The eastern basin receives the highest inputs compare to other basins of the Bay (Morkoç et al., 2001). Ergin et al., (1991) suggested that the surface sediments in İzmit Bay are uncontaminated by anthropogenic pollution. However Yaşar et al., (2001) investigated that the heavy metal concentrations are highest in the eastern and central basins. The western basin was found generally unpolluted with respect to heavy metals in this study, also. Selective extraction studies indicate that the metals are mainly found in the lithogenous, Fe-Mn-oxvhydroxide and organic fractions (Table 6). The results show that the main source of high metal concentrations in the İzmit Bay sediments is of anthropogenic origin. The highest metal values in these fractions are found in eastern basin sediments similar to total metal

Izmit Bay have been polluted by increasing industrial activities and domestic discharges since early 1980. However this abrupt event caused short-time drastic changes in the water column. Earthquake at 17 August 1999 initiated a fast variation in the chemical oceanography of polluted Izmit Bay. This variation includes the consumption of DO and formation of DHS in the lower layer. The refinery fire and damaged municipal waste effluents caused the reduction of DO in water column by preventing the oxygen transfer from air/ water contact and increasing organic wastes, respectively, and as a result DHS was formed. The increasing wastewater into the Bay stimulated the phytoplankton blooms that causes locally saturated DO concentrations in the eastern basin, however anoxic conditions were prevailing in the lower layer during autumn 1999. The changing circulation pattern during winter provided replenishment of the water column in Izmit Bay and

The distribution of total metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr and Cd) in both the water-column and surface sediments showed the influences of terrestrial anthropogenic inputs in the bay. The Mn enrichment in the lower-layer water of the central and eastern basins

removal of DHS. However, DHS formation established again in August 2000.

within this cycle might not be completed within a year.

distributions.

**5. Conclusions** 


The Effect of Marmara (Izmit) Earthquake on the Chemical

1404-1417.

Reidel, Dordrecht.

Kocaeli-Turkey.

Istanbul, Turkey.

Turkey.

pp.

Oceanography and Mangan Enrichment in the Lower Layer Water of Izmit Bay, Turkey 271

Okay, S.O., Legoviç, T., Tüfekçi, V., Egesel, L. and Morkoç, E., 1996. Environmental impact

Okay, S.O., Tolun, L., Telli-Karakoç, F., Tüfekçi, V., Tüfekçi, H.. and Morkoç, E., 2001. İzmit

Orhon, D., Gönenç, E., Tünay, O. and Akkaya, M., 1984. The prevention and removal of

Sunda, W.G., Huntsman, S.A., 1995. Cobalt and zinc interreplacement in marine

Strickland, J.D.H. and Parsons, T.R., 1972. A Practical handbook of seawater analysis 2nd.

Pempcowiac, J., Sikora, A., Biernacka, E., 1999. Specification of heavy metals in marine sediments, their bioaccumulation by musssels. Chemosphere, 39: 313-321. Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M., 1979. Sequental extraction procedure for the

Tuğrul, S., Sunay, M., Baştürk, Ö. and Balkaş, T.I., 1986. The İzmit Bay case study. In: G.

Tuğrul,S., Morkoç, E. and Okay, S.O., 1989. The Determination of Oceanographic

Tuğrul, S. and Morkoç, E., 1990. Transport and water quality modeling in the Bay of İzmit.

Tuğrul, S. and Polat, Ç., 1995. Quantitative comparison of the influxes of the nutrients and

Ünlüata, Ü., and Özsoy, E., 1986. Oceanography of the Turkish Straits-First Annual

Ünlüata, Ü., Oğuz, T., Latif, M.A. and Özsoy, E., 1990. On the Physical Ocenography of the

Ünlü, S., Güven, K. C., Okuş, E., Doğan, E. and Gezgin, T. (2000). Oil Spill Tüpraş

the Black Sea. Water Science and Technology, 32: 115-121 pp.

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherland, pp. 25-60.

Kullenberg (Ed.), The Role of Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option., pp. 243-275.

Characteristics and Assimilation Capacity of the İzmit Bay. Wastewater treatment and disposal studies. NATO TU-WATERS, Technical Report. TÜBİTAK- MRC,

NATO TU-WATERS Project, Technical Report. TÜBİTAK-MRC Publ. Kocaeli,

organic carbon into the Sea of Marmara both from anthropogenic sources and from

Report, Volume II, Health of the Turkish Straits, I. Oxygen Deficiency of the Sea of Marmara, Institute of Marine Sciences, METU, Erdemli, İçel, Turkey, 81

Turkish Straits. In: Pratt, L. J., (Ed.), The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits.

