**3. Amman governorate**

Amman Governorate enjoys a special position in Jordan because of its size and population, as well as its importance as the having the capital city Amman, the center of governmental institutions, communication, commerce, banking, industry, and cultural life.

Jordan is administratively divided into 12 Governorate. Figure 6 represents a map of Jordan showing the twelve Governorates. Amman Governerate is one a middle governerate and has an area of 7,579 km2. This represents 8.5% of Jordan's area. However, the population of Amman was 2125400 in 2005 representing 38% of the population in Jordan (DOS, 2005). The population densitiy is 280.4 persons per km2 (DOS, 2005).

During the last 10 years the amount of new building within the city has increased dramatically with new districts of the city being founded at a very rapid pace (particularly so in West Amman), straining the very scarce water supplies of Jordan as a whole, and exposing Amman to the hazards of rapid expansion in the absence of careful municipal planning.

Amman enjoys four seasons of excellent weather as compared to other places in the region. Summer temperatures range from 28 - 35 degrees, but with very low humidity and frequent breezes. Spring and fall temperatures are extremely pleasant and mild. The winter sees nighttime temperatures frequently near zero, and snow is not unknown in Amman, as a matter of fact it usually snows a couple of times per year. It typically will not rain from April to September, with blue skies prevailing. But lately it started to rain in April and the beginning of May. In fact about half the quantity of rain Amman and Jordan received in 2006 fell in April.

Water Soft Path Analysis – Jordan Case 301

In 2005, Amman Governorate total water uses amounted to 143.52 million cubic meters (MCM). The water use for the municipal sector was 119.87 MCM, the industrial water use was 1.26 MCM while water use for the agricultural sector was 22.4 MCM. The percentages of water use in each sector is as follows: 83.52% for the municipal sector, .88 % for the

Amman's total municipal and touristic uses witnessed significant increase during the past decades in both absolute and relative terms. This was mostly due to the growth in municipal consumption. Increased income and changes in way of life have also contributed to such an increase of water consumption, especially in the urban areas of Greater Amman. (Master

One third of water requirements to satisfy the municipal demands for Amman Governorate, are currently met from internal resources of Groundwater and surface water of the Governorate, while the two thirds need to be transferred from resources external to the governorate. The ability to increase water supply potential is further limited due to the over pumping of ground water resources, falling ground water levels and deteriorating groundwater quality. Thus, in order to satisfy the projected water demand in Amman Governorate, major water supply and transfer projects such as Mujib-Zara-Zarqa-Ma'in

PRIMARY SYSTEM Khaw

Internal sources Quantity: 36 MCM

Lajjoun

Quantity: 13 MCM

Quantity: 17 MCM

Saline Water Desalination Project and Disi Water project are needed

N

Fig. 7. Schematic location of bulk water sources in 2004. (Ministry of Water and Irrigation

Quantity: 7 MCM

Walla

Zara - Ma'een Quantity: 40 MCM

industrial sector 15.6 % for the irrigation sector.

Plan, 2004).

Zai/KAC

and USAID, 2006)

Quantity: 55 MCM

Fig. 6. Map of Jordan showing location of Amman Governorate

In Greater Amman, Lyonnaise des Eaux - Montgomery Watson - Arabtech Jardaneh (LEMA) has been in charge of public water supply since the signing of the major Water and Wastewater Supply Management Contract of Greater Amman in August 1999, till the end of 2006. Starting 2007, a governmental company "Meyahuna" was established to be in charge of the water supply in Amman.

### **3.1 Water in Amman Governorate**

Water uses in Jordan are mainly defined as agricultural water use, municipal and industrial water use. Municipal consumption refers to the water consumed in a given year by the domestic, commercial and pastoral sectors in addition to the light industries.

**LOCATION OF GOVERNORATES** 

Fig. 6. Map of Jordan showing location of Amman Governorate

the water supply in Amman.

**3.1 Water in Amman Governorate** 

In Greater Amman, Lyonnaise des Eaux - Montgomery Watson - Arabtech Jardaneh (LEMA) has been in charge of public water supply since the signing of the major Water and Wastewater Supply Management Contract of Greater Amman in August 1999, till the end of 2006. Starting 2007, a governmental company "Meyahuna" was established to be in charge of

Water uses in Jordan are mainly defined as agricultural water use, municipal and industrial water use. Municipal consumption refers to the water consumed in a given year by the

domestic, commercial and pastoral sectors in addition to the light industries.

