**5. References**

ACME http:// www.acme-eau.org/ACMEMaroc/index.php African proverbs from http://www.special-dictionary.com/proverbs/keywords/water/23.htm

the World Environmental Summit in Rio in 1992 – and to show his people that he is hearing its requests and needs (numerous demonstrations followed the famous 20th of February

**Principle 1:** Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and

**Principle 2:** Water management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users and

**Principle 3:** Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water. In order to ensure full and effective participation of women at all levels of decision making, account should be taken of approaches that public agencies use to assign social, economic and cultural

**Principle 4:** Water is a public good and has a social and economic value in all its competing uses. Principle 5: Integrated water resources management is based on the equitable and efficient management and sustainable use of water. The real challenge with IWM is to find ways of integrating various policy tools in a socially, politically, economically and ethically acceptable way.

Box 2. Dublin principles presented at Rio and from which the notion of IWM is based

treasured past and an unpredictable future" (Perez de Cuellar, 1996, p.7).

http://www.special-dictionary.com/proverbs/keywords/water/23.htm

ACME http:// www.acme-eau.org/ACMEMaroc/index.php

*To be developed is not to have more, but to be more* **Ghandi** 

But the 'Printemps Maghrébin', in Morocco, will certainly experience a few seasons. For if the notion of development is being currently challenged, economic pressures are still high and often influence the choice of water technologies and policies that are not yet appropriately participatory nor ecologically sustainable. In order for water management in Morocco to become more humanly and ecologically sustainable, a stronger respect for and re-visit of traditional practices as well as a thorough exploration of the following definition of sustainable development will be needed. As Allan explains, (2002, in Turton and Henwood (eds), p.25) "Sustainable water policies are not achieved through the adoption of sound environmental principles alone. Nor are they achieved by efficient water use based on principles of economic efficiency. Sustainable water use is achieved in the political arena. National hydropolitics is a mediating discourse. The voices of society, the economy and the environment impose their often conflicting priorities and demands on the national water resource". Similarly, a stronger confidence in the cultural potential of the country's environmental practices could help in re-defining the type of 'development' that Morocco is keen to pursue. As UNESCO reports on 'creative cultural diversity in the world' put it, "development efforts often fail because the importance of the human factor – that complex web of relationships, beliefs, values and motivations which lie at the very heart of a culture – is being underestimated in many development projects. (…) Development cannot be seen as a single, uniform, linear path, for this would eliminate cultural diversity and experimentation, and dangerously limit humankind's creative capacities in the face of a

2011).

the environment.

**5. References** 

African proverbs from

policy-makers at all levels.

functions to men and women.


**Part 5** 

**Water Demand / Water Pricing** 

