**3.2 Water services**

In 2005, about 97 % of the total population in Amman Governorate were served through some 362,500 service accounts. Due to lack of water resources, water supply is rationed in most of the service area; in 2005 for instance, the average hours of supply were 66 per week. However, about 60% of customers receive water more than 36 hours per week and 55 water districts within restructured CIP area are receiving water continuously as of May 2006. (MWI et al, 2006).

The water supply through public network to Amman Governerate was 119.86 MCM in 2005 (WAJ records). However, water billed according to LEMA company was 66.3. MCM only. This translates into non-revenue water of 53.56 MCM. The nonrevenue water can be split to apparent losses and real losses

Apparent losses are however considered to be part of the consumption, since they are due to illegal abstractions, inaccurate or erroneous meter readings , non-operational meters and/or un-metered connections

In order to estimate the actual water use in Amman an assumption was made that water losses of 53.56 MCM can be split equally to real losses and apparent losses. So real losses were estimated as 26.78 MCM and apparent losses also as 26.78 MCM. Table 2 establishes a standard water balance for Amman


Table 2. Establishing a standard water balance for Amman

### **3.3 Water uses**

In order to use the soft path method, and in view of conflicting numbers reported in different publications analysis of billing recoded to estimate water use services.

Municipal Water was estimated based on the above water balance as (66.3+ 26.78 = 93.08 MCM)

### **3.3.1 Residential water use**

302 Current Issues of Water Management

The most important water sourcefor Amman Governorate is the Yarmouk River and water collected from 10 other sources located in the northern part of the Jordan Valley that feed the King Abdullah and ultimately the Zai water treatment plant. The intake at Deir Alla is located at 230 meters below sea level and the water is pumped through a system of 4 pumping stations to 880 meters above sea level. The Zai water treatment plant provides conventional treatment (flocculation, sedimentation, rapid filtration and chlorination. (MWI

An important new water source (Zara Ma'een project) is being completed and was operational in August 2006. The project comprises a 55 MCM per year reverse osmosis treatment plant for upgrading class III raw water of salinity between 1400-2000 mg/l to no more than 250 mg/l. The plant produces 47 MCM per year of drinkable water as defined in Jordanian Standards. (MWI et al, 2006). Figure 7 is a schematic location of bulk water sources in 2004

In 2005, about 97 % of the total population in Amman Governorate were served through some 362,500 service accounts. Due to lack of water resources, water supply is rationed in most of the service area; in 2005 for instance, the average hours of supply were 66 per week. However, about 60% of customers receive water more than 36 hours per week and 55 water districts within restructured CIP area are receiving water continuously as of May 2006.

The water supply through public network to Amman Governerate was 119.86 MCM in 2005 (WAJ records). However, water billed according to LEMA company was 66.3. MCM only. This translates into non-revenue water of 53.56 MCM. The nonrevenue water can be split to

Apparent losses are however considered to be part of the consumption, since they are due to illegal abstractions, inaccurate or erroneous meter readings , non-operational meters and/or

In order to estimate the actual water use in Amman an assumption was made that water losses of 53.56 MCM can be split equally to real losses and apparent losses. So real losses were estimated as 26.78 MCM and apparent losses also as 26.78 MCM. Table 2 establishes a

> Authorized Consumption

53.56 MCM

In order to use the soft path method, and in view of conflicting numbers reported in

different publications analysis of billing recoded to estimate water use services.

Billed Authorized Consumption 66.3. MCM

Unbilled Authorized Consumption

Apparent Losses 26.78

Real Losses 26.78 MCM

MCM

Revenue Water

Non Revenue Water

Water Exported 8.65 MCM

Water Supplied 119.87 MCM

Table 2. Establishing a standard water balance for Amman

128.52 Water Losses

et al, 2006).

**3.2 Water services** 

(MWI et al, 2006).

apparent losses and real losses

standard water balance for Amman

System Input

un-metered connections

Own Sources 37.74 MCM

**3.3 Water uses** 

Water Imported 90.77

MCM

To estimate the residential water use in Amman, The following steps where followed:

1. Since the apparent losses adds to both residential and non residential uses. The percent of billed water residential use to the total billed water was calculated.