In 2005, Amman Governorate total water uses amounted to 143.52 million cubic meters (MCM). The water use for the municipal sector was 119.87 MCM, the industrial water use was 1.26 MCM while water use for the agricultural sector was 22.4 MCM. The percentages of water use in each sector is as follows: 83.52% for the municipal sector, .88 % for the industrial sector 15.6 % for the irrigation sector.

Amman's total municipal and touristic uses witnessed significant increase during the past decades in both absolute and relative terms. This was mostly due to the growth in municipal consumption. Increased income and changes in way of life have also contributed to such an increase of water consumption, especially in the urban areas of Greater Amman. (Master Plan, 2004).

One third of water requirements to satisfy the municipal demands for Amman Governorate, are currently met from internal resources of Groundwater and surface water of the Governorate, while the two thirds need to be transferred from resources external to the governorate. The ability to increase water supply potential is further limited due to the over pumping of ground water resources, falling ground water levels and deteriorating groundwater quality. Thus, in order to satisfy the projected water demand in Amman Governorate, major water supply and transfer projects such as Mujib-Zara-Zarqa-Ma'in Saline Water Desalination Project and Disi Water project are needed

Fig. 7. Schematic location of bulk water sources in 2004. (Ministry of Water and Irrigation and USAID, 2006)

Water Soft Path Analysis – Jordan Case 303

Municipal Water was estimated based on the above water balance as (66.3+ 26.78 = 93.08

1. Since the apparent losses adds to both residential and non residential uses. The percent

Percentof billed residential water use residential billed water use / total billed water

2. To obtain the apparent losses for the residential sector, an assumption was made that this amount is proportional to the percent of residential use. Thus, the percent of the

Apparent losses for the residential sector= 0.882\* 26.78 MCM = 23.62 MCM 3. The amount of apparent losses obtained was added to the billed residential water use.

> Residential water use Residential billed water use apparent losses 58.5 23.62 82.12 MCM = +

population of Amman according to DOS (www.dos.gov.jo) was 2125400 in 2005.

Per capita water use residential water use / population 82.12 \* 109 \* / 2125400 \* 365 106liters / capita /day

The non residential water use or as defined in the literature as Industrial, Commercial and Institutional water use (ICI), according to LEMA water billing data, was 7.8 MCM. An additional 3.16 MCM can added as result of the apparent losses using the same logic applied to residential water use. This result ICI water use of 10.96 MCM representing 7.6 % of the

The Water Efficiency and Public information for Action Project (WEPIA) project gathered some data or the subscription base and broken them down by sector. Their breakdown is as

This breakout is helpful. It shows that the recorded water deliveries are primarily to residential household and that a conservation program should address this sector. However, 10 MCM of water deliveries for the non-residential sector most likely does not represent the true consumption in these sectors, as they are likely to be receiving supplementary deliveries by tanker truck. The overall usage for the non-residential sector is likely to be considerably higher. Hospitals, for example, rarely rely on municipal deliveries, and

=

Further, the residential water was used to calculate the per capita water use. The

= + =

( )

therefore their recorded data are short by magnitudes of scale

=

58.5 /66.3 \* 100 88.2 %

= =

To estimate the residential water use in Amman, The following steps where followed:

of billed water residential use to the total billed water was calculated.

=

Total apparent losses was calculated from an earlier section as 26.78 MCM

billed residential water use was multiplied by the total apparent losses.

The total residential water use is estimated at

**3.3.2 Non-residential water use** 

total water use in Amman.

in Table 3.

MCM)

**3.3.1 Residential water use** 

The most important water sourcefor Amman Governorate is the Yarmouk River and water collected from 10 other sources located in the northern part of the Jordan Valley that feed the King Abdullah and ultimately the Zai water treatment plant. The intake at Deir Alla is located at 230 meters below sea level and the water is pumped through a system of 4 pumping stations to 880 meters above sea level. The Zai water treatment plant provides conventional treatment (flocculation, sedimentation, rapid filtration and chlorination. (MWI et al, 2006).

An important new water source (Zara Ma'een project) is being completed and was operational in August 2006. The project comprises a 55 MCM per year reverse osmosis treatment plant for upgrading class III raw water of salinity between 1400-2000 mg/l to no more than 250 mg/l. The plant produces 47 MCM per year of drinkable water as defined in Jordanian Standards. (MWI et al, 2006). Figure 7 is a schematic location of bulk water sources in 2004
