**5. Conclusion**

The traditional approach to water supply led to enormous benefits. The history of human civilization is intertwined with the history of the ways humans have learned to manipulate and use water resources. The earliest agricultural communities arose where crops could be grown with dependable rainfall and perennial rivers. Irrigation canals permitted greater crop production and longer growing seasons in dry areas, and sewer systems fostered larger population centers (Gliek, 2002)

During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation or hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. On the other hand, half the world's population still suffers with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. According

Water Soft Path Analysis – Jordan Case 317


Realistically, both supply and demand approaches will be necessary, as has been

Finally, implementing this soft path requires a social choice to invest in the people, businesses, and cooperative arrangements that are needed for the maximum cost-effective water savings to become reality (Gliek, 2002). Government agencies or water suppliers must implement comprehensive, integrated economic, educational, and regulatory policies that

Unless demand management is fully integrated with water-supply planning, it will remain

Beaumont, P., (2002). "Water Policies for the Middle East in the 21st Century:

Brandes, O. and Brooks, D., (2005). "The Soft Path for Water in A Nutshell", A joint

Brooks, D., de Loë, R., Patrick, R. and Rose, G., (2004). "Water Soft Paths for Ontario:

Fisher, F. and Hber-Lee, A., (2005). "Liquid Assets: An economic Approach for Water

Gleick, P. , Loh, H., Gomez, S., Morrison, J., (1995). *California Water 2020: A Sustainable Vision.* 

Gleick, P., D. Haasz, C., Henges-Jeck, V. Srinivasan, G., Wolff, K., Cushing, K. and A. Mann.

Gleick, P., (2003). "Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-Path Solutions for the 21st Century".

National Water Master Plan, (2004), Ministry of Water and Irrigation and German Technical

Ecological Governance, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. Brooks, David B., (2003). "Another Path Not Taken: A Methodological Exploration of Water

The New Economic Realities" In: Water Resources Development. Vol.18, No.2, 315–

Publication of Friends of Earh Canada, Ottawa, ON, and the POLES Project on

Soft Paths for Canada and Elsewhere". Report to Environment Canada. Friends of

Feasibility Study". Report to the Walter and Gordon Duncan Foundation. Friends

Management and Conflict Resolution in the Middle East and Beyond". Washington,

Paci.c Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security, Oakland,

2003. *Waste Not, Want Not: The Potential for Urban Water Conservation in California*. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. Oakland,

used water create benefits that exceed the costs of conservation.

demonstrated; however, the better approach will be from the demand side.

remove the barriers and achieve the socially desirable level of water savings.

an underused and misunderstood part of our water future (Gliek, 2002).

**6. References** 

334.

CA.

CA.

the Earth Canada, Ottawa, ON.

of the Earth Canada, Ottawa, ON.

DC: Resources for the Future.

FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture. (1997).

In: *Science.* Vol 302, www.sciencemag.org.

Cooperation – GTZ , Amman, Jordan.

to the World Health Organization's most recent study, more than 1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water, and nearly 2.5 billion people do not have improved sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children each day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems (Gliek, 2002).

Further more, Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished and more than 20 percent of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive.

In the twenty-first century we can no longer ignore these costs and concerns. The old water development path—successful as it was in some ways—is increasingly recognized as inadequate for the water challenges that face humanity. We must now find a new path with new discussions, ideas, and participants. The Soft path offers this alternative. The adjective *soft* refers to the nonstructural components of a comprehensive approach to sustainable water management and use, including equitable access to water, proper application and use of economics, incentives for efficient use, social objectives for water quality and delivery reliability, public participation in decision making, and more (Gliek, 2002).

This chapter aimed at investigating the possibility of implementing this approach to Jordan and in particular in Amman Governorate. A soft path analysis was developed considering three different scenarios. Applying this analysis framework to Jordan, has demonstrated the urgent need of implementing strategies today that can reduce our dependence on more expensive supply side developments in the future. We have to start soon on establishing comprehensive water demand management program, particularly in urban areas and for the residential, commercial and institutional sectors.

Toilet retrofits rogram, showerhead retrofits program, aerator retrofits program, clothes washer retrofits program, audit leak detection, installing drip irrigation system, indoor and out door greywater reuse, rainwater harvestig for indoor and outdoor uses, public information programs, modifying water user behavior, reclaimed water use and recycling, a comprehensive leak detection and reduction program, and a more efficient agricultural sector.

