**4.5 Step 3: Establish a desired future condition**

### **4.5.1 Scenario one**

308 Current Issues of Water Management

was based on a survey; questionnaire; and data of billed water use. The resultant analysis found the following percentages of various end use consumption for an average

The disaggregating here is a useful indicator of water use. Toilets, faucets and showers are according to Table 5 have the highest end uses in the household – 71.8% overall – and therefore represent clear conservation program opportunities. Residential water are

A statistical survey of urban agriculture was conducted by the Department of Statistics in (1999). Thirteen thousand households were surveyed in various regions around the greater Amman area. Extrapolated to the whole population, the survey's findings show the

• Only 30% of the households suffer from water scarcity, thus leaving 70% who must be

These findings suggest that an urban landscape program, particularly in the Amman region, may provide some water conservation potential. Although not likely to be a large quantity

The results displayed as the official demand projection part of the National Water Master Plan for Jordan of 2004, which has been produced by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, in cooperation with the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). Table 6 is a summary obtained

Year Municipal Industrial Touristic Irrigation Total Demand\*

Demand is defined as the amount of water required by a user. On the other hand, consumption represents the amount actually used "at the end of pipe". Both demand and consumption do not include any kind of physical losses. However, estimating Gross demand to be supplied need to include physical losses. In Jordan and as a result of water scarcity and rationing, water demand as defined earlier, is higher than actual water consumption. This is why the official demand projection starts at a higher value than other

2005 147.1 1.21 2.79 74.5 225.6 2010 158.2 1.5 3.18 73.8 236.7 2015 176.1 1.87 3.6 73.3 254.87 2020 195.2 2.33 4.02 72.1 273.65

of water, it nonetheless would represent an area of savings worth exploring further.

estimated below are for an averages household. Water used here is only potable.

• 50,097 households are practicing urban agriculture.

irrigating adequately or even excessively.

**4.4 Step 2: Adopt a projection for a region** 

Official Ministry of water and irrigation scenario

scenarios in figure 6.

• The total cultivated area is an astounding 6,483,952 square meters. • 86% of these households use the public network as a source of irrigation.

reviewing different sections of the National Water Master Plan.

Table 6. Amman Governorate total water requirement (MCM)

household.

following:

**4.3.1.2 Urban agriculture** 

The desired future for scenario one will be based on the assumption that Amman water requirements will be met with no need for extra water supplies than what is available in the year 2005. In order to maintain the water services at the same level, programs need to be designed to account for the difference of an average a per capita water use of 106 liters per capita per day (lpcd) at 2005 and 67 lpcd at 2030. This amounts to a total of 52,296,750 m3 for a population of Amman of 3665483 at 2030. Details of this scenario were presented in section 4.1.2.

## **4.5.2 Scenario two**

The desired future for scenario two will be based on the assumption that Amman per capita water use will be the same as it was in the year 2005 that is 106 lpcd. In this Scenario, the assumption will be that the water requirement in 2030 will be 135 lpcd that is a total of 196,475,459 m3 and to supplement this difference a soft path several need to be developed. Details of this scenario were presented in section 4.1.3.

## **4.5.3 Scenario three**

The desired future for this scenario will be based on maintaining a water supply at the same level as 2005. Residential water use will be maintained at 105,379,575 m3 through the planning horizon, but the water services will be kept at the same level of having 135 litre/cap/day. To make this possible, a soft path will be developed to provide the additional 102,776,076 m3 to reach the level 208,155,650 m3 necessary for a water use of 135 lpcd and a population of Amman of 3665483 in 2030**.** 

### **4.6 Step 4: Analyze water quantity and quality**

### **4.6.1 Scenario one**

To be able to provide the per capita use of 67 l per capita per day at 2030 and be able to provide the same water services at the current level of 106 l/capita/day of 2005, the following programs need to be implemented at the residential sector. These programs will save a total of 61,871,482 m3 which is the difference between the projected gross residential use for scenario one of 105,379,575 m3 and the projected gross residential water use of 167,251,057 m3 if the water use will be maintained at 106 litre/capita/day. Savings are mainly based on savings from end uses summed across the total population according to the following assumptions as in Table 8. The programs include: retrofitting 50 % of the toilets, retrofitting 50% of the showerheads, retrofitting 50 % of kitchen and bath faucets, finding

