**7. Acknowledgment**

100 Current Issues of Water Management

level, specifically in this instance those regarding cooperation with other departments, do not filter down to the lower levels of government. The top-down ways in which decisions are made therefore impact negatively on cooperation between operational managers in different government departments. Conversely, if government officials at the operational level wish to collaborate more closely, it becomes difficult for them to obtain the approval for such cooperation from their superiors, given the substantial amount of bureaucratic red

Given that integration of water allocation and land reform is very important but at the same time also a problem in South Africa, not only in terms of policy development but also in terms of implementation, what recommendations can be given for more effective integration of these two processes in future? In addition, what lessons does this chapter provide to other countries in terms of the impacts of non-integration and the challenges to successfully

With the Departments for Water Affairs and Rural Development and Land Reform (DWA and DRDLR) jointly acknowledging the importance of joint water allocation and land reform (Kleinbooi, 2009), there is a renewed onus on the South African government to achieve higher levels of integration between these two processes. The question now remains

Integrated water allocation and land reform needs to go beyond quick-fix attempts to try and merge different existing programmes, and instead has to focus on identifying the root causes of why existing programmes are not working and how these causes can best be addressed. It is of course also important to ground any water and land reform integration programmes in the context of the South African legislative framework to ensure that the ethos of the country's progressive legislation is adhered to. Noticeably, existing transsectoral coordination efforts seem to have focused mostly on collaboration between the departments (DAFF, DRDLR and DWA). Other government departments that might also have an important role to play, such as the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), in terms of the environmental sustainability of agricultural practices, and the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (DCGTA), perhaps need to be more

In addition, three important premises can be identified to achieve more effective integration between the water allocation and land reform processes in South Africa? Firstly, it is important to acknowledge the multiplicity of the actor landscape and the presence of different stakeholder perspectives, linkages and interdependencies with other resources and sectors as a starting point. This may involve bringing on board other key stakeholders such as macro- and micro- lending institutions (for example, the Land Bank), commercial farmers who function as "strategic partners", irrigation boards, water user associations, land reform beneficiaries, and members of civil society, to try and find more innovative and inclusive solutions to address the need for integration. By determining the needs of stakeholders on the ground, it may be easier to establish how coordination between different parties may function more effectively. What should be key for government departments when involving a range of stakeholders is knowing when to solicit whose inputs and doing so strategically

tape that South African government departments are characterised by.

implementing integrated reform programmes?

how this can best be achieved.

involved.

**6. Conclusion** 

The authors would like to thank the South African Water Research Commission (WRC) for the role they have played in soliciting and funding a research project on which this paper is loosely based. The case study and contextual background study is based on work conducted in this project, "An Investigation of Water Conservation in Food Value Chains by Beneficiaries of Water Allocation Reform and Land Reform Programmes in South Africa" (K5/1958/4). More information on these and similar projects can be found at the WRC's website: http://www.wrc.org.za/

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**6** 

*Malaysia* 

**Paddy Water Management** 

**for Precision Farming of Rice** 

M.S.M. Amin, M.K. Rowshon and W. Aimrun *Smart Farming Technology Centre of Excellence* 

*Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,* 

Irrigation is the largest water user in the world, using up to 85% of the available water in the developing countries [1]. A lot of irrigation water is used in the production of rice as the staple food of more than half the world population. However, despite the constraints of water scarcity, rice production must be raised to feed the growing population. Producing more rice with less water is therefore a formidable challenge for food, economic, social and

Asia is relatively well endowed with water resources, but water resources per inhabitant are only slightly above half of the world's average. Countries like India and China are approaching the limit of water scarcity. About 84% of water withdrawal is for agriculture, with major emphasis on flooded rice irrigation. There has been a rapid increase in irrigation development. Most countries have achieved self-sufficiency in rice. Schemes are designed primarily to secure rice cultivation in the main cropping season. Some countries design new irrigation schemes for year-round irrigation. Rice represents about 45% of irrigated areas and 59% of the rice land is irrigated. Average cropping intensity is 127%. The 28 million hectares under intense irrigation producing two to three crops per year suffer from

Growth in irrigated areas has declined in recent years. Groundwater draw-down has reached alarming levels in many areas. Declining prices of rice, higher marginal development costs, environmental concerns, and poor performance of existing schemes are among the main factors of the decline in irrigation growth and investment both by

Increased competition for water between sectors already affects agriculture. Poor operation and maintenance of large public schemes has led to irrigation management transfer or increased participation of users through water users' associations. Socio-economic changes and water scarcity call for a transformation of irrigation by the adoption of measures to modify water demands and maximize efficiency in water use, to improve its economic, technical, and environmental performance, together with diversification of produce and cropping patterns, changes in management systems and structures, financial and fiscal

**1. Introduction** 

water security.

declining productivity.

governments and farmers.

*Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE,* 