Refinery Following Earthquake occured in 17 Aug 1999. Second International Conference, Oil Spills in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions, pp. 1-11,

speciation of particulate trace metals. *Analyt. Chem.,* 51, 844-850.

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31, 459-465.

the Long-term Data. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 361-369.

Report. İstanbul, Turkey: İTU-Civil Eng. Publ., 1984.

Ed., Oxford press, Ottawa, Bull. Fish. Bd. Can.

of land-based pollutants on İzmit Bay (Turkey): short-term algal bioassays and simulation of toxicity distribution in the marine environment. Archives of

Bay (Turkey) Ecosystem after Marmara Earthquake and Subsequent Refinery Fire:

water pollution in the İzmit Bay : determination of technological aspects. Technical

phytoplankton: biological and geochemical implications. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40,


Ergin, M., Saysam, C., Baştürk, Ö., Erdem, E. and Yörük, R., 1991. Heavy metal

Förstner, U. & Witmann, G.T.W., 1981. Metal pollution in the environment (p. 486). Berlin

Greenberg, A.G., Trussel R.R., Clesceri, L.S., Franson, M.A.H., editors. Standard methods for

Güven, K.C., Sur, H.İ., Okuş, E., Yüksek, A., Uysal, A., Balks, N., Kratl, N., Ünlü, S., Altok,

Krauskopf, K. B., 1979. *Intoduction to Geochemistry*, (617 pp). Tokyo: McGraw-Hill

Loring, D.H., & Rantala, R.T.T., 1992. Manuel for the geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter. *Earth-Science Reviews,* 32, 235-283. Lovley, D.R., Pihillips, E.J.P., 1988. Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism: organic

Morkoç, E., Tuğrul, S. and Okay, S.O., 1988. Determination of Limiting Nutrients by Using

Morkoç, E., Okay, S.O., Tolun, L., Tüfekçi, V., Tüfekçi, H., and Legoviç, T., 2001. Towarsd a

Nealson, K.H., 1982. Microbiological oxidation and reduction of Iron: Holland, H.D.,

Nealson, K.H., Myers, C.R., 1990. Iron reduction by bacteria: potential role in the genesis of

Nealson, K.H., Myers, Saffarani, D., 1994. Iron and manganese in anaerobic respiration:

Oğuz, T. and Sur, H.İ., 1986. A numerical modelling study of circulation in the Bay of İzmit:

banded iron formation. American Journal of Science 290A, 34-45.

(APHA, AWWA and WPCF). 16 th ed. Washington, 1985.

269-285.

Heidelberg New York: Springer.

schaften, 89, 497-504.

Kogakusha.

Hu, H., 2000. Exposure to metals. Prim. Care, 27: 983-996.

Applied "Environmental Microbiology 54, 1472-1480.

clean İzmit Bay. Environmental International 26: 157-161.

TÜBİTAK-MRC Publications, Kocaeli, Turkey.

Konferenzen, Springer, Berlin, pp. 51-56.

Microbiology 48, 31-343.

No. 187. 97 pp.

concentrations in surface sediments from the two coastal inlets (Golden Horn Estuary and İzmit Bay) of the northeastern Sea of Marmara. Chemical Geology, 91:

the examination of water and wastewater, American Water Work Association

H., Taş, S., Aslan, A., Ylmaz, N., Müftüoğlu, A. E., Gazioğlu, C., and Cebeci, M. 2000. İzmit Körfezi'nin Oşinografisi. 17 Ağustos 1999 Depremi sonras İzmit Körfezi'nde Ölçme ve İzleme Program. Technical Report. T. C. Çevre Bakanlğ. Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü, Istanbul Üniversitesi. (in Turkish). Han, X.F., Banin, A., Su, Y., Monts, L.D., Plodinec, J.M. & Kingery, L. W., 2002. Industrial

age anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals into the pedosphere. Naturwissen-

carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron and manganese.

Algal Bioassay Technique. Wastewater treatment and disposal studies. NATO-TU-WATERS, First Annual Report. TÜBİTAK-MRC Publications, Kocaeli, Turkey. Morkoç, E., Okay, S.O. and Geveci, A.1996. Towards a Clean İzmit Bay. Technical Report.

Schidlowski, M. (Eds.), Mineral Deposits and Evolution of the Biosphere. Dahlem

environmental significance, physiology and regulation. Annual Review in

Final Report. TÜBİTAK-MRC, Chemistry Department Publication, Kocaeli, Turkey,


**Earthquake Observatories** 

Yaşar, D., Aksu, A.E., Uslu, O., 2001. Anthropogenic Pollution in İzmit Bay: Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments. Turk. J. Engin. Environ. Sci., 25, 299-313. **Part 3** 