Water Soft Path Analysis – Jordan Case 311

In this Scenario an assumption was made that the per capita water use will remain the same level of 2005, that is 106 l/capita /day and population will grow according to official population growth figures, that is the residential water use for Scenario 2 will be 167,251,057 m3 in 2030. In this Scenario, an assumption will made be that the water requirement in 2030 will be 135 liter/capita/ day that is a total of 208,155,650 m3 . The difference of 40,904,594 m3 will be gained from implementing the programs described in Table 9. The programs include: retrofitting 50 % of the toilets, retrofitting 50% of the showerheads, retrofitting 50 % of kitchen and bath faucets, finding and fixing leaks, installing efficient washing machines

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.178 0.2 0.5 6916032.675

Population Per capita Percent used in showers Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.27 0.2 0.5 10490611.36

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.27 0.2 0.5 10490611.36

Population Per capita Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.07 0.1 0.2 7770823.231

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.11 0.1 0.2 854790.5554

Population Per capita Percent used in Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 0.1 0.2 520645.1564

Population Per capita Percent used in Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 0.1 0.2 520645.1564

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 1 0.03 780967.7347

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 1 0.1 2603225.782

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings

**Required Savings** 40,904,594

**Total Savings** 40,948,353

3665483 106 0.178 1 0 0

3665483 106 0.91 0.5 0 0

**4.6.2 Scenario two** 

1- Retrofit Toilets

2- Showerhead Retrofit

4- Find fix and leaks

3- Aerator Retrofits for Kitchen or bath faucets

5- Install efficient water washing machines

7- Install low water consuming landscape or crops

8-install Graywater Collection System for outdoor use

9-Install Rainwater Collection System for out door use

10-Install Graywater Collection System for indoor use

11-Install Raionwater Harvesting System for indoor use

Table 9. Programs for soft path two

6- Install Drip Irrigation System

and fixing leaks, installing efficient washing machines with a percent of 20% , turning 20% of the irrigation systems in gardens to drip irrigation systems, growing low water consuming landscapes or crops, installing greywater systems for outdoor use with 20% coverage, installing rainwater harvesting systems for outdoor use with 20% coverage, installing greywater systems for indoor use with 3.7% coverage, installing rainwater harvesting systems for indoor use with 7% coverage.


1- Retrofit Toilets

Table 8. Programs for soft path one

## **4.6.2 Scenario two**

310 Current Issues of Water Management

and fixing leaks, installing efficient washing machines with a percent of 20% , turning 20% of the irrigation systems in gardens to drip irrigation systems, growing low water consuming landscapes or crops, installing greywater systems for outdoor use with 20% coverage, installing rainwater harvesting systems for outdoor use with 20% coverage, installing greywater systems for indoor use with 3.7% coverage, installing rainwater

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.178 0.2 0.5 6916032.675

Population Per capita Percent used in showers Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.27 0.2 0.5 10490611.36

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.27 0.2 0.5 10490611.36

Population Per capita Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.07 0.1 0.2 7770823.231

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.11 0.1 0.2 854790.5554

Population Per capita Percent used in Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 0.1 0.2 520645.1564

Population Per capita Percent used in Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 0.1 0.2 520645.1564

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 1 0.2 5206451.564

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.067 1 0.2 5206451.564

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.178 1 0.037 2558932.09

Population Per capita Percent used Savings Coverage Water Savings 3665483 106 0.91 0.5 0.07 12375035.99

> Total Savings 62,911,031 Required Savings 62,903,753

harvesting systems for indoor use with 7% coverage.

