**6. References**

ADB Asian Studies. 2002.

 http://www.adb.org/documents/books/asian\_water\_supplies/chapter07.pdf. downloaded on 18/07/2011


http://www.jstor.org/stable/3990169on 06/08/2010

Kjellen, Marianne "Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the case of water vending." Water Resources Development, 16:143-154., 2000

Mogaka H. et al. "Impacts and Costs of Climate variability and Water Resources, 2003.

EU European Union

LA Local Authority

FINNIDA Finnish Development Agency GWASCO Gusii Water and Sewerage Company JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KEWASCO Kericho Water and Sewerage Company

KFW/GTZ German Development Agency

PPP Public Private Partnerships

SPAs Service Provision Agreements UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund

WSRB Water Services Regulatory Board WSTF Water Services Trust Fund

downloaded on 18/07/2011

WAB Water Appeal Board

WSB Water Services Board WSP Water Services Provider

**6. References** 

ADB Asian Studies. 2002.

Nairobi, 2007

University Press:

KIWASCO Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company

LVWATSAN Lake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation Initiative

NWC&PC National Water Conservation & Pipeline Corporation NWRMS National Water Resources Management Strategies

SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SNWSN South Nyanza Water and Sewerage Company

WRMA Water Resources Management Authority WRUA Water Resources Users Association

NMISWR National Monitoring and Information System on Water Resources

http://www.adb.org/documents/books/asian\_water\_supplies/chapter07.pdf.

Alila P. Et al "Business in Kenya: Institutions, Interactions, and Strategies" in Alila P. et al

Asingo, P.O. Privatization of Water Services in Kenyan Local Authorities: Governance and

Clarke, G. et al. *Has Privatization of Water and Sewerage improved coverage? Empirical Evidence* 

Estache, A & Rossi, A. M."How Different is Efficiency of Public and Private Water

Kjellen, Marianne "Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the case of

policy Issues. IPAR Discussion Paper no. 067/2005, Nairobi, 2005.

*from Latin America*. World Bank policy Working Paper No. 3445,

water vending." Water Resources Development, 16:143-154., 2000 Mogaka H. et al. "Impacts and Costs of Climate variability and Water Resources, 2003.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/3990169on 06/08/2010

(eds), Business in Kenya: Institutions and Interactions University of Nairobi Press,

Companies in Asia?" in The world Bank Economic Review, Vol 16, no.1. Oxford


 http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com\_content&task=view&id=70&It emid=145downloaded on 15/1/2011


**11** 

Sandrine Simon *Open University United Kingdom* 

**From Traditional to Modern Water Management** 

"Society is like a pot: it can't carry water when it is broken" (African proverb)

Which strategic water policy options are semi arid, developing, Muslim, countries going to take in order to face the dilemmas that typically characterize the dual – and potentially conflicting – aspiration to modernize the economy *whilst* respecting traditional sociopolitical practices and ways of life? This chapter focuses on the case of Morocco, described as one of the most liberal countries of the Muslim Arab world - and yet as a country that is keen to balance traditions and modernity -, in view of articulating a reflection on the conflicting interests that can clash when critical environmental and economic choices have

to be made to position a developing country into the 21st century's globalised world.

The chapter focuses on water because of the crucial importance of that resource in a semiarid country and because the ways in which it has been managed throughout centuries illustrate the changes in socio-political structures in the society. The focus on water in a semi arid country is symbolic of how precious natural resources are in the development of economies and societies. Morocco provides a fascinating terrain to explore ingenuous traditional water management structures and processes both in urban and in rural environments. Thus, for instance, traditional water management systems represent one of the architectural and urban pillars of the medina of the UNESCO World heritage - and cultural and spiritual capital of Morocco - Fes, whilst *khetarras* in the rural South (for instance), provide a remarkable example of a well-thought, long-lasting system of water collection and distribution. This country also developed, in the last decades, massive modern water policies focused on the construction of dams and water transfers. Economic principles constituted one of the main drives in the *politique des barrages* of the previous king (Hassan II), with a strong focus on agricultural production and exports targets. Morocco has however somehow questioned its development path in this beginning of the 21st century, with the arrival of its new king and a sense that the development of the country could be re-thought and targeted differently. A new Charter of the environment was created, massive investments were geared towards renewable energies and, more importantly, governance systems were questioned. Centralized versus more local – and

**1. Introduction** 

**Systems; Reflection on the Evolution of a** 

**'Water Ethic' in Semi-Arid Morocco** 