Percentof billed residential water use residential billed water use / total billed water 58.5 /66.3 \* 100 88.2 % = = =

Total apparent losses was calculated from an earlier section as 26.78 MCM

2. To obtain the apparent losses for the residential sector, an assumption was made that this amount is proportional to the percent of residential use. Thus, the percent of the billed residential water use was multiplied by the total apparent losses.

Apparent losses for the residential sector= 0.882\* 26.78 MCM = 23.62 MCM

3. The amount of apparent losses obtained was added to the billed residential water use. The total residential water use is estimated at

> Residential water use Residential billed water use apparent losses = +

$$= \mathbf{58.5} + \mathbf{23.62} \text{ = } \mathbf{82.12 \text{ MCM}}$$

Further, the residential water was used to calculate the per capita water use. The population of Amman according to DOS (www.dos.gov.jo) was 2125400 in 2005.

> ( ) Per capita water use residential water use / population 82.12 \* 109 \* / 2125400 \* 365 106liters / capita /day = =

### **3.3.2 Non-residential water use**

The non residential water use or as defined in the literature as Industrial, Commercial and Institutional water use (ICI), according to LEMA water billing data, was 7.8 MCM. An additional 3.16 MCM can added as result of the apparent losses using the same logic applied to residential water use. This result ICI water use of 10.96 MCM representing 7.6 % of the total water use in Amman.

The Water Efficiency and Public information for Action Project (WEPIA) project gathered some data or the subscription base and broken them down by sector. Their breakdown is as in Table 3.

This breakout is helpful. It shows that the recorded water deliveries are primarily to residential household and that a conservation program should address this sector. However, 10 MCM of water deliveries for the non-residential sector most likely does not represent the true consumption in these sectors, as they are likely to be receiving supplementary deliveries by tanker truck. The overall usage for the non-residential sector is likely to be considerably higher. Hospitals, for example, rarely rely on municipal deliveries, and therefore their recorded data are short by magnitudes of scale

Water Soft Path Analysis – Jordan Case 305

Table 4 represents the official water demand projection for Amman Governorate. Details of

Year Municipal Industrial Touristic Irrigation Total Demand

In this scenario water supply is maintained at the same level as 2005. Residential water use will be maintained at 105,379,575 m3 through the planning horizon, this will make the per capita water use drop. To supplement the drop of per capita water use per day from the level of 106 liters in 2005 to 67 liters in 2030 several options will be included in this soft path analysis. These options shall provide a total difference of 61,871,482 m3 to keep the same

The non-residential and industrial sectors will also maintain the same level of water use. Several options need to be developed to account for the growth in these sectors while maintaining the same level of water use. The agricultural sector will not expand any further

In this Scenario an assumption was made that the per capita water use will remain the same level of 2005, that is 106 liter/capita/day and population will grow according to official population growth figures. The residential water use will thus be 167,251,057 m3 in 2030. In this Scenario, the assumption will be that the water requirement in 2030 will be 135 liter/capita/ day that is a total of 208,155,650 m3 and to supplement this difference several option need to be considered. These options will need to supplement the difference of

The non-residential and industrial sector will also grow at the same level of population growth. Options will be suggested to increase the efficiency in these sectors. The agricultural

In this scenario water supply is maintained at the same level as 2005. Residential water use will be maintained at 105,379,575 m3 through the planning horizon, but the water services will be kept at the same level of having 135 litre/cap/day. To make this possible, a soft path will be developed to provide the additional 102,776,076 m3 to reach the level 208,155,650 m3 necessary for a water use of 135 litre/cap/day and a population of Amman of 3665483 in

2005 147.1 1.21 2.79 74.5 225.6 2010 158.2 1.5 3.18 73.8 236.7 2015 176.1 1.87 3.6 73.3 254.87 2020 195.2 2.33 4.02 72.1 273.65

Table 4. Official water demand projection for Amman Governorate

**4.1.1 Official demand projection** 

**4.1.2 Scenario one** 

level of water services.

in this scenario.

40,904,594 m3.

2030.

**4.1.4 Scenario three** 

sector will not expand any further in this scenario.

**4.1.3 Scenario two** 

this projection will be explained in a later section.


Table 3. Water use broken down by sector