The analysis proved that the need to improve the management of fresh water is great, and soft paths offer a way to design alternative management strategies. It also demonstrated that


to the World Health Organization's most recent study, more than 1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water, and nearly 2.5 billion people do not have improved sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children each day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to

Further more, Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished and more than 20 percent of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river

In the twenty-first century we can no longer ignore these costs and concerns. The old water development path—successful as it was in some ways—is increasingly recognized as inadequate for the water challenges that face humanity. We must now find a new path with new discussions, ideas, and participants. The Soft path offers this alternative. The adjective *soft* refers to the nonstructural components of a comprehensive approach to sustainable water management and use, including equitable access to water, proper application and use of economics, incentives for efficient use, social objectives for water quality and delivery

This chapter aimed at investigating the possibility of implementing this approach to Jordan and in particular in Amman Governorate. A soft path analysis was developed considering three different scenarios. Applying this analysis framework to Jordan, has demonstrated the urgent need of implementing strategies today that can reduce our dependence on more expensive supply side developments in the future. We have to start soon on establishing comprehensive water demand management program, particularly in urban areas and for the

Toilet retrofits rogram, showerhead retrofits program, aerator retrofits program, clothes washer retrofits program, audit leak detection, installing drip irrigation system, indoor and out door greywater reuse, rainwater harvestig for indoor and outdoor uses, public information programs, modifying water user behavior, reclaimed water use and recycling, a comprehensive leak detection and reduction program, and a more efficient agricultural

The analysis proved that the need to improve the management of fresh water is great, and soft paths offer a way to design alternative management strategies. It also demonstrated that - Jordan must shift emphasis from only expanding water supply to moderating water




readily available and low cost water resource for the coming years.

reliability, public participation in decision making, and more (Gliek, 2002).

residential, commercial and institutional sectors.

sector.

demand.

already are.

water.

solve these problems (Gliek, 2002).

ecosystems where they thrive.


Realistically, both supply and demand approaches will be necessary, as has been demonstrated; however, the better approach will be from the demand side.

Finally, implementing this soft path requires a social choice to invest in the people, businesses, and cooperative arrangements that are needed for the maximum cost-effective water savings to become reality (Gliek, 2002). Government agencies or water suppliers must implement comprehensive, integrated economic, educational, and regulatory policies that remove the barriers and achieve the socially desirable level of water savings.

Unless demand management is fully integrated with water-supply planning, it will remain an underused and misunderstood part of our water future (Gliek, 2002).

### **6. References**


**15** 

*U.S.A.* 

David L. Feldman

**Cities and Water – Dilemmas of** 

*University of California, Irvine, California* 

**Collaboration in Los Angeles and New York City** 

This chapter examines the different ways megacities manage water by comparing how Los Angeles and New York - two U.S. metropolises that divert water from distant sources - have worked with their surrounding regions to acquire, allocate, and manage public supplies. Early in their histories these cities, in their quest to acquire water, adopted a hegemonic relationship with their neighbors. In effect, they sought to control regional sources that could satisfy current as well as projected water needs (Hundley, 2001; New York City, 2011; Koeppel, 2000; 2001). Over time, and under external pressure, both cities embraced collaboration with adjacent communities to address water supply and quality issues whose scope and impact required regional accommodation and sharing of authority. What they have done to achieve accommodation in light of water stress, and how they have done it,

may afford lessons for megacities across the globe that face comparable challenges.

New York and Los Angeles diverged in their motives for and methods of collaboration, in part because their water challenges differ. New York's central challenge currently revolves around managing water quality and the safety of its drinking water. Meeting this challenge is virtually impossible without cooperation with non-governmental actors in other political jurisdictions from whence its water supply comes - and who would be severely burdened financially if the city had to build a large regional water filtration plant. For Los Angeles, by contrast, water (and air) quality issues in the Owens Valley - the source, since 1913, of onethird of the city's water - have driven efforts to partner with valley stakeholders to negotiate gradual reductions in flow and restoration of the watershed. While both cities were initially concerned with water supply, however, over time they both became increasingly worried over water quality and the need for integrated approaches to managing supply and quality.

Our approach is four-fold. We: 1) analyze the hydrological and political factors influencing water decisions; 2) compare these cities' water policy histories; 3) examine their current collaborative challenges; and, 4) draw out their most important similarities and their lessons for other cities. For Los Angeles, we focus chiefly upon the Owens River with briefer discussion of newer (i.e., mid 20th Century) issues, including the *State Water Project* which diverts water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin - Bay Delta, and the Colorado River

**1. Introduction** 

**2. Method and approach** 

Ministry of Water and Irrigation and USAID (2006), "Amman Water Management/ Commercialization Assessment Phase Two Report: Feasibility Analysis Of New Company Volume 2\* - Annexes, Amman, Jordan.