3- Aerator Retrofits for Kitchen or bath faucets

5- Install efficient water washing machines

7- Install low water consuming landscape or crops

8-install Graywater Collection System for outdoor use

9-Install Rainwater Collection System for out door use

10-Install Graywater Collection System for indoor use

11-Install Rainwater Harvesting System for indoor use

Table 8. Programs for soft path one

6- Install Drip Irrigation System

1- Retrofit Toilets

2- Showerhead Retrofit

4- Find fix and leaks

In this Scenario an assumption was made that the per capita water use will remain the same level of 2005, that is 106 l/capita /day and population will grow according to official population growth figures, that is the residential water use for Scenario 2 will be 167,251,057 m3 in 2030. In this Scenario, an assumption will made be that the water requirement in 2030 will be 135 liter/capita/ day that is a total of 208,155,650 m3 . The difference of 40,904,594 m3 will be gained from implementing the programs described in Table 9. The programs include: retrofitting 50 % of the toilets, retrofitting 50% of the showerheads, retrofitting 50 % of kitchen and bath faucets, finding and fixing leaks, installing efficient washing machines


Table 9. Programs for soft path two

Water Soft Path Analysis – Jordan Case 313

water use was increase to 135 litre/capita/day. Savings are mainly based on savings from end uses summed across the total population according to the following assumptions as shown in Table 10. The programs include: retrofitting 50 % of the toilets, retrofitting 50% of the showerheads, retrofitting 50 % of kitchen and bath faucets, finding and fixing leaks, installing efficient washing machines with a percent of 20%, turning 20% of the irrigation systems in gardens to drip irrigation systems, growing low water consuming landscapes or crops, installing greywater systems for outdoor use with 20% coverage, installing rainwater harvesting systems for outdoor use with 20% coverage, installing greywater systems for indoor use with 17 % coverage, installing rainwater harvesting systems for indoor use with

The estimated safe yield of renewable water resources in Amman governorate is in the order of 34 MCM/a. About 63 MCM is being abstracted from potential aquifers in the governorate (2005). Ground water quality in the area is generally good to fair quality (Total Dissolved

Deterioration of groundwater quality is vulnerable along the Seil region where some of the industrial waste is being disposed and as a result of the overdraft conditions that have been

Groundwater Resources From other Governorate are transported through pipelines to Amman Governorate from well fields in wadi Wala- Heidan (Madab Governorate), Katraneh and Lajoun (Karak Governorate) and Azraq and Corridor (Zarqa Governorate)

Surface water resources in the Governorate are limited to rainfall/runoff in wadi Swaqa and al Botum. In addition, to Ras el Ain and Wadi Sir spring flows. The total potential of surface resources is estimated at about 7.4 MCM. Currently most of this is used for municipal

External surface water supplies is being conveyed to the Governorate from Yarmouk river via King Abdulla Canal/Dier Alla intake. About 60.3MCM of water supplies have been

• Abu Nsseir: is an activated sludge plant with a capacity of 4,000 m3/day or 1.5

• Wadi Essier: is an aerated lagoon plant with a capacity of 4,000 m3/day or 1.5

conveyed to Amman. The Deir Alla Zai Coveyor has the capacity of 90/a MCM.

There are two existing treatments plants in Amman, Au Nsier and Wadi Sir.

25 % coverage.

**4.7 Step 5: Review water supply options** 

solids (TDS) is in the range 500-1000 gm/l).

**Groundwater resources from other governorate** 

purposes and the rest is used for irrigation.

**External surface water resources** 

**Non conventional water resources** 

MCM/year; and

MCM/year

**Wastewater** 

**4.7.1 Current water supplies** 

experienced in the governorate.

**Surface water resources** 

**Groundwater resources** 

with a percent of 20%, turning 20% of the irrigation systems in gardens to drip irrigation systems, growing low water consuming landscapes or crops, installing greywater systems for outdoor use with 3 % coverage, and installing rainwater harvesting systems for outdoor use with 10 % coverage.
