**7. Conclusions**

18 Current Issues of Water Management

RiverWare includes an optional prescriptive optimization feature that combines LP and goal programming. Computations are performed simultaneously for all the time intervals. Thus, model results show a set of reservoir storages and releases which minimize or maximize a defined objective function assuming all future stream flows are known as release decisions are made simultaneously during each period. With the exception of options for short-term flow forecasting, ResSim, MODSIM, WRAP, and the simulation options in RiverWare step through time performing computations at each individual time step. Thus, operating

Many other prescriptively oriented optimization models reported in the research literature, including the HEC-PRM Prescriptive Reservoir Model described earlier in this chapter, adopt the approach of optimizing an objective function while simultaneously considering all time steps of the entire hydrologic period-of-analysis. Thus, these models reflect perfect knowledge of future hydrology. Since the future is not known in the real-world, these models reflecting knowledge of the future provide an upper-limit scenario on what can be achieved. Descriptive simulation models are more realistic in that current operating decisions in the model are not affected by future hydrology and future operating decisions.

A model for a particular reservoir/river system consists of a generalized modeling system and an input dataset describing the reservoir/river system. The generalized modeling system provides an environment or framework for assembling input data, executing the

Each of the four modeling systems has its own unique framework within which the user constructs and implements a model for a particular reservoir/river system. With ResSim, various elements provided by watershed setup, reservoir network, and simulation modules are used to construct and execute a model. MODSIM is based on network flow programming with a reservoir/river system represented by a network of nodes and links with information compiled through an object-oriented interface. WRAP is about managing programs, files, input records, and results tables, with water management and use practices being described in the terminology of water rights. RiverWare has an object/slot-based environment for building models within the context of object oriented programming and

The user interfaces of the models reflect both similarities and significant differences. ResSim, RiverWare, and MODSIM provide sophisticated graphical user interfaces with menu-driven editors for entering and revising input data and displaying simulation results in tables and graphs and features allowing a river/reservoir system schematic to be created by selecting and connecting icons. WRAP has a simple user interface for managing programs and files, which relies upon standard Microsoft Office programs for entering, editing, and displaying data. WRAP as well as ResSim connect with and rely upon graphics capabilities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) Data Storage System (DSS). Geographic information

The compiled executable software products were developed in the programming languages shown in Table 2. ResSim, MODSIM, and RiverWare also have their own simulation rule language to allow users to express reservoir/river system operating requirements as a series

decisions are not affected by future inflows and future operating decisions.

simulation computations, and organizing, analyzing, and displaying results.

system (GIS) tools are included in all four of the modeling systems.

of statements with if-then-else and similar constructs.

**6.3 Modeling environment and interface features** 

provides three optional solution options.

The evolution of computer modeling of systems of rivers and reservoirs that began in the 1950's is still underway and is expected to continue. Modeling systems continue to grow in response to advances in computer technology and intensifying water management and associated decision-support needs. The published literature on modeling reservoir systems is massive and complex. ResSim, MODSIM, WRAP, RiverWare, and other similar models, though continuing to be improved and expanded, are well established and significantly contributing to water management in the United States and throughout the world. These generalized modeling systems are readily available for application by water management professionals to river systems located anywhere in the world.

Generalized modeling systems reflect the types of applications that motivated their development. ResSim serves as the reservoir system operations component of the Corps Water Management System implemented in the USACE district offices nationwide to support real-time operations of multiple-purposes reservoirs and flood control and navigation projects. ResSim is also used in USACE planning studies. RiverWare was developed as a partnership between CADSWES and the USBR and TVA. The TVA uses ResSim to support real-time hydroelectric power system operations within the setting of multiple-purpose reservoir system operations. The USBR applies RiverWare for both longterm planning and short-term operational planning for its multiple-purpose reservoir systems. The network flow programming based MODSIM was developed at Colorado State University in collaboration with the USBR and has been applied primarily by university researchers in studies both in the United States and abroad. WRAP supports statewide and regional planning and water allocation regulatory activities in Texas that require detailed modeling of diverse and complex institutional water allocation arrangements and reservoir/river system management practices.

ResSim, RiverWare, MODSIM, and WRAP provide general frameworks for constructing and applying models for specific systems of reservoirs and river reaches. Each of these four

Generalized Models of River System Development and Management 21

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**2** 

Dejan Komatina

*Croatia* 

**Integrated Water Resources Management** 

According to a widely used definition, the integrated water resources management (IWRM) "is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare, paving the way towards sustainable development, in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems" (Global Water Partnership, 2000). The IWRM approach helps to manage and develop water resources in a sustainable and balanced way, taking account of social, economic and environmental interests. Although the IWRM concept has been formulated as early as in mid twentieth century (Biswas, 2004), the approach has been granted a due attention in early 1990-ies (*The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development*, 1992; UNECE, 1992) and, since then, a remarkable work has been done to examine different concepts of IWRM (for review, see Global Water Partnership

Particular challenges of IWRM are associated with transboundary basins, especially due to decreasing resources and growing demands. A great number of international basin organizations have been established to manage water resources in transboudary basins. A general distinction can be made between implementation-oriented basin organizations, responsible for development, implementation and maintenance of joint projects, often having a development focus and going beyond pure water resources management, and coordination-oriented basin organizations, in charge of coordinating water resources management tasks that are developed and implemented on national level, but coordinated

Given the nature of the conventions dealing with transboundary basins in Europe, such as the Danube, Rhine or Elbe basins, the respective basin organizations are obviously focused, either on sustainability issues (i.e. protection of the rivers), or on development activities (i.e. development of navigation, or tourism). However, recent processes, led by European Union, namely the *EU 2020 Strategy* (EC, 2010a) and the *EU Strategy for the Danube Region* (EC, 2010b) yielded new frameworks tending to integrate sustainability and development.

In comparison with other European river basins, however, the situation in the Sava river basin was rather peculiar. The political changes in the region of the former Yugoslavia in

& International Network of Basin Organizations, 2009).

and harmonized on transboundary level (Schmeier, 2010).

**1. Introduction** 

**as a Basis for Sustainable Development** 

**– The Case of the Sava River Basin** 

*International Sava River Basin Commission* 

